Spring Boot is a framework for creating stand-alone, production-grade Spring based Applications that can be "just run". It provides starters for auto-configuration of common Spring and third-party libraries providing features like Thymeleaf, Spring Data JPA, Spring Security, and testing. It aims to remove boilerplate configuration and promote "convention over configuration" for quick development. The document then covers how to run a basic Spring Boot application, use Rest Controllers, Spring Data JPA, Spring Security, and testing. It also discusses deploying the application on a web server and customizing through properties files.