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The document summarizes a study on the performance of energy storage systems for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses different battery types used - lead acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries. It also outlines the components of a typical parallel hybrid vehicle powertrain including the internal combustion engine, motors, and batteries. Simulation results are presented showing the state of charge variation of different battery types when tested with on-road vehicle data.
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![International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 11 (July 2012), PP. 49-51
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Performance of Energy Storage Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric
Vehicles
Mrs.M.LakshmiSwarupa1, Dr.P.V.RajGopal2, Dr.G.TulasiRamDas3
1
Assoc.Prof, Malla Reddy Enggcollege
2
AGM, BHEL R&D
3
Vice-chancellor for JNTUK
Abstract––In this paper an alternative energy storage systemof a hybrid electric vehicle is investigated by considering baseline
specifications. The battery is the main energy storage for electrical energy and is directly connected to the DC-bus. Consequently,
charge and discharge is directly dependent on the DC voltage and the open circuit voltage (VOC) of the battery. The VOC depends
on several parameterss, including battery type, number of series/parallel connected cells, temperature and state of charge (SOC) [1].
During normal operating conditions, the variation in VOC is rather small. The SOC is a parameter describing the relative amount
of stored energy in the battery.In order to verify the simulation results, a downscaled HEV drive train consisting of NiMH/Nicd
,Li+ion and LA batteries are tested with on-road vehicle data. The results show a SOC variation of battery.
Index Terms: Batteries, Drive train, power electronics, on-road test, baseline specifications.
I. INTRODUCTION
This battery-EC system has been proposed already in the early nineties, but has not been put into production due to the
complexity and, onto now, expensive design. Development has, however, accelerated during the past decade, yielding better
performance and lower prices. Alternative fuels by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and are currently, or have been, commercially
available for vehicles are Biodiesel, Electricity, Ethanol,Hydrogen,Methanol,Natural Gas,Propane[2].Several emerging fuels are
currently under development. Many of these fuels are also considered alternative fuels and may have other benefits such as reduced
emissions or increased energy security are Biobutanol,Biogas,Biomass to Liquids (BTL),Coal to Liquids (CTL),Fischer-Tropsch
Diesel,Gas to Liquids (GTL),Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD),P-Series,Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel.
II. POWER TRAIN OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
The power train of an HEV is simplified in order to find appropriate models of each component. In general, there are two
main design topologies of an HEV, the series design and parallel design. The parallel hybrid vehicle has an ICE and an electric
motor with battery connected in parallel. The vehicle can be directly driven either from the ICE or the electric motor, or both at the
same time(depending upon the % of power distribution).
The parallel HEV POWER train used in this investigation is presented in Fig. 1.
A.Storage
Batteries will last longer if stored in a charged state. Leaving an automotive battery discharged will shorten a battery's li fe,
or make it unusable, if left for an extended period (usually over several years). Batteries in storage may be monitored and
exponentially charged to retain their capacity. Batteries areprepared for storage by charging, cleaning of deposits. Batteries are
generally stored in a cool dry environment.
Ratingsof batteries are commonly depends uponAmpere-hours (A·h), Cranking amperes (CA), Cold cranking amperes (CCA), Hot
cranking amperes (HCA) and etc.
49](https://cdn.statically.io/img/image.slidesharecdn.com/h01114951-120712015436-phpapp02/85/www-ijerd-com-1-320.jpg)
![Performance of Energy Storage Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
B.Motors
Motors for HEV requirehigh reliability, torque,speed and largepower to weight ratio.Induction motor and PMSM
arewidely used for highefficiency, high power density, high torque/current unitsand wide-speed operation HEV driving system.
C.ICE
The engine is the primary source in parallel hybrid electric vehicleused for vehicle propulsion and the minimum speed
values are taken intoaccount while the vehicle is decelerating whereas themaximum values are calculated for
acceleration.Themaximum and minimum speed values of the generator andthe ratios of the planetary gear are the parameters
whilecalculating engine speed. The other part of the planetarygear is the driving shaft, which is proportional to thevehicle’ s actual
speed so it is taken as a definitive value forengine speed.
III. BATTERYTYPES USED FOR PARALLEL HYBRID VEHICLE
At present three types of batteries are widely used, includinglead acid (L-A), Ni-MH, and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.
Following the same order are theirimproved performance, energy density, and increased cost. For economic reasons, L-A
batterieswere used in earlier production electric vehicles. Ni-MH is gaining popularities on present HEV.Meanwhile, Li-ion battery
applications are mostly limited at present to smaller electronics devicesdue to its superior power density where cost is not as much
of a factor. Li-ion batteries, as apromising technology for vehicle applications in the future, start to see applications in high-endlow
speed vehicles [3].
Battery Power Output Ampere Hour rating Voltage
Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride
(Ni-MH)
36 hp (27 kW) 6.5 Ah 200Vdc
Lithium-Ion battery
Lead-acid battery
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The open circuit voltage, is measured when the engine is off and no loads are connected. VOC was also determined for
use in the MATLAB /SIMULINK model. Open circuit voltage is also affected by temperature, and the specific gravity of the
electrolyte at full charge.
Ni-MH Battery Model
Exp
i
Exp
it 100*(1-u(1)/Batt.Q)
SOC (%)
50 -Batt.K*(Batt.Q/(Batt.Q-u(1)))*u(1) 3600
E_NL
it_sat 1
1/3600
it s
-u(3)*Batt.K*u(2)*(Batt.Q/(Batt.Q-u(1))) xo
Convert >0 int(i) it init
E_dyn Discharge
i*
SOC (%)
it_SC
Current filter
Out In
i* 1 Current
Convert <0
E_dyn Charge R
Batt_Tr/3.s+1
-K-
Voltage (V)
Batt.R
Add
100 up
u y
lo
Saturation
Dynamic
<Voltage (V)>
SOC
<Speed wm (rad/s)>
1/100
<SOC (%)> SOC <Armature current ia (A)>
Gain Relay Rate Limiter
TL m
Scope
A+ dc A-
F+ F-
i
+
- Current 50
Internal Resistance DC Machine
Continuous Constant
-
s
+
pow ergui
+
s
-
Fig 4: Battery Internal model
a) NiMH Battery
50](https://cdn.statically.io/img/www.slideshare.net/data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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- 1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development ISSN: 2278-067X, Volume 1, Issue 11 (July 2012), PP. 49-51 www.ijerd.com Performance of Energy Storage Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles Mrs.M.LakshmiSwarupa1, Dr.P.V.RajGopal2, Dr.G.TulasiRamDas3 1 Assoc.Prof, Malla Reddy Enggcollege 2 AGM, BHEL R&D 3 Vice-chancellor for JNTUK Abstract––In this paper an alternative energy storage systemof a hybrid electric vehicle is investigated by considering baseline specifications. The battery is the main energy storage for electrical energy and is directly connected to the DC-bus. Consequently, charge and discharge is directly dependent on the DC voltage and the open circuit voltage (VOC) of the battery. The VOC depends on several parameterss, including battery type, number of series/parallel connected cells, temperature and state of charge (SOC) [1]. During normal operating conditions, the variation in VOC is rather small. The SOC is a parameter describing the relative amount of stored energy in the battery.In order to verify the simulation results, a downscaled HEV drive train consisting of NiMH/Nicd ,Li+ion and LA batteries are tested with on-road vehicle data. The results show a SOC variation of battery. Index Terms: Batteries, Drive train, power electronics, on-road test, baseline specifications. I. INTRODUCTION This battery-EC system has been proposed already in the early nineties, but has not been put into production due to the complexity and, onto now, expensive design. Development has, however, accelerated during the past decade, yielding better performance and lower prices. Alternative fuels by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and are currently, or have been, commercially available for vehicles are Biodiesel, Electricity, Ethanol,Hydrogen,Methanol,Natural Gas,Propane[2].Several emerging fuels are currently under development. Many of these fuels are also considered alternative fuels and may have other benefits such as reduced emissions or increased energy security are Biobutanol,Biogas,Biomass to Liquids (BTL),Coal to Liquids (CTL),Fischer-Tropsch Diesel,Gas to Liquids (GTL),Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel (HDRD),P-Series,Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel. II. POWER TRAIN OF A HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE The power train of an HEV is simplified in order to find appropriate models of each component. In general, there are two main design topologies of an HEV, the series design and parallel design. The parallel hybrid vehicle has an ICE and an electric motor with battery connected in parallel. The vehicle can be directly driven either from the ICE or the electric motor, or both at the same time(depending upon the % of power distribution). The parallel HEV POWER train used in this investigation is presented in Fig. 1. A.Storage Batteries will last longer if stored in a charged state. Leaving an automotive battery discharged will shorten a battery's li fe, or make it unusable, if left for an extended period (usually over several years). Batteries in storage may be monitored and exponentially charged to retain their capacity. Batteries areprepared for storage by charging, cleaning of deposits. Batteries are generally stored in a cool dry environment. Ratingsof batteries are commonly depends uponAmpere-hours (A·h), Cranking amperes (CA), Cold cranking amperes (CCA), Hot cranking amperes (HCA) and etc. 49
- 2. Performance of Energy Storage Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles B.Motors Motors for HEV requirehigh reliability, torque,speed and largepower to weight ratio.Induction motor and PMSM arewidely used for highefficiency, high power density, high torque/current unitsand wide-speed operation HEV driving system. C.ICE The engine is the primary source in parallel hybrid electric vehicleused for vehicle propulsion and the minimum speed values are taken intoaccount while the vehicle is decelerating whereas themaximum values are calculated for acceleration.Themaximum and minimum speed values of the generator andthe ratios of the planetary gear are the parameters whilecalculating engine speed. The other part of the planetarygear is the driving shaft, which is proportional to thevehicle’ s actual speed so it is taken as a definitive value forengine speed. III. BATTERYTYPES USED FOR PARALLEL HYBRID VEHICLE At present three types of batteries are widely used, includinglead acid (L-A), Ni-MH, and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Following the same order are theirimproved performance, energy density, and increased cost. For economic reasons, L-A batterieswere used in earlier production electric vehicles. Ni-MH is gaining popularities on present HEV.Meanwhile, Li-ion battery applications are mostly limited at present to smaller electronics devicesdue to its superior power density where cost is not as much of a factor. Li-ion batteries, as apromising technology for vehicle applications in the future, start to see applications in high-endlow speed vehicles [3]. Battery Power Output Ampere Hour rating Voltage Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) 36 hp (27 kW) 6.5 Ah 200Vdc Lithium-Ion battery Lead-acid battery IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The open circuit voltage, is measured when the engine is off and no loads are connected. VOC was also determined for use in the MATLAB /SIMULINK model. Open circuit voltage is also affected by temperature, and the specific gravity of the electrolyte at full charge. Ni-MH Battery Model Exp i Exp it 100*(1-u(1)/Batt.Q) SOC (%) 50 -Batt.K*(Batt.Q/(Batt.Q-u(1)))*u(1) 3600 E_NL it_sat 1 1/3600 it s -u(3)*Batt.K*u(2)*(Batt.Q/(Batt.Q-u(1))) xo Convert >0 int(i) it init E_dyn Discharge i* SOC (%) it_SC Current filter Out In i* 1 Current Convert <0 E_dyn Charge R Batt_Tr/3.s+1 -K- Voltage (V) Batt.R Add 100 up u y lo Saturation Dynamic <Voltage (V)> SOC <Speed wm (rad/s)> 1/100 <SOC (%)> SOC <Armature current ia (A)> Gain Relay Rate Limiter TL m Scope A+ dc A- F+ F- i + - Current 50 Internal Resistance DC Machine Continuous Constant - s + pow ergui + s - Fig 4: Battery Internal model a) NiMH Battery 50
- 3. Performance of Energy Storage Systems for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles b) Lead acid Battery c) Li+ion Battery V. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid electric vehicle markets are growing worldwide. Asfor hybrid electric vehicles compared with conventional cars have many advantageous.NiMH and Li-ion are thedominating current and potential battery technologies for higher functionalityHEVs like Toyota Prius and Honda civic.Soc variation with load variation under real world drivingconditions would provide an opportunity to realize fuel economybenefits comparable with NiMH and Li-ion technology inmild to medium hybrid applications. From the simulations results obtained in MATLAB-SIMULINK the Li+ion is the best battery, which supports all the required of power splitting in parallel hybrid electric vehicle. VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to first acknowledge and express my sincere thanks to my supervisor& co-supervisor Dr.P.V.RajGopal&Dr.G.TulasiRamDas, for the opportunity that he gave me to work on this highly promising and exciting research area. I would also like to thank Dr.C.K.Sarma, a senior professor from the G.R.I.E.T, whosehelped me in understanding mathematical formulation. Finally, a special thank you goes to my parents M.Rama Krishna rao&M.GirijaKumarifor their moral and financial supports and also my husband P.Srikanth for his encouragement throughout . REFERENCES [1]. Alternative Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Tobias Anderssona, Jens Grootab, Helena Bergb, Joachim Lindströmb, TorbjörnThiringera* a Chalmers University of Technology, b Volvo Technology Corporation * Corresponding author. [2]. www.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/epact [3]. Modeling and Simulation of Hybrid ElectricVehiclesByYuliang Leon ZhouB. Eng., University of Science & Tech. Beijing, 2005. 51