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THE UNIVERSITY
                           of BIRMINGHAM




     Study of Supercritical Coal Fired
Power Plant Dynamic Responses and Control
         for Grid Code Compliance
        Prof Jihong Wang, Dr Jacek D Wojcik (University of Warwick)
                     Dr Yali Xue (Tsinghua University)


 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Power Plants and CO2 Capture
                              WORKSHOP
               University of Warwick, 20th-21st March 2012
Outline

• Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang)
• Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik)
• Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue)
• Summary (J Wang)




               THE UNIVERSITY
               of BIRMINGHAM
Outline

• Overview of the EPSRC Project
• Power Plant Simulator
• Power plant modelling
• Summary




               THE UNIVERSITY
               of BIRMINGHAM
Supercritical technology


                 Subcritical      Supercritical   Ultra supercritical
                 (conventional)


Temperature      500 – 550        500 – 600       550 – 600, (600 – 700)*
(°C)
Pressure (MPa)   16 – 17          24 – 26         27 – 32, (40 – 42)*

Features         Drum: single     Once through:   Once through: double
                 reheat           single reheat   reheat

Efficiency       33 - 35          40-45           42 – 47, (50 –
cycle (%)                                         55)*


                             THE UNIVERSITY
                             of BIRMINGHAM

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Future new power plants in the UK - SUPERCRITICAL




Power generation responses
      to the demand changes
Fast enough to satisfy the grid
      specification


                          THE UNIVERSITY
                          of BIRMINGHAM
Subcritical                                        Supercritical




        Subcritical water-steam cycle                    Supercritical water-steam cycle (no
        Drum – energy storage                            phase change)
                                                         Once-through operation – no energy
Challenges:                                              storage

Can supercritical power generation responses to the demand
changes fast enough to satisfy BG Grid Code requirement?
                                        THE UNIVERSITY
                                        of BIRMINGHAM
Project Objectives

Through study supercritical coal fired power plant
mathematical modelling and simulation:

• to understand the dynamic responses of
       supercritical power plants
• to investigate the possible strategies for
       improvement




                      THE UNIVERSITY
                      of BIRMINGHAM
List of UK power stations - All Subcritical (~33% efficiency)
Station Name Representation        Company               Address                                                            Capacity
                                                                                                                             in MW
Aberthaw B   National Ash          RWE Npower            The Leys                Aberthaw, Barry   South         CF62 42W       1,489
                                                                                                   Glamorgan
Cockenzie    ScotAsh               Scottish Power        Prestopans              East Lothian                                  1,152
Cottam       EDF Energy            EDF Energy            Cottam Power            Nottinghamshire                 DN22 0ET      1,970
                                                         Company, PO Box 4, nr
                                                         Retford
Didcot A     National Ash          RWE Npower            Didcot                  Nr Oxford                       OX11 7HA      2,020
Drax         Hargreaves CCP        Drax Power Limited    Drax                    Selby             North Yorks   YO8 8PQ       3,870
Eggborough   British Energy        British Energy        Eggborough              Goole             North         DN14 0BS      1,960
                                                                                                   Humberside
Ferrybridge C Keadby generation    Scottish & Southern   PO Box 39, Stranglands Knottingley        West          WF11 8SQ      1,955
               Ltd                 Energy plc            Lane                                      Yorkshire
Fiddlers Ferry Keadby generation   Scottish & Southern   Widnes Road            Cuerdley           Warrington    WA5 2UT       1,961
               Ltd                 Energy plc
Ironbridge     EON UK              PowerGen              Buildwas Road            Telford          Shropshire    TF8 7BL         970
Kingsnorth     EON UK              PowerGen              Hoo Saint Werburgh       Rochester        Kent          ME3 9NQ       1,974
Longannet      ScotAsh             Scottish Power        ScotAsh Ltd, Kincardine- Fife                           FK10 4AA      2,304
                                                         on-Forth
Lynemouth    Alcan               Alcan Primary Metal -   Ashington                Northumberland                 NE63 9YH        420
                                 Europe
Ratcliffe    EON UK              Powergen                Ratcliife on Soar       Nottingham                      NG11 0EE      2,000
Rugeley      International Power International Power     Rugeley Power Station   Armitage Road     Rugeley       WS15 1PR        976
Tilbury B   National Ash           RWE Npower            Fort Road               Tilbury           Essex         RM18 8UJ      1,020
West Burton EDF Energy             EDF Energy            West Burton Power       Nottinghamshire                 DN22 9BL      1,932
                                                         Company, Retford
Wilton       Hargreaves CCP        ICI                   PO Box 1985, Wilton     Middlesborough                  TS90 8WS        100
                                                         International



                                                         THE UNIVERSITY
                                                         of BIRMINGHAM

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Collaboration
   Mathematical
modelling, simulation                            Industrial scale power
  study, dynamic
                           Consortium
                           interactions           plant modelling and
 response analysis,
  optimal control,                                    simulation,
                             Exchange of                software
 Grid Code studies          materials, data,
                             information             development,
                            Shared models,
                                                      verification
                             software and
                              simulations

 Supercritical water,       Integrated testing
test rig evelopment,           programme          Power plant control,
Experimental tudies,                                  intelligent
 data collection and                                 algorithms,
       analysis
Team

University of Warwick:
     Prof J Wang, Dr J Wojcik
     Mr M Draganescu, Mr S Guo
University of Birmingham:
     Dr B Al-Duri, Mr O Mohamed
Tsinghua University
     Prof. J F Lv, Prof Q R Gao, Dr Y L Xue
North China Electric Power University
     Prof X J Liu, Prof G L Hou


                    THE UNIVERSITY
                    of BIRMINGHAM
Frequency in the Power System - Mr M Draganescu
  Definition:
  Power System Frequency can be defined as a measure of the electrical
  speed of the synchronous generators connected to the grid; this is a
  common value at every point in the grid.

  Frequency – constant value
                        Electricity           Electricity
                        Generation             Demand at all time.
                           PGen                   PDem

Electricity     Electricity             Power System
Generation       Demand                   Instability
                       Frequency                         Total Outage
                       Deviations                         (Blackout)
                             THE UNIVERSITY
                             of BIRMINGHAM
UK Power System

Electricity Supplied by Fuel Type in 2010:
 Transmission System Operators (TSOs):
  • National Grid
  • Scottish and Southern Energy
  • Scottish Power

  System Data:
                   Circuit Voltage     Circuit Length
       TSO
                        [kV]                [km]
   National Grid          400, 275             ~14,000
   Scottish and
                          275, 132               ~5,000
 Southern Energy
  Scottish Power     400, 275, 132               ~4,000




                                       THE UNIVERSITY
                                       of BIRMINGHAM

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UK Power System — The Grid Code —
Nominal Frequency: 50 Hz
   Frequency Variation Interval [Hz]
     Normal
                    Critical Situations
    Operation
      49.5 – 50.5           47.0 – 52.0

                    Frequency Control Strategies
  Type of Frequency Control
                                             Response Time
           Strategy
                                  active power increase within 10 s and
  Primary Frequency Response
                                  maintained for another 30 s
                                  active power increase within 30 s and
 Secondary Frequency Response
                                  maintained for another 30 min
                                  active power decrease within 10 s and
   High Frequency Response
                                  maintained thereafter



                               THE UNIVERSITY
                               of BIRMINGHAM
UK Power System — The Grid Code —
        Frequency Response Capability of a Generating Unit
Test:
 A frequency ramp decrease/
increase of 0.5 Hz over a period of 10 s.




                                   THE UNIVERSITY
                                   of BIRMINGHAM
Outline

• Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang)
• Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik)
• Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue)
• Summary (J Wang)




               THE UNIVERSITY
               of BIRMINGHAM
Power Plant Modelling
Mathematical modelling of Supercritical Power Plant in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment

          Exact mathematical model of SCPP consists of:
                  •   Coal mill (Pulverised-Fuel)
                  •   Supercritical Boiler
                  •   Steam Turbine
                  •   Synchronous Generator (SG) and Electric Power System (EPS)
                  •   Excitation System – Auto Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Exciter
                  •   Governor (GOV)
                  •   Boiler Control System

                                                                      Δω                            Single-Machine
                             Control
                                                       Governor                                        Infinitive Bus
                             System
                                                CVArea      IVArea
            WC                                  PMSP                      Pe                                     Pe
                                                                                            δ                    Pg
                              WFWF                                                                Electrical
           ΔPpa       COAL               SC     WSC       Steam      PM        Synchronous Eqb                   Qg
                                                                                            Edb    Power
            Tin       MILL     WPF     BOILER   PRH      Turbine               Generator                         Ug
                                                                                             Ig    System

                                                                                                     B+jG


                                                                      EFD                    Ig
                                                                               Excitation
                                                                                System       Ug


                       Mathematical model of Supercritical Power Plant - Block diagram.

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Power Plant Modelling
           Coal Mill Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment

                     Two different types of pulverised coal mill in power plants

Vertical Spindle         Tube-Ball mill                                                      ΔPout , ΔPin , Tin , Tout

      mill                                              Ap1 Ap2                 Wc            
                                                                                              M
                                                                                                  c   1     Mc            P
                                                                                                                              Differential equations
                                                                           Kf                        s          K1,K2,
                                                                                                                 K3,K4,
                                                                  Mc_initial           K15                       K5,K6,
                                                                                                                 K7,K8,
                                                    ΔPout, Mpf_initial                                           K14,
                                                                                W pf           M pf        Mpf            T
                                                                                                      1           K17
                                                                          K16           
                                                                                                      s



                                                         Block diagram of coal mill model.

                                                    ‘On-line Condition and Safety Monitoring of Pulverised Coal Mills
                                                          Using a Model Based Pattern Recognition Technique’
                                                         Prof Jihong Wang, Dr Jianlin Wei, Mr Paschalis Zachariades, Mr. Shen Guo


Model based on mass balance and heat balance:


                                                                                                                                           Graphical
                                                                                                                                              Unit
                                                                                                                                           Interface
Power Plant Modelling
                           SC Boiler Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment

                                                                                                               The steam patch is divided into following parts:
                                                                                                                            • Economiser node
                                                                                                                            • Waterwall node
                                                                                HP         IP+LP                            • Superheater node
                                                                                                                            • Main steam line node
                                                                                                                            • Reheater node




                                                                                                   condenser
                                                                                                      to
                                                                                                                 Feedwater flow
                                                                                                                                           Hi1

Fuel                                                                                                              Fuel
                                                                                                                  flow     1
                                                                                                                                    KECO
                                                                                                                                                   1                   Differential equations
                                                                                                                         1+TFFs                  TECOs
 Air                                         Econo-                   Feedwater                                                              

                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                 TECO  PECO  H i1  WFWF  H o1  WECO  K ECO  QB
                                                                                                                                           Ho1

                                              miser                                                                                              AECO√
                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                           Hi2
                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                 TWW  PWW  H i 2  WECO  H o2  WWW  KWW  QB
                                                             Flue gases                                                             KWW
                                                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                                                 TWWs
                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                  TSH  PSH  H i 3  WWW  H o3  WSH  K SH  QB
                                                                                                                                             


                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                 TCV  PCV  H i 4  WSH  H o4  WCV
       Water-Steam loop in basic once-through boiler design.                                                                               Ho2

                                                                                                                                                 AWW√
                                                                                                                                                         
                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                  TRH  PRH  H i 5  WCV  H o5  WRH  K RH  QB
                                                                                                                                           Hi3

                                                                                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                                 TFF  QB  WPF  QB
Model based on mass balance and energy balance                                                                                      KSH
                                                                                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                  1
                                                                                                                                                 TSHs

                                                                                                                                           Ho3

                                                                                                                                                  ASH√
                                                                                                                                                         



                      V                                                    Q         Ki
                                                                                                                                           Hi4

                                                                                                                                                  1
  hi wi                             ho wo                                                                                                    
                                                                                                                                                 TCVs             X
                                                                                                                                                                          WCV

                   p v                                          wi         Hi                1            P                                Ho4
                                                                                                                                                             CVArea
                                                                                     
                   h τ                                                                       Ts
                                                                                                                                           Hi5

                                                                                                                                                  1
                                                                                                                                    KRH
                                                                      wo             Ho                                                         TRHs              X
                                                                                                                                                                           WRH
                           q                                                                                                               Ho5
                                                                                                                                                              IVArea
                             Steam pressure model
 Where: Hi, Ho – input/output gain of steam flow entering/leaving associated nodes, P – node pressure,
 Q – heat transfer to node, Wi – flow rate of fluid entering node, Wo – flow rate of fluid leaving node
                                                                                                                                  Block diagram of boiler model.
Power Plant Modelling
      Steam Turbine and Governor Models Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment



           Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat                                                                             DEH control system
                   Steam Turbine                                                                      Control mode
                                                                                                                                  Switch
                                                                                                                          S1    S2      S3        S4
                                                                                                                                                         feed forward loop
                                                                                                Pm1         SC            on    off     off       off
                                                                                                           SCLF           on    off     on        off                 1
                       K1                    K3                     K5                   K7                                                                     0
                                                                                                           SCPF           on    off     off       on
                                                                                                           SCLFF          off   on      on        off           1     2
PMS    π
                 1            1                           1                     1                          SCPFF          off   on      off       on
                                        π
               1+sT4        1+sT5                       1+sT6                 1+sT7

      GVArea                        IVArea                                               K8                          ∆n                                                             VD
                       K2                    K4                     K6                                ∆f      1
                                                                                                            1+sT1
                                                                                                                                        K                         PID         

                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                            -
                                                                                                                                Pref
                  Generic Model of Steam Turbine/                                                           feedback loop       Pload         3
           Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam Turbine                                                                          Pms           4


                                                   Differential equations
                                                                   
                                                                T4WSC  ( PB  GVArea )  WSC                  DEH control system – block diagram,
                                                                   
                                                                                                      where: ∆f – frequency deviation; ∆n – speed deviation; K– speed drop ;
                                                                T5 PRH  WSC  PRH
                                                                                                                 Pref – reference load signal; Pload – load signal;
                                                                    
                                                                T6WCR  WRH  WCR                                           Pms – main steam pressure.




 F. de Mello: Dynamic Models for Fossil Fuelled Steam Units in Power System Studies. IEEE Transactions on Power
                                            Systems, Vol.6, No.2, 1991.
                                             HP Steam
                                              Chest
Power Plant Modelling
        Synchronous Generator Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment



                                               Differential equations
        B
                                                     s 
                                                                                                                 Generator equivalent circuits
                           d

                                              Tm   Pm  Pe  D
                                                                                                    (Xq – X’q) (X’q – X”q) X”q Iq         (Xd – X’d) (X’d – X"d) X”d Id
               f
                                 = t                                           
                                               Td''0 Eq''  Eq'  Eq''  I d ( X d'  X d'' )
    Q
                                                           E  E  I ( X  X )                        E’d         E”d       Ud              E’q       E”q
                                     A
                                              Tq''0 Ed''      '
                                                              d
                                                                       ''
                                                                       d        q
                                                                                        '
                                                                                        q
                                                                                                ''
                                                                                                q
                                                                                                                                                                      Uq
                                                                                                                                     Efd
D                                                   
                                              Td' 0 Eq'     E  E  I ( X  X )
                                                              fd
                                                                        '
                                                                        q       d       d
                                                                                                 '
                                                                                                 d
                                                                                                                Rotor q- axis                         Rotor d-axis
                            q                   
                                              T E'
                                                q0
                                                      '
                                                      d     0  E  I ( X  X )
                                                                   '
                                                                   d        q       q
                                                                                            '
                                                                                            q
    C



                                                                                                                        Electric Power System (EPS)




    Synchronous generator connected to a large power system
                (Single-Machine Infinite-Bus):
            a) diagram of connection, b) equivalent electrical circuit (π).

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Power Plant Modelling
                                   Excitation System Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment

                 VREF
                                                                                                                                                 Differential equations
  VPF                                  K PR
                                                                                                                                                 x1  K IR  uh
                                                                                                                                                 
                                     K IR                                  KA                                           Efd
      VC─
                                                                                           
                                                                                                          1
                                                                                                                                                           K       
                                       s                                 1  sTA
                                                                                                         sTE                                    TDR x 2   DR
                                                                                                                                                          T       u h  x 2
                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                                                          ─                                                                 DR     




                                                                                                                                         DC4B
             ─                       sK DR

                                    1  sTDR
                                                                                              
                                                                                                         KE
                                                                                                                                                                     K                
                                                                                                                                                TA x3  K AVT  K PR  DR uh  x1  x2 
                                                                                                                                                                          
                                                                                                          
                                                                                                      S E E fd
                                                                                                                                                                     TDR              
                                                                  sK F

                                                                 1  sTF
                                                                                                                                                TF x 4 
                                                                                                                                                   
                                                                                                                                                         KF
                                                                                                                                                            x3  V X  K E E fd   x4
                                                                                                                                                         TE
                      DC4B excitation system                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                                                TE E fd  x3  V X  K E E fd
       VREF
VPF
                                K PR


             uh                                                                                                                  Efd            Differential equations
VC ─
       
                              K IR
                                               
                                                         KA
                                                       1  sTA
                                                                                              1                                                 x1  K IR  uh
                                                                                                                                                  
                               s
                                                                           ─
                                                                                              sTE
                                                                                                                  FEX  f I N 
                                                                                                                                                            K
                                                                                                                                                 TDR x 2   DR
                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                                                                     u h  x 2                                         Evaluation of the exciter
                               sK DR                                                                                                                        T       
                                                                                          S E VE                                                           DR                                                       saturation curve SE(Efd).
                                                                                                                                        AC8B
                             1  sTDR

                                                                                                                               I FD                                 K                     
                                                                                         KE                      I N  KC
                                                                                                                               VE                TA x3  K A  K PR  DR
                                                                                                                                                                            u h  x1  x2   x3
                                                                                                                                                                              
                                                                                                                                                                    TDR                               a.)
                                                                                          KD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       b.)
                                                                                                                     IFD                         TE x4  x3  VX  K E x4  K D I FD
                                                                                                                                                                                                         FEX
                      AC8B excitation system                                                                                                                                                                    1                            VE                           Efd
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     


                                                                                          KG                                                                                                                        I
             VREF                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       I FD
  VPF                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              KC          FEX  f I N 
                                                                    ─                                                                             Differential equations                                                    II               IFD        VE
                                      K                   1                                K
                            K PR     IR                                                  IM                          Efd                      x1  K IR  uh
      VC ─                             s               1  sTA                    K PM
                                                                                            s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   III
                                                                                                                                        ST4B




                                                                                                                                                TA x2  K PR  uh  x1  x2
                                                                                                                                                                                                               0
 VT                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1         IN
                 VE  K PVT  j ( K I  K P X L ) I T                                                                                                      K K K                      K G K IM
 IT                                                                                                                                             x3   K IM  G PM IM
                                                                                                                                                                               x2 
                                                                                                                                                                                                   x3
                                                                                                                                                            1  K G K PM             1  K G K PM      Three-phase bridge rectifier: a.) voltage-
      IFD               IN
                                  I
                              K C FD
                                   VE
                                                       FEX  f I N                                                                                                                                     current characteristic, b.) block diagram.
      ST4B excitation system
IEEE Standard 421.5-2005: IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power Stability Studies
Power Plant Modelling
              Model Parameters identification process in Matlab®/Simulink®

                    Model = structure + parameters
Integrating the intelligent optimisation algorithms with the power plant
                  model for parameters identification
                          Plant measurement
                              DATA from
                            SC Power Plant

                          Data input to model

                                                Simulated and
  MATLAB®        Parameters      SIMULINK®
                                                  measured
   Genetic         update        Simulation                     Stopping    YES
                                                   outputs                          Model
  Algorithm                        for new                      criterion
                                parameters
                                                                                  Parameters
  [Toolbox]                                                        met
                               (+measurement                       ?
                                 input DATA)
                                                                    NO
Power Plant Modelling
        Parameters identification process based on measurement data from SCPP

Steady-State Data                   Start-Up Data
                                                                     GA Fitness Function:
                                                                Based on measured data form SCPP
                                                                1. Mechanical Power output Pm
                                                                2. Main steam pressure MSP
                                                                3. Reheater pressure RHP



                                                                 Error calculation based on Integral of
                                                                   Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria:




     Input Data:                                                   Output Data:
                                                               Pm – mechanical power
  FWF – feedwater flow               MODEL                     MSP – main steam pressure
  FF – fuel flow
                                                               RHP – reheater pressure
Power Plant Modelling
                   Model Parameters Verification – Results for the best parameters set
             0.9
             0.8
 PM [pu]

             0.7                                                        Pm – mechanical power
                                                                               000
             0.6
             0.5
             0.4
             0.3
                   2000   4000   6000    8000   10000   12000   14000
                                        t [s]
              1
             0.9
  MSP [pu]




             0.8
             0.7                                                                 00
                                                                        MSP – main steam pressure
             0.6
             0.5
             0.4
                   2000   4000   6000    8000   10000   12000   14000
                                        t [s]
             0.8
RHP [pu]




             0.7
                                                                                 00
                                                                        RHP – reheater pressure
             0.6
             0.5
             0.4
                                                                                    data from industry
             0.3
                   2000   4000   6000    8000   10000   12000   14000               Simulink model
                                        t [s]

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Outline

• Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang)
• Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik)
• Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue)
• Summary (J Wang)




               THE UNIVERSITY
               of BIRMINGHAM
Content

 Tsinghua University
 Development of 600MW supercritical pulverized coal
  power plant simulation software
 Summary
Tsinghua University is ranked the top university in China
    Seasons in Tsinghua University, located in Beijing
Tsinghua University has 56 academic departments

                                      Institute of Thermal
                                           Engineering
             Thermal Engineering
                                      Institute of Power
                                    Mechanics & Engineering
                 Department


                                   Institute of Fluid Mechanics
                                           & Engineering


                                     Institute of Engineering
                                          Thermophysics


                                    Institute of Simulation &
                                    Control of Power System

Division of Thermal Power System
State Key Laboratory of Control & Simulation of Large Power
System & Generation Equipment

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Research and Teaching in Power Plant Modeling and
Simulation at Tsinghua University
• The research in this area has over 30 years history
• Giving great contributions to China power industry
  development
• Playing a major role in training key skilled personnel required
  in China
• Leading in the research areas of power plant modeling and
  simulation, clean coal technology and CCS
• State-of-the-art research facilities
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135MW CFB Power Plant Simulator
State Key Task 10.5 National Development Plan
in China




                                                Energy and Power Engineering Simulation
                                                Practice
                                                Compulsory Subjects for 3rd year
                                                undergraduates
Development of large scale power plant simulation
software

• Principle




• Theoretical basis
   – System Theory, Control Engineering, Computer Science
   – Thermodynamics, Fluid dynamics, Combustion
   – Mass/Energy/Momentum conservation equation, heat transfer equation, state
     equations
Example - comparison results of a CFB simulator
- Bed temperature, coal and oil flow rate in startup process



                                                 Bed Temp.




                                                             Feed Coal



                                                      Feed Oil




        Field data                     Simulation results

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Objective
   –     Understand the dynamic load response character of SCPC
   –     Improve its control quality
Simulation Scope
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   – Control Systems
         • DAS/MCS/FSSS/BMS/SCS/ECS/DEH/ETS
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   – Human Machine Interface
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                                                Large Screen
                                                 大屏幕投影
                                                  Display


   指导教师工作站                   仿真服务器                                工程师工作站
  Instructor Station       Simulator Server                    Engineer Station




                       ……                                               ……

就地操作站1         就地操作站2
  Local Operator Station                      DCS操作站1
                                                 DCS Operator DCS操作站2
                                                              Station
600MW SCPC Simulation - Software Structure

                          Process
                          models

              Model                    Control
             develop                   system
             support                   models
                         Simulation
                          Support
                          System
                                      Database
             Real-time
                                      managem
              running
                                        ent

                          Network
                         communic
                           ation
600MW SCPC Simulation - Key Challenges

(1) Dynamic model of water fall
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   • Supcritical boiler water fall – multi-section lumped parameter model
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             – At supercritical pressure, the water is heated and evaporated into steam
               directly (one phase flow)
             – Near the critical point, the specific heat capacity shows dramatic change

                                                          Heat
                    Heat

     Inlet                         Outlet
                                              Inlet                                 Outlet
                                                      1          2            N

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(2) Dynamic model of build-in startup separator




                                       Subcritical          Supcritical
                                  Steam Water Separator   Steam Chamber
                                        Wet State           Dry State
                                        Boundary              Node

(3) Build the steam/water thermodynamic property calculation method
600MW SCPC Simulation - Key Challenges

(4) Control system model
 • Automatically stabilize the process
   to improve the operator training
   quality
 • Basis for advanced study on
   control system strategy and
   controller parameter optimization
                                               Multivariable nonlinear control
   Keep a proper coal water ratio - to track the unit load command quickly
    while minimize the main steam temperature
   Feed forward signal from unit load command - to coordinate boiler/turbine
    response
   Control intermediate point temperature or enthalpy - to keep stable heat
    distribution in water wall
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Feed water flow control in once-through supercritical coal-fired boiler is
different with that in drum-type boiler
     – The fluctuation of feed water flow or combustion ratio all have great impact on the
       dynamic of unit load and main steam temperature due to lack of drum
     – To regulate unit load with minimum main steam temperature variation, the
       combustion ratio (fuel and air flow) and feed water flow should keep a proper ratio—
       coal/water ratio
 Control scheme:
 •   Outer loop: feed water flow
     command, consists of two parts:
     a basic command comes from
     coal-water ratio calculation,
     then plus a calibration signal
     from middle point temperature
     control.
 •   Inner loop: feed water pump
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• Completed
   – Main devices modeling
   – Substance property calculation
   – Main Control system modeling
   – Main steam-water system modeling
• To be developed
   – HMI (DCS, DEH, MEH, etc) to facilitate the research on dynamic
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   – Joint debugging and integration of the whole simulator
   – Dynamic characteristic analysis and coordination control strategy
      optimization
   – Research on CCS+PC
Outline

• Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang)
• Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue)
• Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik)
• Summary (J Wang)




               THE UNIVERSITY
               of BIRMINGHAM
Summary

• The grid code study and comparison are carried out
• The first version of Mathematical modelling for the whole
      plant process was derived
• Simulation programme at the industrial scale is to complete
      soon.
• Post combustion CCS process dynamic simulation study
      started a few months ago (Shen Guo)
• Computational intelligent algorithms are used for optimisation

                        THE UNIVERSITY
                        of BIRMINGHAM
Summary

Next stage work:
      dynamic responses analysis and Grid Code compliance
      control strategy for improvement of dynamic responses
      in parallel with:
      Post combustion CCS dynamic modelling
             and simulation is on going
      new/additional intelligent algorithms for power plant
             optimisation

                          THE UNIVERSITY
                          of BIRMINGHAM

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Summary

Collaboration:
   We would like to work with other academic
     institutes together in the research area of
     mathematical modelling and simulation of
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                  THE UNIVERSITY
                  of BIRMINGHAM
Thank You!


   THE UNIVERSITY
   of BIRMINGHAM

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Wang Workshop on Modelling and Simulation of Coal-fired Power Generation and CCS Process

  • 1. THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM Study of Supercritical Coal Fired Power Plant Dynamic Responses and Control for Grid Code Compliance Prof Jihong Wang, Dr Jacek D Wojcik (University of Warwick) Dr Yali Xue (Tsinghua University) Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Power Plants and CO2 Capture WORKSHOP University of Warwick, 20th-21st March 2012
  • 2. Outline • Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang) • Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik) • Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue) • Summary (J Wang) THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 3. Outline • Overview of the EPSRC Project • Power Plant Simulator • Power plant modelling • Summary THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 4. Supercritical technology Subcritical Supercritical Ultra supercritical (conventional) Temperature 500 – 550 500 – 600 550 – 600, (600 – 700)* (°C) Pressure (MPa) 16 – 17 24 – 26 27 – 32, (40 – 42)* Features Drum: single Once through: Once through: double reheat single reheat reheat Efficiency 33 - 35 40-45 42 – 47, (50 – cycle (%) 55)* THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 5. Future new power plants in the UK - SUPERCRITICAL Power generation responses to the demand changes Fast enough to satisfy the grid specification THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 6. Subcritical Supercritical Subcritical water-steam cycle Supercritical water-steam cycle (no Drum – energy storage phase change) Once-through operation – no energy Challenges: storage Can supercritical power generation responses to the demand changes fast enough to satisfy BG Grid Code requirement? THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 7. Project Objectives Through study supercritical coal fired power plant mathematical modelling and simulation: • to understand the dynamic responses of supercritical power plants • to investigate the possible strategies for improvement THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 8. List of UK power stations - All Subcritical (~33% efficiency) Station Name Representation Company Address Capacity in MW Aberthaw B National Ash RWE Npower The Leys Aberthaw, Barry South CF62 42W 1,489 Glamorgan Cockenzie ScotAsh Scottish Power Prestopans East Lothian 1,152 Cottam EDF Energy EDF Energy Cottam Power Nottinghamshire DN22 0ET 1,970 Company, PO Box 4, nr Retford Didcot A National Ash RWE Npower Didcot Nr Oxford OX11 7HA 2,020 Drax Hargreaves CCP Drax Power Limited Drax Selby North Yorks YO8 8PQ 3,870 Eggborough British Energy British Energy Eggborough Goole North DN14 0BS 1,960 Humberside Ferrybridge C Keadby generation Scottish & Southern PO Box 39, Stranglands Knottingley West WF11 8SQ 1,955 Ltd Energy plc Lane Yorkshire Fiddlers Ferry Keadby generation Scottish & Southern Widnes Road Cuerdley Warrington WA5 2UT 1,961 Ltd Energy plc Ironbridge EON UK PowerGen Buildwas Road Telford Shropshire TF8 7BL 970 Kingsnorth EON UK PowerGen Hoo Saint Werburgh Rochester Kent ME3 9NQ 1,974 Longannet ScotAsh Scottish Power ScotAsh Ltd, Kincardine- Fife FK10 4AA 2,304 on-Forth Lynemouth Alcan Alcan Primary Metal - Ashington Northumberland NE63 9YH 420 Europe Ratcliffe EON UK Powergen Ratcliife on Soar Nottingham NG11 0EE 2,000 Rugeley International Power International Power Rugeley Power Station Armitage Road Rugeley WS15 1PR 976 Tilbury B National Ash RWE Npower Fort Road Tilbury Essex RM18 8UJ 1,020 West Burton EDF Energy EDF Energy West Burton Power Nottinghamshire DN22 9BL 1,932 Company, Retford Wilton Hargreaves CCP ICI PO Box 1985, Wilton Middlesborough TS90 8WS 100 International THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 9. Collaboration Mathematical modelling, simulation Industrial scale power study, dynamic Consortium interactions plant modelling and response analysis, optimal control, simulation, Exchange of software Grid Code studies materials, data, information development, Shared models, verification software and simulations Supercritical water, Integrated testing test rig evelopment, programme Power plant control, Experimental tudies, intelligent data collection and algorithms, analysis
  • 10. Team University of Warwick: Prof J Wang, Dr J Wojcik Mr M Draganescu, Mr S Guo University of Birmingham: Dr B Al-Duri, Mr O Mohamed Tsinghua University Prof. J F Lv, Prof Q R Gao, Dr Y L Xue North China Electric Power University Prof X J Liu, Prof G L Hou THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 11. Frequency in the Power System - Mr M Draganescu Definition: Power System Frequency can be defined as a measure of the electrical speed of the synchronous generators connected to the grid; this is a common value at every point in the grid. Frequency – constant value Electricity Electricity Generation Demand at all time. PGen PDem Electricity Electricity Power System Generation Demand Instability Frequency Total Outage Deviations (Blackout) THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 12. UK Power System Electricity Supplied by Fuel Type in 2010: Transmission System Operators (TSOs): • National Grid • Scottish and Southern Energy • Scottish Power System Data: Circuit Voltage Circuit Length TSO [kV] [km] National Grid 400, 275 ~14,000 Scottish and 275, 132 ~5,000 Southern Energy Scottish Power 400, 275, 132 ~4,000 THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 13. UK Power System — The Grid Code — Nominal Frequency: 50 Hz Frequency Variation Interval [Hz] Normal Critical Situations Operation 49.5 – 50.5 47.0 – 52.0 Frequency Control Strategies Type of Frequency Control Response Time Strategy active power increase within 10 s and Primary Frequency Response maintained for another 30 s active power increase within 30 s and Secondary Frequency Response maintained for another 30 min active power decrease within 10 s and High Frequency Response maintained thereafter THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 14. UK Power System — The Grid Code — Frequency Response Capability of a Generating Unit Test: A frequency ramp decrease/ increase of 0.5 Hz over a period of 10 s. THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 15. Outline • Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang) • Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik) • Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue) • Summary (J Wang) THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 16. Power Plant Modelling Mathematical modelling of Supercritical Power Plant in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment Exact mathematical model of SCPP consists of: • Coal mill (Pulverised-Fuel) • Supercritical Boiler • Steam Turbine • Synchronous Generator (SG) and Electric Power System (EPS) • Excitation System – Auto Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Exciter • Governor (GOV) • Boiler Control System Δω Single-Machine Control Governor Infinitive Bus System CVArea IVArea WC PMSP Pe Pe δ Pg WFWF Electrical ΔPpa COAL SC WSC Steam PM Synchronous Eqb Qg Edb Power Tin MILL WPF BOILER PRH Turbine Generator Ug Ig System B+jG EFD Ig Excitation System Ug Mathematical model of Supercritical Power Plant - Block diagram.
  • 17. Power Plant Modelling Coal Mill Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment Two different types of pulverised coal mill in power plants Vertical Spindle Tube-Ball mill ΔPout , ΔPin , Tin , Tout mill Ap1 Ap2 Wc  M c 1 Mc P Differential equations Kf  s K1,K2, K3,K4, Mc_initial K15 K5,K6, K7,K8, ΔPout, Mpf_initial  K14, W pf M pf Mpf T 1 K17 K16  s Block diagram of coal mill model. ‘On-line Condition and Safety Monitoring of Pulverised Coal Mills Using a Model Based Pattern Recognition Technique’ Prof Jihong Wang, Dr Jianlin Wei, Mr Paschalis Zachariades, Mr. Shen Guo Model based on mass balance and heat balance: Graphical Unit Interface
  • 18. Power Plant Modelling SC Boiler Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment The steam patch is divided into following parts: • Economiser node • Waterwall node HP IP+LP • Superheater node • Main steam line node • Reheater node condenser to Feedwater flow Hi1 Fuel Fuel flow 1 KECO 1 Differential equations 1+TFFs TECOs Air Econo- Feedwater   TECO  PECO  H i1  WFWF  H o1  WECO  K ECO  QB Ho1 miser AECO√  Hi2  TWW  PWW  H i 2  WECO  H o2  WWW  KWW  QB Flue gases KWW 1 TWWs  TSH  PSH  H i 3  WWW  H o3  WSH  K SH  QB   TCV  PCV  H i 4  WSH  H o4  WCV Water-Steam loop in basic once-through boiler design. Ho2 AWW√   TRH  PRH  H i 5  WCV  H o5  WRH  K RH  QB Hi3  TFF  QB  WPF  QB Model based on mass balance and energy balance KSH  1 TSHs Ho3 ASH√  V Q Ki Hi4 1 hi wi ho wo  TCVs X WCV p v wi Hi 1 P Ho4 CVArea  h τ Ts Hi5 1 KRH wo Ho  TRHs X WRH q Ho5 IVArea Steam pressure model Where: Hi, Ho – input/output gain of steam flow entering/leaving associated nodes, P – node pressure, Q – heat transfer to node, Wi – flow rate of fluid entering node, Wo – flow rate of fluid leaving node Block diagram of boiler model.
  • 19. Power Plant Modelling Steam Turbine and Governor Models Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat DEH control system Steam Turbine Control mode Switch S1 S2 S3 S4    feed forward loop Pm1 SC on off off off SCLF on off on off 1 K1 K3 K5 K7 0 SCPF on off off on SCLFF off on on off 1 2 PMS π 1 1 1 1 SCPFF off on off on π 1+sT4 1+sT5 1+sT6 1+sT7 GVArea IVArea K8 ∆n VD K2 K4 K6 ∆f 1 1+sT1 K   PID     - Pref Generic Model of Steam Turbine/ feedback loop Pload 3 Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam Turbine Pms 4 Differential equations  T4WSC  ( PB  GVArea )  WSC DEH control system – block diagram,  where: ∆f – frequency deviation; ∆n – speed deviation; K– speed drop ; T5 PRH  WSC  PRH Pref – reference load signal; Pload – load signal;  T6WCR  WRH  WCR Pms – main steam pressure. F. de Mello: Dynamic Models for Fossil Fuelled Steam Units in Power System Studies. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.6, No.2, 1991. HP Steam Chest
  • 20. Power Plant Modelling Synchronous Generator Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment Differential equations B    s  Generator equivalent circuits d Tm   Pm  Pe  D  (Xq – X’q) (X’q – X”q) X”q Iq (Xd – X’d) (X’d – X"d) X”d Id f  = t    Td''0 Eq''  Eq'  Eq''  I d ( X d'  X d'' ) Q   E  E  I ( X  X ) E’d E”d Ud E’q E”q A Tq''0 Ed'' ' d '' d q ' q '' q Uq Efd D  Td' 0 Eq'  E  E  I ( X  X ) fd ' q d d ' d Rotor q- axis Rotor d-axis q  T E' q0 ' d  0  E  I ( X  X ) ' d q q ' q C Electric Power System (EPS) Synchronous generator connected to a large power system (Single-Machine Infinite-Bus): a) diagram of connection, b) equivalent electrical circuit (π).
  • 21. Power Plant Modelling Excitation System Model Implementation in Matlab®/Simulink® software environment VREF Differential equations VPF K PR x1  K IR  uh  K IR KA Efd VC─     1 K  s 1  sTA sTE TDR x 2   DR  T u h  x 2  ─  DR  DC4B ─ sK DR 1  sTDR  KE  K   TA x3  K AVT  K PR  DR uh  x1  x2       S E E fd  TDR   sK F 1  sTF TF x 4   KF x3  V X  K E E fd   x4 TE DC4B excitation system  TE E fd  x3  V X  K E E fd VREF VPF K PR uh Efd Differential equations VC ─  K IR  KA 1  sTA  1  x1  K IR  uh  s ─ sTE FEX  f I N  K TDR x 2   DR   u h  x 2 Evaluation of the exciter sK DR T  S E VE   DR  saturation curve SE(Efd). AC8B 1  sTDR I FD  K    KE I N  KC VE TA x3  K A  K PR  DR   u h  x1  x2   x3   TDR   a.) KD b.) IFD TE x4  x3  VX  K E x4  K D I FD  FEX AC8B excitation system 1 VE Efd  KG I VREF I FD VPF KC FEX  f I N  ─ Differential equations II IFD VE K 1 K  K PR  IR  IM Efd x1  K IR  uh VC ─ s 1  sTA  K PM s   III ST4B TA x2  K PR  uh  x1  x2  0 VT 1 IN VE  K PVT  j ( K I  K P X L ) I T   K K K  K G K IM IT x3   K IM  G PM IM    x2   x3  1  K G K PM  1  K G K PM Three-phase bridge rectifier: a.) voltage- IFD IN I  K C FD VE FEX  f I N  current characteristic, b.) block diagram. ST4B excitation system IEEE Standard 421.5-2005: IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power Stability Studies
  • 22. Power Plant Modelling Model Parameters identification process in Matlab®/Simulink® Model = structure + parameters Integrating the intelligent optimisation algorithms with the power plant model for parameters identification Plant measurement DATA from SC Power Plant Data input to model Simulated and MATLAB® Parameters SIMULINK® measured Genetic update Simulation Stopping YES outputs Model Algorithm for new criterion parameters Parameters [Toolbox] met (+measurement ? input DATA) NO
  • 23. Power Plant Modelling Parameters identification process based on measurement data from SCPP Steady-State Data Start-Up Data GA Fitness Function: Based on measured data form SCPP 1. Mechanical Power output Pm 2. Main steam pressure MSP 3. Reheater pressure RHP Error calculation based on Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria: Input Data: Output Data: Pm – mechanical power FWF – feedwater flow MODEL MSP – main steam pressure FF – fuel flow RHP – reheater pressure
  • 24. Power Plant Modelling Model Parameters Verification – Results for the best parameters set 0.9 0.8 PM [pu] 0.7 Pm – mechanical power 000 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 t [s] 1 0.9 MSP [pu] 0.8 0.7 00 MSP – main steam pressure 0.6 0.5 0.4 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 t [s] 0.8 RHP [pu] 0.7 00 RHP – reheater pressure 0.6 0.5 0.4 data from industry 0.3 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Simulink model t [s]
  • 25. Outline • Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang) • Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik) • Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue) • Summary (J Wang) THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 26. Content  Tsinghua University  Development of 600MW supercritical pulverized coal power plant simulation software  Summary
  • 27. Tsinghua University is ranked the top university in China Seasons in Tsinghua University, located in Beijing
  • 28. Tsinghua University has 56 academic departments Institute of Thermal Engineering Thermal Engineering Institute of Power Mechanics & Engineering Department Institute of Fluid Mechanics & Engineering Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Institute of Simulation & Control of Power System Division of Thermal Power System State Key Laboratory of Control & Simulation of Large Power System & Generation Equipment
  • 29. Research and Teaching in Power Plant Modeling and Simulation at Tsinghua University • The research in this area has over 30 years history • Giving great contributions to China power industry development • Playing a major role in training key skilled personnel required in China • Leading in the research areas of power plant modeling and simulation, clean coal technology and CCS • State-of-the-art research facilities
  • 30. Teaching facilities Operator skills contest 135MW CFB Power Plant Simulator State Key Task 10.5 National Development Plan in China Energy and Power Engineering Simulation Practice Compulsory Subjects for 3rd year undergraduates
  • 31. Development of large scale power plant simulation software • Principle • Theoretical basis – System Theory, Control Engineering, Computer Science – Thermodynamics, Fluid dynamics, Combustion – Mass/Energy/Momentum conservation equation, heat transfer equation, state equations
  • 32. Example - comparison results of a CFB simulator - Bed temperature, coal and oil flow rate in startup process Bed Temp. Feed Coal Feed Oil Field data Simulation results
  • 33. 600MW SCPC Simulation Scope Objective – Understand the dynamic load response character of SCPC – Improve its control quality Simulation Scope The complete process of SCPC power plants from fuel preparation to electricity output – Main devices • Boiler, Turbine, Generator, • Auxiliary Power, and related auxiliary machine – Control Systems • DAS/MCS/FSSS/BMS/SCS/ECS/DEH/ETS – Malfunctions simulation – Human Machine Interface
  • 34. 600MW SCPC Simulation – Hardware Configuration Large Screen 大屏幕投影 Display 指导教师工作站 仿真服务器 工程师工作站 Instructor Station Simulator Server Engineer Station …… …… 就地操作站1 就地操作站2 Local Operator Station DCS操作站1 DCS Operator DCS操作站2 Station
  • 35. 600MW SCPC Simulation - Software Structure Process models Model Control develop system support models Simulation Support System Database Real-time managem running ent Network communic ation
  • 36. 600MW SCPC Simulation - Key Challenges (1) Dynamic model of water fall • Subcritical boiler riser tube – one-section lumped parameter model • Supcritical boiler water fall – multi-section lumped parameter model – At subcritical pressure, the water is heated gradually into steam-water mixture (two phase flow) – At supercritical pressure, the water is heated and evaporated into steam directly (one phase flow) – Near the critical point, the specific heat capacity shows dramatic change Heat Heat Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet 1 2 N
  • 37. 600MW SCPC Simulation - Key Challenges (2) Dynamic model of build-in startup separator Subcritical Supcritical Steam Water Separator Steam Chamber Wet State Dry State Boundary Node (3) Build the steam/water thermodynamic property calculation method
  • 38. 600MW SCPC Simulation - Key Challenges (4) Control system model • Automatically stabilize the process to improve the operator training quality • Basis for advanced study on control system strategy and controller parameter optimization Multivariable nonlinear control  Keep a proper coal water ratio - to track the unit load command quickly while minimize the main steam temperature  Feed forward signal from unit load command - to coordinate boiler/turbine response  Control intermediate point temperature or enthalpy - to keep stable heat distribution in water wall
  • 39. 600MW SCPC Simulation - Feedwater Control Feed water flow control in once-through supercritical coal-fired boiler is different with that in drum-type boiler – The fluctuation of feed water flow or combustion ratio all have great impact on the dynamic of unit load and main steam temperature due to lack of drum – To regulate unit load with minimum main steam temperature variation, the combustion ratio (fuel and air flow) and feed water flow should keep a proper ratio— coal/water ratio Control scheme: • Outer loop: feed water flow command, consists of two parts: a basic command comes from coal-water ratio calculation, then plus a calibration signal from middle point temperature control. • Inner loop: feed water pump speed control
  • 40. 600MW SCPC Simulation – Human Machine Interface
  • 41. 600MW SCPC Simulation – progress summary • Completed – Main devices modeling – Substance property calculation – Main Control system modeling – Main steam-water system modeling • To be developed – HMI (DCS, DEH, MEH, etc) to facilitate the research on dynamic response for grid code compliance – Joint debugging and integration of the whole simulator – Dynamic characteristic analysis and coordination control strategy optimization – Research on CCS+PC
  • 42. Outline • Overview of the EPSRC Project (J Wang) • Power Plant Simulation (Y L Xue) • Power Plant Modelling (J Wojcik) • Summary (J Wang) THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 43. Summary • The grid code study and comparison are carried out • The first version of Mathematical modelling for the whole plant process was derived • Simulation programme at the industrial scale is to complete soon. • Post combustion CCS process dynamic simulation study started a few months ago (Shen Guo) • Computational intelligent algorithms are used for optimisation THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 44. Summary Next stage work: dynamic responses analysis and Grid Code compliance control strategy for improvement of dynamic responses in parallel with: Post combustion CCS dynamic modelling and simulation is on going new/additional intelligent algorithms for power plant optimisation THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 45. Summary Collaboration: We would like to work with other academic institutes together in the research area of mathematical modelling and simulation of large scale power plant with CCS process. THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM
  • 46. Thank You! THE UNIVERSITY of BIRMINGHAM