In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
Dynamic resource allocation in road transport sector using mobile cloud compu...
This document discusses dynamic resource allocation in the road transport sector using mobile cloud computing techniques. It provides an overview of existing literature on dynamic resource allocation methods and their limitations in addressing high vehicle and route demand fluctuations. The document then proposes using mobile cloud computing to allow for real-time vehicle-route allocation with minimal processing time by installing mobile devices at stations to communicate demand data to nearby clouds and a central traffic manager for computation and order distribution. Simulation case studies are developed and results are compared to real data to validate the mobile cloud computing approach for improved dynamic resource allocation under heavy demand fluctuations.
Integrated Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
An Implementation of Integrated ITS Solution supporting Mobility as a Service within West Midlands Region, UK in Collaboration of Integrated Transport Authority.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
This document proposes an integrated auction and market design method for parking space sharing and allocation using IoT technologies. It develops an IoT-enabled urban parking management cloud platform to share private parking spaces among drivers using a price-compatible top trading cycles and chains mechanism, and reallocate public parking spaces using a one-sided Vickrey-Clarke-Groves auction. Experimental results show the proposed mechanism achieves 20-30% system profitability and ex post budget balance for the platform.
An increase in population has led to the growth of traffic in India. To ease the traffic situation in the country and make travel convenient for the people, the government has introduced the metro rail in many cities. It is a cheap mode of travel, which helps in reducing the energy consumption, is eco friendly, and is the reason behind the prevention of accidents. The modern design of metro coaches, the stylish appearance of metro stations, and superior comfort facilities are some of the reasons why metro is becoming popular in India. Ashwini Waghmare | Masarrat Khan | Maliha Tabassum | Vishaka Nagarkar | Prof. Tasneem Hasan | Imran Ahmed "Nagpur Metro Indicator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30305.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30305/nagpur-metro-indicator/ashwini-waghmare
India is developing world-class metro rail systems to address growing cities, populations, and traffic. While India's first metro started 25 years ago in Kolkata, development has lagged other countries due to funding and planning challenges. However, India is now expanding existing metros and building new ones in many cities. Metros can carry large numbers of passengers quickly and efficiently but require extensive planning and have high capital costs. Public-private partnerships are increasingly used to fund metro projects in India. Metros offer environmental and transportation benefits but must be integrated with other public transportation systems to maximize their effectiveness.
The document describes the China Bus System of the Future (CBSF) initiative, which aims to develop an intelligent autonomous new energy public bus system. It provides details on:
1) The CBSF is led by Intelligent Transport System China and implemented in numerous cities with partnerships between government, universities, and companies like Haylion and bus manufacturers.
2) Haylion is the lead technology developer focusing on areas like environment cognition, positioning, and safety systems using sensors and data fusion.
3) The initiative aims to launch trials of autonomous bus systems in cities like Shenzhen to demonstrate technologies like wireless charging infrastructure, V2X communication, and multi-sensor data processing.
"Detecting road lane is one of the key processes in vision based driving assistance system and autonomous vehicle system. The main purpose of the lane detection process is to estimate car position relative to the lane so that it can provide a warning to the driver if the car starts departing the lane. This process is useful not only to enhance safe driving but also in self driving car system. A novel approach to lane detection method using image processing techniques is presented in this research. The method minimizes the complexity of computation by the use of prior knowledge of color, intensity and the shape of the lane marks. By using prior knowledge, the detection process requires only two different analyses which are pixel intensity analysis and color component analysis. The method starts with searching a strong pair of edges along the horizontal line of road image. Once the strong edge is detected the process continues with color analysis on pixels that lie between the edges to check whether the pixels belong to a lane or not. The process is repeated for different positions of horizontal lines covering the road image. The method was successfully tested on selected 20 road images collected from internet. Ery M. Rizaldy | J. M. Nursherida | Abdul Rahim Sadiq Batcha ""Reduced Dimension Lane Detection Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Conference on Advanced Engineering and Information Technology , November 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19136.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/19136/reduced-dimension-lane-detection-method/ery-m-rizaldy"
This is the tutorial on AI techniques for traffic management presented at the AAAI 2012 conference, Toronto, Canada presented by Biplav Srivastava and Anand Ranganathan.
Recently, rates of vehicle ownership have risen globally, exacerbating problems including air pollution,
lack of parking, and traffic congestion. While many solutions to these problems have been proposed,
Carpooling is one of the most effective solutions to this problems Recently, several carpooling
platforms have been built on cloud computing systems, with originators posting online list of
departure/arrival points and schedules from which participants can search for rides that match their
needs. In this paper, an improved carpool system is described in detail and called the improved
intelligent carpool system (IICS), which provides car poolers the use of the carpool services via a smart
handheld device anywhere and at any time. This IICS Consist the geographical, traffic, and societal
information and used to manage requests and find minimum route. We apply advanced genetic-based
carpool route and matching algorithm (AGCRMA) for this multiobjective optimization problem called
the carpool service problem (CSP).
Dynamic resource allocation in road transport sector using mobile cloud compu...IAEME Publication
This document discusses dynamic resource allocation in the road transport sector using mobile cloud computing techniques. It provides an overview of existing literature on dynamic resource allocation methods and their limitations in addressing high vehicle and route demand fluctuations. The document then proposes using mobile cloud computing to allow for real-time vehicle-route allocation with minimal processing time by installing mobile devices at stations to communicate demand data to nearby clouds and a central traffic manager for computation and order distribution. Simulation case studies are developed and results are compared to real data to validate the mobile cloud computing approach for improved dynamic resource allocation under heavy demand fluctuations.
Integrated Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)Babagana Sheriff
An Implementation of Integrated ITS Solution supporting Mobility as a Service within West Midlands Region, UK in Collaboration of Integrated Transport Authority.
This three sentence summary provides the key details about the document:
This document proposes an integrated auction and market design method for parking space sharing and allocation using IoT technologies. It develops an IoT-enabled urban parking management cloud platform to share private parking spaces among drivers using a price-compatible top trading cycles and chains mechanism, and reallocate public parking spaces using a one-sided Vickrey-Clarke-Groves auction. Experimental results show the proposed mechanism achieves 20-30% system profitability and ex post budget balance for the platform.
An increase in population has led to the growth of traffic in India. To ease the traffic situation in the country and make travel convenient for the people, the government has introduced the metro rail in many cities. It is a cheap mode of travel, which helps in reducing the energy consumption, is eco friendly, and is the reason behind the prevention of accidents. The modern design of metro coaches, the stylish appearance of metro stations, and superior comfort facilities are some of the reasons why metro is becoming popular in India. Ashwini Waghmare | Masarrat Khan | Maliha Tabassum | Vishaka Nagarkar | Prof. Tasneem Hasan | Imran Ahmed "Nagpur Metro Indicator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30305.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30305/nagpur-metro-indicator/ashwini-waghmare
India is developing world-class metro rail systems to address growing cities, populations, and traffic. While India's first metro started 25 years ago in Kolkata, development has lagged other countries due to funding and planning challenges. However, India is now expanding existing metros and building new ones in many cities. Metros can carry large numbers of passengers quickly and efficiently but require extensive planning and have high capital costs. Public-private partnerships are increasingly used to fund metro projects in India. Metros offer environmental and transportation benefits but must be integrated with other public transportation systems to maximize their effectiveness.
The document describes the China Bus System of the Future (CBSF) initiative, which aims to develop an intelligent autonomous new energy public bus system. It provides details on:
1) The CBSF is led by Intelligent Transport System China and implemented in numerous cities with partnerships between government, universities, and companies like Haylion and bus manufacturers.
2) Haylion is the lead technology developer focusing on areas like environment cognition, positioning, and safety systems using sensors and data fusion.
3) The initiative aims to launch trials of autonomous bus systems in cities like Shenzhen to demonstrate technologies like wireless charging infrastructure, V2X communication, and multi-sensor data processing.
Performance Evaluation of GPSR Routing Protocol for VANETs using Bi-direction...CSCJournals
Routing in Vehicular Adhoc Networks is a challenging task where the nodes themselves are vehicles. The mobility factors such as beacon intervals and vehicles with different velocities may cause inaccuracy in the identification of the vehicle's position. This in turn affects the performance of the position based routing protocols. Further, there is a need to evaluate through simulations performance of the position based routing protocol, especially in urban realistic scenarios for VANETs. The work in this paper evaluates the performance of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol (GPSR) for VANETs which is a popular position based protocol especially for routing in MANETs. In order to evaluate realistic simulation environment bi-directional coupling of OMNET++/ INET Framework and SUMO is chosen for Nagarbhavi region in Bengaluru, India. The simulations are done for various scenarios realizing the impact of mobility parameters on routing using GPSR, and performance is measured in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput.
This document presents a method for designing efficient transit networks for cities. The method involves:
1) Developing analytical formulas to model the costs to the transit agency and level of service for users based on key network design variables like line spacing, service frequency, and network shape.
2) Optimizing the analytical model to identify an "idealized" conceptual network design for a city.
3) Using the idealized design to guide development of a detailed master plan adapted to a city's real conditions.
4) Simulating the detailed plan to validate the accuracy of the analytical model's predictions.
The method is demonstrated through designing a high-performance bus network for Barcelona, with the idealized solution and a simulated
Smart Proximity: Annotating the Proximity of Entities In A Smart City OntologyCSCJournals
The smart city concept contributes a new research area that will continue to be the focus of research for a long time. Different works have modelled and presented ontologies for smart cities, especially for data integration processes. In this context, obtaining a model in which the full functionalities of a DL reasoner are employed to generate new knowledge that would be available to the different devices in a smart city. This information can represent a useful picture of the environment around transports, hubs and people, enabling the smart devices in a city to make decisions according to this environment. We present a model of a smart city ontology with different axioms for generating new knowledge from available knowledge using a DL reasoner. This model considers the location and state of proximity between two entities in the environment. To implement our approach, we develop a tool referred to as smart proximity for generating and querying our smart city ontology. We expect the generated knowledge to be useful to many single working devices, especially devices that are available to transportation, and improve several functionalities such as motion, stop, waiting time and connections between two different means of transport.
IRJET- Prediction of Cab Demand using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses predicting taxi demand using machine learning. It aims to minimize wait times for both taxi drivers and passengers by predicting future demand and directing taxis to busy areas.
2) A recurrent neural network model is trained on historical taxi data including GPS locations and trip details to predict demand in different city areas at given times.
3) The model aims to efficiently dispatch taxis to reduce waiting times and serve more customers, helping both drivers and passengers. Predicting demand at a localized level allows drivers to go directly to busy locations.
The document discusses the Dubai Metro system. It provides details about the metro such as its cost of AED28 billion to build, consisting of two lines and 47 stations. It notes the metro aims to strengthen Dubai's infrastructure and position as an economic hub. However, some passengers face issues with technical glitches and a confusing ticket process. The document proposes communication objectives to educate audiences on the metro's benefits and services. It offers student and employee packages to increase ridership by providing discounts and incentives for bulk ticket purchases.
IRJET-Impact on Employment via Public Transit SystemIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the impact of public transit systems on employment opportunities in Ahmedabad, India. It analyzes the accessibility to workplaces via public transportation and examines the relationship between transit accessibility and travel demand. The study aims to assess Ahmedabad's existing public transit conditions and employment accessibility to help inform future transportation policies.
The document discusses digital project management for the Nagpur Metro and Pune Metro projects in India. It describes how Maha Metro implemented 5D BIM integrated with ERP software to manage the metro projects digitally. This involved using 3D modeling software, 4D scheduling tools, and ERP for cost management. The digital tools helped reduce time and cost overruns. Maha Metro is now using the same platform to facilitate operations and maintenance of the metro systems.
Fuzzy Logic Model for Traffic CongestionIOSR Journals
Abstract: Traffic congestion has become a serious problem in the urban districts. This is mainly due to the
rapid increase in the number and the use of vehicles. Travel time, travel safety, environmental quality, and life
quality are all adversely affected by traffic congestion. Many traffic control systems have been developed and
installed to alleviate the problem with limited success. Traffic demands are still high and increasing. The main
focus of this report is to introduce a versatile fuzzy logic traffic flow model capable of making optimal traffic
predictions. This model can be used to evaluate various traffic-light timing plans. More importantly, it provides
a framework for implementing adaptive traffic signal controllers based on fuzzy logic technology. When
implemented it solved the problem of waiting time, travel cost, accident, traffic congestion.
Key words: Traffic Congestion, fuzzy logic, Traffic Density, fuzzy controller, conventional controller.
IRJET- Path Finder with Obstacle Avoidance RobotIRJET Journal
This document presents a robot that can find a safe path and avoid obstacles. It uses an infrared sensor to detect obstacles in its path. When an obstacle is detected, the robot changes direction to avoid the obstacle and moves towards its destination. The system architecture includes infrared sensors, a microcontroller, and motors. When an obstacle is detected by the infrared sensor, the microcontroller processes the input and redirects the robot using motors controlled by motor drivers, allowing the robot to avoid collisions and safely reach its target location.
Real time path planning based on hybrid-vanet-enhanced transportation systemPvrtechnologies Nellore
The document presents a real-time path planning algorithm for vehicles based on a hybrid vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and cellular network system. The algorithm aims to improve both the overall road network utilization and reduce the average vehicle travel cost. It first establishes a communication framework using VANETs, cellular networks, vehicles, roadside units and a traffic server. It then proposes a path planning algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization that considers both network performance and driver preferences like travel time and distance. Simulation results show the algorithm can efficiently find alternative paths for vehicles to bypass congestions while reducing travel costs.
Impact of client antenna’s rotation angle and height of 5g wi fi access point...ijwmn
This paper investigates the impact of antenna rotation’s angle at the receiver side and antenna height at
transmitter side on radio channel’s amount of fading. Amount of fading is considered as a measure of
severity of fading conditions in radio channels. It indicates how severe the fading level relative to Rayleigh
fading channel. The results give an input to optimize height of 5G Wi-Fi access point for better link
performance for different antenna’s rotation angles at receiver side. The investigation covers three
different indoor environments with different multipath dispersion levels in delay and direction domains;
lecture hall, corridor, and banquet hall.
COMP-JT WITH DYNAMIC CELL SELECTION, GLOBAL PRECODING MATRIX AND IRC RECEIVER...ijwmn
Coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) is introduced in LTE-A to mitigate co-channel
interference and improve the cell-edge user experience. In this paper we propose a joint transmission
scheme for LTE-CoMP and we enhance the performance of CoMP with two techniques: 1- dynamic MIMO
cell selection and 2- closed loop MIMO with global precoding matrix selection. A cell-edge user selects the
base stations that jointly transmit the desired signal from the available ones (we assumed 3). The user also
selects the closed loop precoding matrices for MIMO in a joint fashion to fit the independent MIMO
channels from two base stations (eNBs). In addition, edge users are likely to be subject to severe Cochannel
interference from eNBs outside the joint transmission set.To address co-channel interference from
the base station(s) that are not included in CoMP joint transmission set, the user equipment employs
Minimum Mean Squared Error receiver with Interference Rejection Combining (MMSE-IRC). We illustrate
the effect of fading correlation between elements of the transmit and receive antennas. Also, the effect of
the desired to interference eNB power ratio in case of medium correlation for 3 and 4 layers using MMSEIRC
receiver is studied. Also we compare the BER performance for 3 and 4 layers in case of different values of the desired to interference eNB power ratio. Simulation results show that the performance of CoMP with cell selection considerably improves the performance. Also, global selection of the precoding matrices outperforms local selection. In addition, using MMSE-IRC gives much better performance than the conventional minimum mean square error (MMSE) in the presence of co-channel interference.
ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK: A SURVEYijwmn
The document surveys energy efficient MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. It categorizes MAC protocols into four groups: controlled access, random access, slotted protocols, and hybrid protocols. Controlled access protocols like TDMA allocate time slots to nodes to avoid collisions but require synchronization. Random access protocols using CSMA/CA are less complex and scalable but have higher collision rates. Slotted protocols schedule time slots to improve throughput but struggle with low traffic utilization. Recent protocols have moved from fixed to adaptive and dynamic duty cycles that are more responsive to traffic variations, saving energy by avoiding unnecessary idle listening periods.
Mobility models for delay tolerant network a surveyijwmn
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is an emerging networking technology that is widely used in the
environment where end-to-end paths do not exist. DTN follows store-carry-forward mechanism to route
data. This mechanism exploits the mobility of nodes and hence the performances of DTN routing and
application protocols are highly dependent on the underlying mobility of nodes and its characteristics.
Therefore, suitable mobility models are required to be incorporated in the simulation tools to evaluate DTN
protocols across many scenarios. In DTN mobility modelling literature, a number of mobility models have
been developed based on synthetic theory and real world mobility traces. Furthermore, many researchers
have developed specific application oriented mobility models. All these models do not provide accurate
evaluation in the all scenarios. Therefore, model selection is an important issue in DTN protocol
simulation. In this study, we have summarized various widely used mobility models and made a comparison
of their performances. Finally, we have concluded with future research directions in mobility modelling for
DTN simulation.
AN EFFICIENT KEY AGREEMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESSSENSOR NETWORKS USING THIRD PAR...ijasuc
This document summarizes a key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks that uses third party nodes to assist with pair-wise key establishment between sensor nodes. The proposed scheme has several advantages over existing approaches, including high local connectivity between sensor nodes, low memory usage, and resilience against node capture. It utilizes third party nodes, which are additional nodes deployed only to assist with key establishment and do not perform other network functions like sensing or routing. The scheme distributes secret shares to sensor nodes, allows nodes to discover local neighbors, and establishes secure channels in a way that improves performance metrics like connectivity, security, memory efficiency, and computational overhead compared to other key agreement methods.
BER Performance of Antenna Array-Based Receiver using Multi-user Detection in...ijwmn
1) The document proposes a novel approach to evaluate the average probability of error for a DS-CDMA system using an antenna array receiver. It approximates the angular gain function of the spatial filter as a fixed beamwidth function to partition interferers into in-beam and out-beam groups.
2) It derives an accurate formula for the average bit error rate over Nakagami fading channels. The analysis considers asynchronous transmission and adapts Gaussian approximations to account for noise and multi-user interference after beamforming.
3) Simulation results are provided to validate the research for single antenna systems and show that the proposed model confirms the benefits of adaptive antennas in reducing interference and provides a good approximation of error probability.
This paper considers a heterogeneous network of energy constrained sensors deployed over a region. Each
Normal sensor node in a network is systematically gathering and transmitting sensed data to the clusterhead,
and then cluster head sending data to a base station (via intermediate cluster- heads). This paper
focuses on reducing the energy consumption and hence improving lifetime of wireless sensor Networks.
Clustering sensor node is an effective topology for the energy constrained networks. So energy saving
algorithm has been developed in which clusters are formed considering a subset of high energy nodes as a
cluster-head and another subset of powerful nodes is ask to go to sleep. When Cluster heads deplete their
energy another subset of nodes becomes active and acts as a cluster head. Proposed approach is
implemented in MATLAB, Simulation results shows that it can prolong the network lifetime than LEACH
protocol, and achieves better performance than the existing clustering algorithms such as LEACH.
Cellular wireless systems like GSM suffer from congestion resulting in overall system degradation and poor service delivery. When the traffic demand in a geographical area is high, the input traffic rate will exceed thecapacity of the output lines. This work focused on homogenous wireless network (the network traffic and resource dimensioning that are statistically identical) such that the network performance
evaluation can be reduced to a system with single cell and a single traffic type. Such system can employa queuing model to evaluate the performance metric of a cell in terms of blocking probability.
Five congestion control models were compared in the work to ascertain their peculiarities, they are Erlang B, Erlang C, Engset (cleared), Engset (buffered), and Bernoulli. To analyze the system, an aggregate onedimensional Markov chain wasderived, such that it describes a call arrival process under the assumption
that it is Poisson distributed. The models were simulated and their results show varying performances, however the Bernoulli model (Pb5) tends to show a situation that allows more users access to the system and the congestion level remain unaffected despite increase in the number of users and the offered traffic into the system.
Rsaodv a route stability based ad hoc on demand distance vector routing prot...ijwmn
High mobility of mobile nodes is one of the major reasons for link failures in mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The present paper aims at proposing modification of well known Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for MANET seeking stable route for data transmission and incorporating link break avoidance scheme for such networks. The performance of the proposed routing protocol, named as Route Stability based Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (RSAODV), is evaluated considering some major performance metrics which include average route life time, throughput, packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and end–to-end delay. The study is based on simulation runs adopting CBR traffic pattern taking care of node failure scenarios. The performance of RAODV is compared with AODV routing protocol. The simulation runs exhibit significant increase in average route life time, packet delivery fraction and throughput for RSAODV, on the other hand, the normalized routing load and end–to-end delay are reduced for this routing protocol as compared to AODV routing protocol.
A voronoi diagram based approach for analyzing area coverage of various node ...ijasuc
With recent advances in electronics and wireless communication technologies, the Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) are being used in wide range of applications of military, ecological, health related areas.
Due to their resource constraints such as, sensor node’s size, memory, and processing capabilities, the
scale of deployment of WSNs requires careful decisions with respect to various performance measures. In
the last few years, there has been a tremendous interest on development of large-scale wireless sensor
networks as a basic issue to be addressed as it can influence the performance metrics of WSNs such as,
coverage, connectivity, resilience and scalability requirements. Many deployment schemes have been
proposed for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we survey six deployment models random,
rectangular-grid, square-grid, triangular-grid, hexagonal-grid, and hybrid deployments schemes and
analyze their implications on network area coverage in WSNs. More generally, under some deployment
assumptions on an irregular geographical map for a defense monitoring, we show the analytical and
simulation-based results of a WSN made up of mica2 motes using the deployment knowledge to motivate
the use of these emerging paradigms in order to achieve higher network area coverage. To apply
deployment schemes on irregular geographical target area, we propose to include the concept of voronoi
diagram based approach in WSNs, to provide a way of dividing an irregular geographical area into a
number of regular regions. We have been configured the sensor node parameters such as sensing,
temperature, energy capabilities using mannasim based on NS-2.34.
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
- The document proposes a grouped hierarchical architecture and scheduling technique for smart meter communications over LTE networks. Smart meters are divided into groups, with each group connected to a data concentrator.
- The data concentrator collects smart meter readings and sends a total consumption message to the LTE network on a scheduled basis. It also sends individual smart meter readings.
- This grouped approach reduces the number of LTE modules needed and ensures real-time monitoring while avoiding overloading the LTE network, making LTE a promising solution for smart grid communications.
Tollan xicocotitlan a reconstructed city by augmented reality ( extended )ijdms
Work In Terminal presents the analysis, design, implementation and results of Reconstruction Xicocotitlan
Tollan-through augmented reality (Extended), which will release information about the Toltec capital
supplemented by presenting an overview of the main premises of the Xicocotitlan Tollan city supported
dimensional models based on the augmented reality technique showing the user a virtual representation of
buildings in Tollan phase.
The efficiency examination of teaching of different normalization methodsijdms
1. The document discusses different methods for teaching database normalization to students and examines their effectiveness through surveys of students. It introduces conventional normalization, normalization based on dependency diagrams, normalization through solving practice tests, and a "cookbook" normalization method.
2. Surveys found that students generally found normalization the most difficult topic, with determining normal forms and decomposing tables being particularly challenging. Additional methods helped improve student understanding to varying degrees.
3. The author concludes by discussing how they teach multiple normalization methods, including conventional and dependency diagram approaches, and have students practice through computational tests to reinforce the normalization process step-by-step. Further research on the most effective teaching methods could help optimize student learning of this important database
In ad hoc networks, routing plays a pertinent role. Deploying the appropriate routing protocol is very important in order to achieve best routing performance and reliability. Equally important is the mobility model that is used in the routing protocol. Various mobility models are available and each can have different impact on the performance of the routing protocol. In this paper, we focus on this issue by examining how the routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing protocol, behaves as the mobility model is varied. For this, three random mobility models, viz., random waypoint, random walk and random direction are considered. The performance metrics used for assessment of Optimized Link State Routing protocol are throughput, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Performance analysis and implementation for nonbinary quasi cyclic ldpc decod...ijwmn
Non-binary low-density parity check (NB-LDPC) codes are an extension of binary LDPC codes with
significantly better performance. Although various kinds of low-complexity iterative decoding algorithms
have been proposed, there is a big challenge for VLSI implementation of NBLDPC decoders due to its high
complexity and long latency. In this brief, highly efficient check node processing scheme, which the
processing delay greatly reduced, including Min-Max decoding algorithm and check node unit are
proposed. Compare with previous works, less than 52% could be reduced for the latency of check node
unit. In addition, the efficiency of the presented techniques is design to demonstrate for the (620, 310) NBQC-
LDPC decoder.
Enmat v2.2 presentation september 2014ENMAT Energy
Envantage ENMAT offer a Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) service to enable organisations to save energy and cut costs. The use of this platform means that we can deliver a bespoke solutions to meet your needs.
Aimed at industrial/commercial SMEs and multi-site retailers, the Envantage ENMAT service utilises the latest software technologies to obtain a full picture of customer energy usage across single or multiple sites
A SELECTIVE PAGING SCHEME BASED ON ACTIVITY IN CELLULAR MOBILE NETWORKS FOR R...ijwmn
This document presents a selective paging scheme based on activity for location management in cellular networks. An activity-based mobility model is used where mobile terminals move between cells according to daily activity patterns like going to work or school. A simulation is conducted with 49 cells, 100 mobile terminals, and schedules for moving between home, workplaces, colleges and fitness centers. The proposed scheme applies prediction-based selective paging at reporting centers to reduce paging cost without increasing location update cost. Simulation results are analyzed to compare the location management costs of the conventional and proposed schemes.
This document discusses the Keyword Swarm analytics WordPress plugin. The plugin allows users to analyze keyword data and search trends on their WordPress site. It provides insights into search volumes and related keywords to help optimize content and increase traffic.
Sector based multicast routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networksijwmn
Multicast routing algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks have been extensively researched in the recent
past. In this paper, we present two algorithms for dealing with multicast routing problem using the notion
of virtual forces. We look at the effective force exerted on a packet and determine whether a node could be
considered as a Steiner node. The nodes' location information is used to generate virtual circuits
corresponding to the multicast route. QoS parameters are taken into consideration in the form of virtual
dampening force. The first algorithm produces relatively minimal multicast trees under the set of
constraints. We improve upon the first algorithm and present a second algorithm that provides
improvement in average residual energy in the network as well as effective cost per data packet
transmitted. In this paper, the virtual-force technique has been applied for multicast routing for the first
time in mobile ad-hoc networks.
Real time vehicle counting in complex scene for traffic flow estimation using...Journal Papers
This document presents a multi-level convolutional neural network (mCNN) framework for real-time vehicle counting and classification in complex traffic scenes. The mCNN framework includes five main modules: pre-processing, object detection, tracking, object classification, and quantification. In the pre-processing stage, images are cropped to remove irrelevant details. A CNN is then used for initial object detection and pre-classification. Detected objects are tracked across frames and a second CNN is used for refined classification before vehicle counts are generated. The mCNN framework is tested on 585 minutes of highway video and achieves an average vehicle counting accuracy of 97.53% and weighted average counting with classification accuracy of 91.5%, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time
IMPORTANCE OF REALISTIC MOBILITY MODELS FOR VANET NETWORK SIMULATIONIJCNCJournal
In the performance evaluation of a protocol for a vehicular ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under a realistic conditions including, representative data traffic models, and realistic movements of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles (i.e., a mobility model). This work is a comparative study between two mobility models that are used in the simulations of vehicular networks, i.e., MOVE (MObility model generator for VEhicular networks) and CityMob, a mobility pattern generator for VANET. We describe several mobility models for VANET simulations.
In this paper we aim to show that the mobility models can significantly affect the simulation results in VANET networks. The results presented in this article prove the importance of choosing a suitable real world scenario for performances studies of routing protocols in this kind of network.
Simulation Based Analysis of Bee Swarm Inspired Hybrid Routing Protocol Param...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET's) are basically emanated from Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's) in which
vehicles act as the mobile nodes, the nodes are vehicles on the road and mobility of these vehicles are very high. The main objective of
VANET is to enhance the safety and amenity of road users. It provides intelligent transportation services in vehicles with the
automobile equipment to communicate and co-ordinates with other vehicles in the same network that informs the driver’s about the
road status, unseen obstacles, internet access and other necessary travel service information’s. The evaluation of vehicular ad hoc
networks applications in based on the simulations. A Realistic Mobility model is a basic component for VANET simulation that
ensures that conclusion drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. This paper attempts to evaluate the
performance of a Bee swarm inspired Hybrid routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network, that protocol should be tested under a
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The realistic mobility evaluation of vehicular ad hoc network for indian automotive networks
1. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.2, April 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2014.5201 1
THE REALISTIC MOBILITY EVALUATION OF
VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK FOR INDIAN
AUTOMOTIVE NETWORKS
V. S. DHAKA, RAMESH C. POONIA and LINESH RAJA
School of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, INDIA
ABSTRACT
In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
KEYWORDS
Ad-hoc Networks, VANETs, V2V, V2I, ITS, Throughput, PDF, Packet Loss
1. INTRODUCTION
The wireless network is the seamless integration of all types of networks. Network special
purpose Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is sub category of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
(MANETs) [1]. It contributes a lot to the Inter Vehicle Communication (IVC). IVC shows very
different characteristics from other MANET network. Specifically, the constraints on the
movement of vehicles, the behaviour of variable driver, and cause high mobility topology
changes quickly, frequent network fragmentation, a small effective diameter of the network, and
limited usefulness of redundancy network [2].
In VANETs vehicles serving as nodes and offers some intelligent activities. It is an intelligent
network of vehicles, called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It is used to ensure the
security services of driver assistance and comfort to road users. Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS) include all types of communications in vehicles, between Vehicle-to-Vehicle
(V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). They also include the use of Information Technology
and Communication (ICT) for Indian railway and air transport, including navigation systems. All
types of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) depend on the services of radio communication and
the use of specialized technologies [2].
2. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.2, April 2014
2
The traffic is the main component of mobility research. Traffic research is broadly categorized
into four classes of traffic flow models. They are distinguished by the level of detail of the
simulation. They are listed below:
• Macroscopic Models: In this traffic flow is the basic entity, which formulates the
relationship among traffic flow characteristics like density, flow, speed etc.
• Microscopic Models: It simulates the movement of each vehicle on the road most of the
time considering that the behaviour of the vehicle depends on both the physical
capabilities of the vehicle and the behaviour of the driver.
• Mesoscopic Model: It is located at the boundary between the microscopic and
macroscopic simulations. In this, the movement of vehicles is mainly simulated using
queue approaches and single vehicles are moved between queues.
• Sub Microscopic Models: It considers simple vehicles as microscopic, but extends them
by dividing into new structures that describe the rotational speed of the motor with
respect to the vehicle speed or switching speed of the preferred shares of the drive. This
allows more detailed compared to simple microscopic simulation calculations. However,
this model requires longer computation time [3].
According to the available data at [4], the Indian Automotive Road Network is about 33 Lakh km,
which is second in the world. The number of vehicles has increased at an average rate of 10.16%
per annum over the past five years. As the number of vehicles is growing at rapid speed, the need
for the driver and passenger safety is also increasing. Because of this, it is necessary to develop an
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for the Indian Automotive Networks.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 review the literature available for the
generation of realistic mobility. Section 3 describes the research methodology for the Indian
Automotive Networks; Section 4 presents the configuration and realistic scenario simulation of
the mobility for the different regions. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper with the main points
of this research.
2. RELATED WORK
VANET is a type of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) which consists of number of vehicles
with the ability to communicate with each other. The main objective of VANET research is to
make a quick and cost effective data transmission for the safety and benefit of the driver and
passengers [5]. The required solution is not possible by direct experimentation, due to cost and
complexity. Thus, simulation becomes the tool of choice to evaluate these quality solutions. This
simulation depends on the mobility model, which represents the flow diagram of mobile users,
including its location, speed and acceleration over time. A mobility model should be a realistic
mobility model that takes into account the characteristics of real-world region [6]. The realistic
mobility can be achieved by two different ways:
• A real world map obtained from TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding
and Referencing) database from the U.S. Census Bureau [7], Clustered Voronoi Graph
[8] and Shapefile Map [9].
• A real world map organizes satellite images from google earth for realistic simulation of
the networks [10].
3. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.2, April 2014
3
Nidhi et. al. generated a real world map of JNU, Delhi using google earth and the existing GIS
tools [5]. Authors have collected the traffic data for a limited area of the road map to capture the
realistic mobility. In this work, the whole region has been divided into several small roads.
Realistic mobility model used here considers the choice of route driver at run time. It also
examines the effect of consolidation caused by the traffic lights at the intersection used to regulate
the flow of vehicles in different directions. Finally, the performance of VANETs is evaluated in
terms of average packet delivery ratio, packet loss, and routers drop those statistical measures for
the choice of the route of the driver with the traffic light scenario.
The paper [6] describes the generation of an urban vehicle trace of the large-scale mobility. The
data set is obtained by considering the realistic road topology, the microscopic and macroscopic
mobility flows. A comparison with traces employed showed that incomplete representations of
mobility can lead to significantly different network topologies, may seek performance evaluation
protocols and architectures. Their mobility traces of vehicles are available at [11]. However, the
author’s notes that they are still far from complete realism.
Haerri et. al. [8], generated a realistic vehicular movement traces for telecommunication networks
simulators. They provide the description of VanetMobiSim mobility, which was validated by
comparing its traces with TSIS-CORSIM. It is a traffic generator industry benchmark.
VanetMobiSim is one of the few vehicles oriented mobility simulator fully validated and freely
available to the research community on vehicular networks. Paper [12] presents VanetMobiSim,
an extension of Canu-MobiSim capable of producing realistic mobility traces of vehicles for
several network simulators. VanetMobiSim-1.0 extensions made by both the macro and micro
mobility were also demonstrated by the authors.
In paper [13], the authors proposed the so-called MOVE, a VANETs mobility model that uses as
compiler SUMO [3], which is a realistic vehicular traffic simulation model. In the article [14],
Kun chan Lan et. al. first introduce a tool MOVE that allows users to quickly generate realistic
mobility models for VANET simulations. MOVE built on top of an open source micro-traffic
simulator SUMO. The output motion is a realistic model of mobility and can be used immediately
by Simulators popular networks such as NS2 and QualNet. Authors evaluated the effects of retail
mobility models in three simulation studies VANET case (in particular, the existence of traffic
lights, choice of route driver and car overtaking behaviour) and show that the selection sufficient
level of detail in the simulation is essential for VANET protocol design.
The main challenges in the field of vehicular ad-hoc network are the realistic simulation of Inter
Vehicle Communication (IVC) protocols. To provide income for the meaningful evaluation of
IVC protocols, accurate modelling of traffic movement and to know the exact position of the
vehicles involved is very important. In [15], the authors provide study of different mobility
models with a different methodology. The necessary bidirectional coupling of network and traffic
simulation and the use of a new hybrid location-based Ad-hoc routing protocol instead of DYMO
in the bidirectional coupling of SUMO and OMNeT++ (veins) is proposed.
Article [16], proposed a more realistic scenario, the city section mobility model and the radio
propagation model with obstacles. The performance of the routing protocol was simulated in the
traditional scenario and new one. Then the performance of DSR and AODV is simulated and
analyzed in the new scenario. The result showed that in the more realistic scenario AODV is more
suitable for VANET. The article has simulated VANET more realistically.
Different simulation software are available as an open-source program and can be extended to
meet the own researcher and also be used as a reference test bench for new traffic patterns needs.
The few traffic simulators are used for generation of realistic mobility: SUMO, MOVE
CanuMobiSim, VanetMobiSim-1.0 and VanetMobiSim-2.0 etc. Each simulator has its own way
4. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.5, No.2, April 2014
4
to generate mobility and traffic assessment. In our research, we used the VanetMobiSim-2.0 for
generation and evaluation of the mobility and traffic respectively. It provides a platform to
perform all the steps of single mobility simulation.
3. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
It is necessary to prepare a methodology for the realistic evaluation of Indian Automotive
Networks. As it provides the clear reflection of the research involved. It can conclude from the
previous section that the simulation is a concern for Indian Networks. So selecting the suitable
methodology is necessary, as it will improve the research. The methodology involved is shown
below:
Figure 1. Methodology Adopted
The figure 1 shows the research methodology adopted for the realistic simulation and the
evaluation. As the coupling simulators is used for the work. They are traffic and network
simulators respectively. Traffic simulator helps in generating the realistic mobility for the
different region. These regions are captured from the realistic map, which is available for the
Indian automotive networks. Mobility traces is provided to the network simulator, where the
appropriate propagation model and short range communication standards is provided to get the
desired output traces for the realistic evaluation of the Indian automotive networks.
4. EVALUATION
In this section, work is analyzed by simulating the performance of VANET for Indian
Automotive Networks. Section 4.1 introduces the simulation platform and the main parameters
used in the evaluation. Then section 4.2 performs the realistic scenario simulation of VANET for
Indian Intelligent Transport System. Finally section 4.3 analyzes their performance.
4.1. Simulation Platform and Scenario
To evaluate the performance of VANET, it is necessary to deploy a real network scenario with all
possible parameters of vehicle simulation, such as simulation time, traffic flows, maximum and
minimum traffic delay etc. The evaluation is carried out by simulation, using VanetMobiSim-2.0
and NS2/NS3. Experiment was conducted by taking into account two real VANET regions.
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Table 1. Simulation Parameters
The table 1 summarizes the main parameters of the simulations. It provides the basic parameters
such as propagation model used, which IEEE standards and layer is involved etc. The PHY/MAC
layer parameters of the simulated nodes are based on the specification of the IEEE 802.11.
For the evaluation, two respective scenarios for the urban and rural region of Jaipur, Rajasthan,
India is taken. The regions are:
• Urban Scenario - B2 Bypass, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India and
• Rural Scenario - JNU Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
4.2. Realistic Scenario Simulation
The first step for realistic simulation is to produce a map for the network scenario.
VanetMobiSim2.0 is capable of generating a map from OpenStreetMap. OpenStreetMap is a map
of the world, created by people and free to use under an open license. It emphasizes local
knowledge. Their contributors use aerial imagery, GPS devices, and low-tech field maps to verify
that OSM is accurate and up to date. OpenStreetMap has been integrated into the
VanetmobiSim2.0. The two experimental regions are generated from the same. The two
experimental region maps are shown in figure 2 and 3 respectively
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Figure 2: B2 Bypass, Jaipur map (Urban Region)
Figure 3: JNU Jagatpura, Jaipur map (Rural Region)
Once the map is generated, their xml file is created. The simulation parameters are provided to
the experimental mobility file for both the regions. The source file path (.xml) and the
target/output file (.tr) are also provided in the mobility file.
The output file from the traffic simulator is provided to the NS2 for their network simulation.
Here simulation is performed for urban and rural region based on their simulation time and
number of nodes. As mentioned in table 1, the simulation is performed for 1000 and 500 seconds
respectively for 50, 100,150, 250 and 500 nodes of both the regions. Each region has their
respective simulation area and uses the AODV routing protocols with Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
flow. Wireless channel is used and packet size is of 512 KB.
This realistic evaluation involves the calculation of matrices for each simulation region. They
include the throughput, PDF and packet loss percentage. It considered packet loss because of
packet being dropped due to its waiting time exceeding its maximum latency or packet error due
to wireless transmission channel in our simulation. Following matrices are used for calculating
the performance of Indian Automotive Networks.
Throughput is the rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. It is
calculated by the given mentioned equation:
Throughput = ((received packet*pkt_size)/total simulation time)/1024 (1)
PDF, the packet delivery fraction is the fraction of the data packets originated by an application
that each routing protocol delivers i.e.
PDF = (received packet /sent packet)*100 (2)
Packet Loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a communication channel
fail to reach their destination. It is generally calculated in percent. The equation to find packet
loss percent in motioned below:
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Packet Loss % = (sent packet – received packet)*100)/sent packet (3)
4.2.1 Urban Region
The simulation is performed by analyzing the impact of matrices required for evaluating the
performance of the VANETs for urban region
Figure 4: Urban Region Throughput Figure 5: Urban Region PDF
Figure 6: Urban Region Packet Loss
The figure 4 and 5 shows the throughput and packet delivery fractions for different number of
nodes respectively for the region. The simulation is compared for 1000 and 500 seconds. When
number of nodes increases, results show the trend of increased throughput as well as PDF. Figure
6 depicts the relationship between the packet loss percent for different simulation time. It can be
observed that as the number of nodes increases, the packet loss decreases.
4.2.2 Rural Region
In this simulation is performed by analyzing the impact of matrices required for evaluating the
performance of the VANETs for rural region.
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Figure 7: Rural Region Throughput Figure 8: Rural Region PDF
Figure 9: Rural Region Packet Loss
The figure 7 and 8, the throughput and packet delivery fraction for different number of nodes was
all most same. It shows a minor change with respect to simulation time. In case of packet loss
percent, Figure 9 shows the packet loss percent decreases to some extent, and then shows the
trend of increase as the number of nodes changes from 150 to 250 and than 500.
However, it is clear from Figure 6 and 9; the packet loss percent in this research is lower for rural
region as compared to urban region. Their realistic simulation is best suited for the rural region
with respect to number of nodes and simulation time.
4.3. Analysis of VANET performance with Mobility
Section 4.2 provides the realistic simulation and their performance evaluation. Based on their
result, it analyzes the realistic simulation with respect to the region, simulation time and number
of nodes respectively. The analysis is performed to understand the percent gain of different
matrices for respective region. This is evaluated on the basis of results obtained for the 50 number
of nodes.
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Figure 10: Gain % for Urban Region Figure 11: Gain % for Rural Region
The figure 10 & 11 provide the main characteristics of the respective Urban and Rural regions.
Figure 10 shows that in urban region higher nodes mobility leads to higher gain. It also highlights
that the less simulation time leads to more percent gain. Figure 11 analyze the rural region. In this
the change is almost constant or varies minutely with respect to nodes mobility. However when
simulation is performed for less time period, higher mobility nodes leads to loss in respect to their
throughput and packet delivery fraction.
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, author evaluated the realistic mobility for Indian Automotive Region. It has
considered two different regions for realistic evaluation. Their research can effectively and
efficiently evaluate the two different regions based on their simulation parameters.
Table 2: Evaluation of VANET for Urban and Rural
It was found in table 2 that the rural region shows almost constant growth with respect to nodes
mobility and simulation time. But as the region changes to urban, it shows gain as the number of
nodes mobility increases. But less simulation time provide more gain in throughput and packet
delivery fraction. It also shows the decrease in packet loss.
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The study also highlights that there is vast scope for Indian Automotive Networks to be evaluated
for realistic simulation, and need to improve existing models and routing protocols for Indian
Automotive Networks. The future work will be on realistic evaluation for different models for
improving the packet throughput. So that packet loss can be reduced to large extent. It will also
further exploit existing routing protocols for more realistic evaluation to Indian Automotive
Networks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thank you all mighty god for your kind blessings. We also thank our friends and family for their
support!
REFERENCES
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AUTHORS
Dr. V. S. Dhaka:
Is a young and dynamic technocrat with 10 years of intensive experience in industry and
academia. He is M.Tech and Ph.D. in computer Science from Dr. B R Ambedkar
University, Agra, India. With more than 32 publications in international journals and paper
presentations in 27 conferences/seminars, he always strives to achieve academic
excellence. He has been awarded by the employers with "Employee of the Quarter
Award", "Mentor of the year award" and withes the Head of Department of Computer
Science & Engineering Department at Jaipur National University.
Dr. Ramesh C. Poonia:
Is a dynamic researcher and academician with more than 8 years of experience. He is Ph.D.
in computer science from Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India. He has more
than 10 publications in international journals and presented paper in 8 conference/seminars.
He is working as an Associate Professor at Jaipur National University in School of
Engineering & Technology.
Linesh Raja:
Is a Research Scholar in computer science department at Jaipur National University,
Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.