This document discusses cyber security for substation automation systems. It notes that substation systems are now increasingly connected via Ethernet and IP-based protocols, introducing cyber security risks. The document outlines various potential threats including internal attackers, suppliers, hackers, criminals, and terrorists. It examines vulnerabilities in substation systems like slow processors, real-time operating systems, communications media, open protocols, lack of authentication, and centralized administration. The document proposes measures to enhance security such as access control, encryption, authentication, and intrusion detection. Overall, the document analyzes cyber security risks for substation automation and proposes strategies to protect, detect, and recover from potential intrusions or attacks.
High voltage refers to electrical circuits where the voltage causes safety concerns and requires special insulation. It is used in power distribution, CRTs, X-ray generation, ignition, photomultiplier tubes, and other industrial and scientific applications. Voltages over 35 kV are considered high voltage in power transmission engineering, while higher than 275 kV is known as extra-high voltage. Contact with high voltage power lines or equipment can cause severe injury or death due to electric shock.
The document discusses various power quality problems such as harmonic distortion, voltage sags, swells, and interruptions. It then discusses solutions for power quality problems including maintaining grid adequacy, using distributed resources like distributed generation and energy storage, and implementing enhanced interface devices. The document also describes the operation of the Merus A-series Active Filter, which can be used to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in an electrical system.
1. Earthing, or grounding, provides greater safety for human life, property, and equipment by providing an alternative path for faulty currents to flow safely into the earth.
2. There are two types of earthing: equipment earthing, which connects the metallic enclosures of electrical equipment to earth; and system earthing, which connects parts of the electrical power system like the neutral point to earth.
3. For stand-alone PV systems, there are three scenarios for equipment earthing: an ungrounded enclosure, an enclosure connected to the neutral wire, or a ground wire connected directly to the enclosure.
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in power systems. It begins by explaining why protection systems are needed to handle severe disturbances that could jeopardize the power system. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage transducers. Common protection schemes like overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance, and differential protection are described at a high level. The advantages of digital relays over electromechanical relays are also briefly mentioned. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of protection systems and some of the basic schemes used to protect different components in a power grid.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS) and their advantages over conventional air insulated substations (AIS). It notes that GIS occupy less space, have better dielectric strength, and can be installed in places with difficult climates or seismic conditions. The document covers governing standards for GIS, components of GIS like circuit breakers and disconnectors, design features, and maintenance requirements. It also compares services provided by GIS suppliers and users.
The document provides an overview of substation automation at BSES in Delhi, India. It discusses [1] the company profile of BSES and the privatization of power distribution in Delhi, [2] what SCADA is and why it is needed for substation automation, and [3] the components of a typical SCADA system including the control center, communication systems, and remote terminal units.
El documento describe los riesgos eléctricos en instalaciones y la prevención de accidentes. Explica las causas básicas y factores que contribuyen a accidentes, así como el marco legal y normativo aplicable en Perú para garantizar la seguridad eléctrica, incluyendo leyes, reglamentos y roles de entidades como OSINERG y municipalidades.
Here my project theme is to monitor and control Transformer health using Arduino, as we all know there are both internal and external faults occur in the transformer, for internal faults we use Buchholz relay and Differential protection relay for external but it is not efficient with time. so,we use Arduino for real time protection, here we fix some values to the Arduino in the program itself according to the rating of the transformer by that we monitor and control whenever the faults occur
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 1
The document discusses protection against overvoltages and grounding in power systems. It defines external and internal overvoltages, describes how lightning causes overvoltages, and explains the mechanisms of direct and indirect lightning strokes. It also covers topics like wave shapes of lightning voltages, overvoltage protection of transmission lines using overhead ground wires, and measurement of surge voltages using a klydonograph.
This document provides an overview of power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA and describes its typical components like HMIs, RTUs, PLCs and communication infrastructure. It also outlines applications of SCADA in power generation, distribution and transmission systems. Benefits of SCADA include increased efficiency, reliability and reduced manual labor through remote monitoring and control of power systems. The document concludes that SCADA provides a common framework for experiment control and ensures consistent operator experience across different parts of complex power systems.
The selection of suitable values for the insulation levels of the various components in any electrical system and their arrangement in a rational manner is called insulation coordination.
The insulation level of an apparatus is defined as that combination of voltage values (both power frequency and impulse) which characterize it insulation with regard to its capability of withstanding the dielectric stress
Este documento describe los principales tipos de fallas eléctricas, incluyendo fallas primarias y secundarias. Explica las causas más comunes como sobrecarga eléctrica, cortocircuitos, picos de voltaje, apagones y falsos contactos. Además, enfatiza la importancia de recurrir a personal calificado para resolver fallas eléctricas y evitar accidentes.
digital testing of high voltage circuit breakerRenuka Verma
The document discusses digital testing of high voltage circuit breakers. Digital testing involves developing a software model of a circuit breaker using measurements from standard laboratory tests. This allows evaluation of circuit breakers' performance in different scenarios without full-scale testing. Some advantages are reducing testing costs and time, estimating interrupting limits, and accelerating circuit breaker design development. Applications include analyzing the influence of parallel capacitance and current line length. Digital testing provides precise information about circuit breakers' performance.
The document discusses substation automation, including its basic functions, levels (station and bay), equipment, communication protocols, and advantages. It describes the station computer, GPS receiver, bay control units, protection relays, communication facilities using Ethernet switches, and remote monitoring capabilities. The document also outlines open system architecture following IEC 61850 standards, advanced functions like power quality monitoring, and future integration opportunities. Drawbacks are listed related to legacy systems, skills, expertise, funding, and management philosophy.
High voltage refers to electrical circuits where the voltage causes safety concerns and requires special insulation. It is used in power distribution, CRTs, X-ray generation, ignition, photomultiplier tubes, and other industrial and scientific applications. Voltages over 35 kV are considered high voltage in power transmission engineering, while higher than 275 kV is known as extra-high voltage. Contact with high voltage power lines or equipment can cause severe injury or death due to electric shock.
The document discusses various power quality problems such as harmonic distortion, voltage sags, swells, and interruptions. It then discusses solutions for power quality problems including maintaining grid adequacy, using distributed resources like distributed generation and energy storage, and implementing enhanced interface devices. The document also describes the operation of the Merus A-series Active Filter, which can be used to compensate for harmonics and reactive power in an electrical system.
1. Earthing, or grounding, provides greater safety for human life, property, and equipment by providing an alternative path for faulty currents to flow safely into the earth.
2. There are two types of earthing: equipment earthing, which connects the metallic enclosures of electrical equipment to earth; and system earthing, which connects parts of the electrical power system like the neutral point to earth.
3. For stand-alone PV systems, there are three scenarios for equipment earthing: an ungrounded enclosure, an enclosure connected to the neutral wire, or a ground wire connected directly to the enclosure.
This document discusses basic protection and relaying schemes used in power systems. It begins by explaining why protection systems are needed to handle severe disturbances that could jeopardize the power system. The key elements of a protection system are then introduced, including protective relays, circuit breakers, and current/voltage transducers. Common protection schemes like overcurrent, directional overcurrent, distance, and differential protection are described at a high level. The advantages of digital relays over electromechanical relays are also briefly mentioned. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of protection systems and some of the basic schemes used to protect different components in a power grid.
The document discusses gas insulated substations (GIS) and their advantages over conventional air insulated substations (AIS). It notes that GIS occupy less space, have better dielectric strength, and can be installed in places with difficult climates or seismic conditions. The document covers governing standards for GIS, components of GIS like circuit breakers and disconnectors, design features, and maintenance requirements. It also compares services provided by GIS suppliers and users.
The document provides an overview of substation automation at BSES in Delhi, India. It discusses [1] the company profile of BSES and the privatization of power distribution in Delhi, [2] what SCADA is and why it is needed for substation automation, and [3] the components of a typical SCADA system including the control center, communication systems, and remote terminal units.
El documento describe los riesgos eléctricos en instalaciones y la prevención de accidentes. Explica las causas básicas y factores que contribuyen a accidentes, así como el marco legal y normativo aplicable en Perú para garantizar la seguridad eléctrica, incluyendo leyes, reglamentos y roles de entidades como OSINERG y municipalidades.
Here my project theme is to monitor and control Transformer health using Arduino, as we all know there are both internal and external faults occur in the transformer, for internal faults we use Buchholz relay and Differential protection relay for external but it is not efficient with time. so,we use Arduino for real time protection, here we fix some values to the Arduino in the program itself according to the rating of the transformer by that we monitor and control whenever the faults occur
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGE AND GROUNDING Part 1Dr. Rohit Babu
The document discusses protection against overvoltages and grounding in power systems. It defines external and internal overvoltages, describes how lightning causes overvoltages, and explains the mechanisms of direct and indirect lightning strokes. It also covers topics like wave shapes of lightning voltages, overvoltage protection of transmission lines using overhead ground wires, and measurement of surge voltages using a klydonograph.
This document provides an overview of power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA and describes its typical components like HMIs, RTUs, PLCs and communication infrastructure. It also outlines applications of SCADA in power generation, distribution and transmission systems. Benefits of SCADA include increased efficiency, reliability and reduced manual labor through remote monitoring and control of power systems. The document concludes that SCADA provides a common framework for experiment control and ensures consistent operator experience across different parts of complex power systems.
The selection of suitable values for the insulation levels of the various components in any electrical system and their arrangement in a rational manner is called insulation coordination.
The insulation level of an apparatus is defined as that combination of voltage values (both power frequency and impulse) which characterize it insulation with regard to its capability of withstanding the dielectric stress
Este documento describe los principales tipos de fallas eléctricas, incluyendo fallas primarias y secundarias. Explica las causas más comunes como sobrecarga eléctrica, cortocircuitos, picos de voltaje, apagones y falsos contactos. Además, enfatiza la importancia de recurrir a personal calificado para resolver fallas eléctricas y evitar accidentes.
Modeling of a single phase Grid-connected PV system by using Matlab/SimulinkSai Divvela
This document presents a model of a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The main components are a PV array, DC-DC boost converter, PWM inverter, and MPPT controller. The objective is to study the performance of the system. It describes each component, including how the PV array converts solar energy to electricity, the DC-DC converter steps up the voltage, the PWM inverter converts DC to AC, and the MPPT controller tracks the maximum power point. Simulation results show that increasing solar irradiance increases the PV array output power and power quality supplied to the grid.
Este documento describe los procedimientos de seguridad para realizar trabajos eléctricos. Explica los métodos para trabajar sin tensión y en tensión, incluyendo los requisitos para cada método. También define las zonas de peligro y proximidad cuando se realizan trabajos cerca de elementos eléctricos energizados. Finalmente, destaca la importancia de la formación de los trabajadores y el control periódico de las instalaciones eléctricas para prevenir accidentes.
The document discusses electric panel manufacturing. It provides an overview of Pyrotech Electronics Pvt. Ltd., which manufactures control panels, wired panels, and mosaic panels. The presentation then covers the various types of panels produced, including instrumentation control panels, PLC panels, relay panels, mimic panels, and mosaic panels. It describes the stages of manufacturing from engineering to assembly and packing. Key machines used are CNC machines and various finishing processes like painting/powder coating are outlined. Major customers and a conclusion on the importance of electronic panels are also mentioned.
Este documento presenta información sobre el Código Nacional de Electricidad de Perú. Incluye secciones sobre el objetivo del código, las tensiones normalizadas, normas técnicas de referencia, protección contra rayos, y distancias de seguridad requeridas entre instalaciones eléctricas y establecimientos de gas. El documento proporciona detalles técnicos sobre los requisitos de seguridad para instalaciones eléctricas en Perú.
seminar report on power quality monitoring khemraj298
The document discusses power quality monitoring and its importance for sustainable energy systems like solar power in India. It provides context on increased sensitivity of modern equipment to power quality issues and defines different types of steady state variations and events that impact power quality. Monitoring objectives include proactive and reactive approaches to characterize system performance and identify specific problems. The development of an intelligent power quality monitoring system using LabVIEW and sensors is described to efficiently monitor power quality in sustainable energy systems.
Competencias profesionales de los economistas.
Perfil profesional: retail-comercio-distribución.
Presentación en la Facultad de Economía de Valencia.
Organizado por el Colegio de Economistas de Valencia y la Facultad de Economía de Valencia.
Este documento presenta una memoria justificativa jurídica, social y económico-financiera para cambiar la forma de gestión directa del servicio público municipal de abastecimiento y saneamiento en el municipio de Alcázar de San Juan a una gestión indirecta a través de una sociedad de economía mixta. Analiza los aspectos jurídicos, técnicos, organizativos, económicos y financieros, e incluye anexos con cuentas anuales, estatutos y carta de garantía. El objetivo es garantizar la sosten
This document outlines a plan to increase pre-booked capacity at Walkabout Liverpool over a 6 month period. It discusses utilizing various marketing methods like social media, networking events, and partnerships with third parties to achieve a 10% increase in pre-booked revenue within 3 months and a 20% increase within 6 months. After the first month, pre-booked revenue had already increased over 300% and bookings from third parties and networking events were up as well, showing early success for the low-cost plan.
2013 - Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en MBRWALEBUBLÉ
LLedias, M. (2013) Identificación con técnica FISH de bacterias filamentosas en un biorreactor de membranas de aguas residuales domésticas. Tesina final de Máster Ingeniería Ambiental. Universitat Politècnica de València.
www.aulabioindicacion.com
El documento proporciona información sobre el proceso de capacitación y autenticación biométrica para las próximas elecciones en Colombia. Explica que los operadores, logísticos y líderes serán capacitados para autenticar la identidad de los ciudadanos mediante el uso de huellas digitales. También describe los roles de cada actor, el proceso de autenticación, las excepciones y recomendaciones para el día de las elecciones.
Activa egypt For Website Design Service in Egypt Cairo company profileAhmed Farouk
ActivA Egypt is an Egyptian IT company that provides software solutions, website design, digital advertising, and internet services. It has a talented team that helps clients achieve success through research and development. It offers services like web design, SEO/SEM, branding, digital advertising, email marketing, video production, photography, and mobile app development. It has developed websites and apps for various clients across different industries. It aims to stay on top of emerging technologies to provide customers with the best tools.
Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's...WeSpire
Follow along the slide deck from WeSpire's webinar "Fueling a Culture of Sustainability: Using Behavior Design Technology to HR's Benefit," on August 11, 2015 with speakers such as Katie Ryan, Senior Manager of Sustainability at NRG, Renee Lertzman, engagement strategist & author, and Susan Hunt Stevens, the CEO & Founder of WeSpire. (Original webcast on August 11, 2015)
This document establishes sampling procedures and reference tables for inspection by attributes. It provides sampling plans and procedures to determine the quality of lots or batches of items based on the probabilistic occurrence of defects. The plans and tables contained within can be used to guide the development of an inspection strategy that provides an effective and efficient approach to attaining required technical quality levels.
Este documento resume las características psicológicas de la etapa prenatal desde la concepción hasta el nacimiento, incluyendo tres periodos de desarrollo - germinal, embrionario y fetal. Detalla investigaciones sobre cómo los estímulos y emociones de la madre afectan al feto y cómo las drogas y el alcohol pueden causar consecuencias negativas en el desarrollo prenatal.
El documento resume las características principales de las quinolonas, incluyendo su historia, mecanismo de acción, propiedades farmacocinéticas y farmacodinámicas, efectos adversos y sus indicaciones aprobadas por la FDA. Las quinolonas inhiben la replicación bacteriana al bloquear la topoisomerasa II y IV, lo que las hace bactericidas. Su espectro de actividad incluye bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, así como algunas anaerobias. Se han desarrollado varias generaciones con mejoras
El documento describe la historia y los servicios de FHS Holztechnik, una compañía alemana que fabrica equipos de juego de madera. Comenzó en 1984 con tres empleados y ahora tiene 60 empleados. Ofrecen una amplia gama de equipos de juego de alta calidad hechos de materiales duraderos como la madera y el acero inoxidable. Su enfoque es proporcionar equipos seguros y atractivos que brindan valor de juego a los niños.
Flipkart is an Indian e-commerce company that sells a wide variety of products including apparel, electronics, home appliances, books, and other goods. It was founded in 2007 and is headquartered in Bangalore. Flipkart uses strategic marketing approaches like market segmentation, targeting middle and upper-middle income online shoppers in India. It positions itself as a one-stop online store. Flipkart's marketing mix involves offering products at competitive prices, maintaining a strong supply chain and logistics network, and promoting through both online and offline channels.
The document is a request by the Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI) to the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) to cease dissemination of the National Assessment on Climate Change (NACC) pursuant to the Federal Data Quality Act (FDQA). It summarizes CEI's previous litigation against the production of NACC. It argues that NACC violates FDQA requirements for objectivity, utility, and reproducibility because it relies on computer models for predictions that are not verified by observed temperature data. It requests that OSTP immediately cease dissemination of NACC in any form.
Ohio Construction Seminar- "Dealing with One-Sided Public Contracts: Survivin...Kegler Brown Hill + Ritter
Many public owners are utilizing increasingly one-sided contract documents that restrict contractors' rights. Contractors bidding public work need to understand the legal and practical implications these pitfalls present for contractors working on public projects. The topics discussed will include, but are not limited to:
• Killer Clauses to Watch Out For
• Ways to Provide Notice & Preserve Rights
• The Fairness in Construction Contracting Act
• How to Protect Yourself Contractually
• Project Documentation Required
HBR Accurate Response _ Making Supply Meet Demand in an Uncetain WorldAna Carina Villa, MBA
HBR Accurate Response presentation by MBA Students at University of Palermo (Ana Carina Villa, Guillermo Previti, Vanina Anconatani, Javier Maydana, Grace Caraballo)
This document outlines an advertising and marketing plan meeting for BluePrint cold-pressed juices. It discusses BluePrint's business background and market trends in the cold-pressed juice category. A SWOT analysis and brand assessment are presented, along with a target customer profile. The marketing objectives aim to grow market share and distribution. A multi-channel media plan is proposed, focusing on print, digital, social media, search, and local out-of-home placements to reach women ages 25-35 and position BluePrint as an everyday wellness solution beyond just cleanses.
El documento describe las diferentes fases del tratamiento de la enfermedad periodontal, incluyendo la eliminación de la placa y el sarro, posibles cirugías, y medidas de mantenimiento. Explica la importancia de la higiene bucal a través de la revelación de placa, cepillado, uso de seda dental e irrigadores. También cubre las consideraciones sistémicas y las técnicas de cepillado para lograr una adecuada eliminación de placa.
Vortrag auf der IA-Konferenz 2010 in Köln: In diesem Vortrag erläutere ich was Mental Models sind, 7 Gründe warum man sie im qualitativen Research einsetzen sollte -- und ich zeige wie Nutzerinterviews vorbereitet, durchgeführt und als Diagramm ausgewertet werden.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are applications that collect data from a system in order to automate the monitoring and controlling of its activities. Several industrial fields such as, electric utilities, water supplies and buildings' facilities have already adopted SCADA systems to increase the efficiency and reduce cost. However, the IT community is concerned about the level of security that any applied SCADA system provides. This paper concentrates on the major security threats encountered in SCADA systems. In addition, it discusses a new proposed methodology in order to increase the system security with minimal impact on efficiency. The proposed scheme provides several security services which are mutual authentication, confidentiality, data integrity and accountability.
The document discusses cyber security risks for SCADA systems used in water and wastewater treatment plants. Modern SCADA systems now use open network protocols and wireless connectivity, leaving them vulnerable to attacks. The most destructive cyber attack targeted Siemens PLCs at an Iranian nuclear facility using a infected USB drive. If a water treatment plant's SCADA system is compromised, it could lead to over or under dosing of chemicals, loss of water pressure, or disabled alarms. Mott MacDonald offers cyber security risk analyses and programs to help clients address vulnerabilities and obtain federal funding to implement solutions.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are applications that collect data from a system in order to automate the monitoring and controlling of its activities. Several industrial fields such as, electric utilities, water supplies and buildings’ facilities have already adopted SCADA systems to increase the efficiency and reduce cost. However, the IT community is concerned about the level of security that any applied SCADA system provides. This paper concentrates on the major security threats encountered in SCADA systems. In addition, it discusses a new proposed methodology in order to increase the system security with minimal impact on efficiency. The proposed scheme provides several security services which are mutual authentication, confidentiality, data integrity and accountability.
Cyber-Defensive Architecture for Networked Industrial Control SystemsIJEACS
This paper deals with the inevitable consequence of the convenience and efficiency we benefit from the open, networked control system operation of safety-critical applications: vulnerability to such system from cyber-attacks. Even with numerous metrics and methods for intrusion detection and mitigation strategy, a complete detection and deterrence of internal code flaws and outside cyber-attacks has not been found and would not be found anytime soon. Considering the ever incompleteness of detection and prevention and the impact and consequence of mal-functions of the safety-critical operations caused by cyber incidents, this paper proposes a new computer control system architecture which assures resiliency even under compromised situations. The proposed architecture is centered on diversification of hardware systems and unidirectional communication from the proposed system in alerting suspicious activities to upper layers. This paper details the architectural structure of the proposed cyber defensive computer control system architecture for power substation applications and its validation in lab experimentation and on a cybersecurity testbed.
This document discusses trends in threats to SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It notes that as SCADA systems increasingly use commercial off-the-shelf software and connect to the internet, they have become more vulnerable to cyber threats. The document outlines how SCADA systems work and components like RTUs, PLCs, and HMIs. It also discusses issues like the mistaken belief that SCADA systems are secure due to physical security or isolation from the internet. The conclusion suggests that as capabilities and opportunities for threats increase, the future operational environment will be more vulnerable if an actor emerges with the intent to cause harm.
Challenges and Solution to Mitigate the cyber-attack on Critical Infrastruct...Abhishek Goel
SCADA systems control some of the most vital infrastructure in industrial and energy sectors, from oil and gas pipelines to nuclear facilities to water treatment plants.
Critical infrastructure is defined as the physical and IT assets, networks and services that if disrupted or destroyed would have a serious impact on the health, security, or economic wellbeing of citizens and the efficient functioning of a country’s government.
This document provides an overview of threats to industrial control systems (ICS) in 2015-2016. It finds that ICS incidents increased significantly, with 295 reported in 2015 alone. The main targets were critical manufacturing, energy, water and dams, and transportation systems. Nation-states, cybercriminals, and insiders engaged in attacks that disrupted operations and in some cases caused physical damage. Going forward, the threats are expected to grow as adversaries develop new tactics like ransomware targeting ICS and insider threats continue to be a problem. Organizations must take steps to strengthen ICS security through measures like secure network architecture and incident response planning.
introduction to #OT cybersecurity for O&M teams.pdfPrabaKaran649935
The document discusses the importance of operational technology (OT) cybersecurity to protect industrial control systems from cyber threats and ensure their continued availability and integrity. It notes that OT environments face different risks and priorities than information technology (IT) networks. The document advocates applying a defense-in-depth strategy through effective risk assessment and selecting appropriate countermeasures informed by standards like ISA/IEC 62443.
Threat, Attack and Vulnerability Play a Key Role in Cyber SecurityIRJET Journal
This document discusses threats, attacks, and vulnerabilities which play a key role in cyber security. It begins by defining cyber security as preventing, detecting, and responding to cyber attacks. It then discusses various common cyber threats like cyber theft, cyber vandalism, and denial of service attacks. It also examines different types of cyber attacks like untargeted and targeted attacks. The document outlines how vulnerabilities in software, policies, users, and other areas can enable these threats and attacks. It concludes that while technology can help reduce cyber attacks, vulnerabilities ultimately reside with human behavior, so education is important to strengthen cyber security.
CYBER SECURITY TRANDS FOR FUTURE SMART GRID SYSTEMSGeorge Wainblat
SUMMARY - Current power grids increasingly emerging into smart networked grids and are more accessible from the public internet which poses new cyber threats in the grid. More computer based systems are introduced into power networks in order to monitor and control the network. Future model smart grid and micro grid systems will be based on data flows for communication of system status, usage and control throughout the network infrastructure in addition to the power flow. This creates new security threats on the power grid. Instead of relying mainly on power plants for power generation, there will be a combination of multiple generation sources and at the same time wider use of electrical computer based equipment by consumers. Both increase the amount of data flows in the network as well as introduce additional vulnerable spots. Vulnerability of the power grid to cyber-attacks increases even more because of the wide use of SCADA networks. SCADA networks are more accessible to the internet and lack authentication and authorization mechanisms therefore expose the grid to threats such as DDOS, Data interception, Data alteration and additional hacking threats.
The transition from present to future model has already begun and rapidly growing while it already poses new security challenges which must be attended immediately. It is essential to introduce immediately a single comprehensive security solution which will provide fast detection and prevention tools to cope with a variety of threats with different nature and from multiple sources. The solution should not be tightly coupled with each device in the network so it won’t require upgrade of the devices inside the grid.
The Cyber defense solution should be versatile using variety of cyber technologies such as Firewalls, anomaly detection, Big Data analytics, machine learning and more in a network wise combination.
Kudler Fine Foods IT Security Report And Presentation –...Lana Sorrels
The document discusses network security for a small accounting firm. It proposes implementing a network with firewall protection, wireless access points, antivirus software, and user training. A vulnerability assessment is recommended to identify security risks before deploying the network. The network design aims to protect client financial data from theft or loss while enabling file sharing and internet access for employees.
System and Enterprise Security Project - Penetration TestingBiagio Botticelli
The document discusses penetration testing and summarizes its key steps: information gathering, threat modeling, vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, and reporting. It outlines three types of penetration testing: black box with no system knowledge; grey box with some limited internal details; and white box with full access to source codes and network information, simulating an internal attack. The goal of penetration testing is to identify security vulnerabilities by simulating real attacks before malicious actors do.
As the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system are deployed in infrastructures which are critical to the survival of a nation, they have emerged as a potential terrain for cyber-war, thus attracting the considered attention of ‘nation-states’. The analysis of worms like ‘stuxnet’ ‘flame’ and ‘duqu’ reveals the hand of a ‘nation-state’ in their design and deployment. Hence, the necessity to understand various issues in the defence of SCADA systems arises. The forensics of the SCADA system provide deep insight into the design and deployment of the worm (the malware) once the system is attacked. This is precisely the scope of this essay.
The document discusses several cybersecurity challenges facing service providers as networks become more virtualized and complex. It notes that virtualization is not new but brings operational challenges from enterprise IT. Securing access to physical and virtual networks is key, and security incidents involving virtual machines have higher recovery costs. As networks use more software-defined networking and network function virtualization, security strategies must adapt to hybrid environments. The hypervisor is a critical component to protect due to the risks of attacks from rogue virtual machines. Privileged identity management is also a challenge as the boundaries between network elements blur and many more accounts exist than needed. Fraud is a major threat costing over $40 billion annually through various schemes.
Effects of Backdoor Awareness on Cyber Hygiene Culture of Nigeria’s Civil Ser...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effects of backdoor awareness on the cyber hygiene practices of Nigerian civil servants. It conducted a survey to collect data on civil servants' backdoor awareness levels and cyber hygiene practices. The data was analyzed using logistic regression, finding a statistically significant relationship between higher backdoor awareness and better cyber hygiene practices. It recommends backdoor awareness campaigns and training for civil servants and organizational heads to improve information security.
Effects of Backdoor Awareness on Cyber Hygiene Culture of Nigeria’s Civil Ser...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a study on the effects of backdoor awareness on the cyber hygiene practices of Nigerian civil servants.
2) A survey was conducted to collect data on civil servants' level of backdoor awareness and cyber hygiene practices.
3) Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between higher levels of backdoor awareness and better cyber hygiene practices. Those with high backdoor awareness were over twice as likely to have good cyber hygiene.
CYBER SECURITY PRIMERCYBER SECURITY PRIMERA brief inOllieShoresna
CYBER SECURITY PRIMER
CYBER SECURITY PRIMER
A brief introduction to cyber security for students who are new to the field.
Network outages, data compromised by hackers, computer viruses and other incidents affect our lives
in ways that range from inconvenient to life-threatening. As the number of mobile users, digital
applications and data networks increase, so do the opportunities for exploitation.
WHAT IS CYBER SECURITY?
Cyber security, also referred to as information technology security, focuses on protecting computers,
networks, programs and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change or destruction.
WHY IS CYBER SECURITY IMPORTANT?
Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals and other businesses collect,
process and store a great deal of confidential information on computers and transmit that data across
networks to other computers. With the growing volume and sophistication of cyber attacks, ongoing
attention is required to protect sensitive business and personal information, as well as safeguard
national security.
During a Senate hearing in March 2013, the nation's top intelligence officials warned that cyber attacks
and digital spying are the top threat to national security, eclipsing terrorism.
CYBER SECURITY GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Learn cyber speak by familiarizing yourself with cyber security terminology.1
Access −
The ability and means to communicate with or
otherwise interact with a system, to use system
resources to handle information, to gain
knowledge of the information the system
contains or to control system components and
functions.
Active Attack −
An actual assault perpetrated by an intentional
threat source that attempts to alter a system, its
resources, its data or its operations.
Blacklist −
A list of entities that are blocked or denied
privileges or access.
Bot −
A computer connected to the Internet that has
Information Assurance −
The measures that protect and defend
information and information systems by
ensuring their availability, integrity and
confidentiality.
Intrusion Detection −
The process and methods for analyzing
information from networks and information
systems to determine if a security breach or
security violation has occurred.
Key −
The numerical value used to control
cryptographic operations, such as decryption,
encryption, signature generation or signature
verification.
Malware −
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http://www.umuc.edu/cybersecurity/about/#
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been surreptitiously/secretly compromised with
malicious logic to perform activities under the
remote command and control of a remote
administrator.
Cloud Computing −
A model for enabling on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurab ...
The Top 20 Cyberattacks on Industrial Control SystemsMuhammad FAHAD
Executive Summary
No industrial operation is free of risk, and different industrial enterprises may legitimately have different “appetites” for certain types of risks. Evaluating cyber risk in industrial control system (ICS) networks is difficult, considering their complex nature. For example, an evaluation can consider (explicitly or implicitly) up to hundreds of millions of branches of a complex attack tree modelling of cyberattacks interaction with cyber, physical, safety and protection equipment and processes. This paper was written to assist cyber professionals to understand and communicate the results of such risk assessments to non-technical business decision-makers.
This paper proposes that cyber risk be communicated as a Design Basis Threat (DBT) line drawn through a representative “Top 20” set of cyberattacks spread across a spectrum of attack sophistication. These Top 20 attacks have been selected to represent cyber threats to industrial sites across a wide range of circumstances, consequences and sophistication. Many industrial cyber risk practitioners will find the list useful as-is, while expert practitioners may choose to adapt the list to their more detailed understanding of their own sites’ circumstances.
Gartner predicted that by the end of 2019, 90% of enterprise internet connections would be secured by next-generation firewalls. The document outlines key requirements for next-generation firewalls including identifying applications regardless of port or encryption, identifying users regardless of device or IP address, decrypting encrypted traffic, and protecting against known and unknown threats in real time with predictable multi-gigabit throughput. It discusses the need to close dangerous policy gaps left by legacy firewalls and the evolution of threats that exploit encryption to avoid detection.
Capstone Team Report -The Vicious Circle of Smart Grid Securityreuben_mathew
The document summarizes challenges facing different stakeholders in securing the smart grid:
- Utilities face rapid deployment, funding shortfalls, technical challenges explaining security, and sophisticated attacks exploiting systems.
- Regulators have inconsistent standards and gaps between policies, creating confusion.
- Equipment manufacturers consider security important but frameworks are not always implemented, leaving systems vulnerable.
Coordinated efforts are needed between utilities, regulators, and manufacturers to address gaps and build a secure smart grid.
More Electric:
Our world is becoming More Electric. Almost everything we interact with today is either already electric or becoming electric. Think about it. From the time you start your day in the morning to the time you finish your day – your home, your car, your work, your devices, your entertainment – almost everything is electric. Imagine the energy needed to power this. Electricity consumption will increase by 80% in next 25 years
More Connected: Our lives are also becoming more connected. The Internet has already transformed the way we live, work and play. Now the Connected Things is going to take this to a brand new level. 50 billion things connected in the next 5 years.
More Distributed: With such a widespread electrification and connectivity, energy models need rethinking as well. Which is why the generation of power needs to be closer to users. Distributed Energy is rapidly evolving globally. This is positive energy – renewable. In 2014 , Renewables overtook fossil fuels in investment value, with $295bn invested in renewables compared to $289bn invested in fossil fuels. And it is getting cheaper to do this.
More Efficient: When our world is more electric, more connected and more distributed, new opportunities emerge and allows us to tap into even more efficiency – in industrial processes, in the energy value chain, in buildings, in transportation, in the global supply chain and even in the comfort and peace-of-mind of our homes.
This document summarizes a presentation given by Steve Wallage of BroadGroup Consulting on attracting investors for colocation providers. The presentation covers how investors assess colocation providers, different investor strategies, and case studies. It discusses important factors for investors such as the management team, competitive positioning, revenue/margin forecasts, cloud strategies, growth opportunities, and potential investor exits. Key success factors identified include experienced leadership, defendable competitive advantages, realistic financial projections backed by evidence, understanding customers' cloud needs, and viable paths for future growth and acquisition.
The document provides an overview of Phaseo Power Supplies & Transformers. It introduces their universal, optimum, modular, dedicated, and filtered rectified power supply product lines as well as their economic, universal, and optimum transformer product lines. The document then reviews key criteria for choosing a power supply, what a power supply is, positioning of their power supply products, and product presentations for several popular power supply and transformer models. It concludes with a short quiz to test understanding.
We’ve all been hearing about how robust the market for data center space is, but a presentation by an investment banker who has his finger on the pulse on the market day in and day out gave me a new appreciation for how great the opportunity really is.
Herb May is a partner and managing director with DH Capital, an investment bank founded 15 years ago in New York that is focused on the Internet infrastructure space. His company has been involved in close to 100 deals, representing almost $20 billion in value. Most of DH Capital’s work is as a mergers and acquisitions advisor, but raising capital is a growing percentage of its business. The point is, the company understands the financials behind data centers and colocation companies inside and out.
At Schneider Electric, in the IT Division, our core business has always been focused on delivering the highest level of availability to critical technologies, systems and processes. We’ve done this through our award winning, industry-leading and highest quality products and solutions, including UPS, Cooling, Rack Systems, DCIM and Services.
In this new digital era, we see a world that is always-on.
Always on to meet the needs of the highest notion of “access” to goods and services
Always on to be the solid, reliable foundation of digital transformation for businesses
Our mission is: To empower the digital transformation of our customers by ensuring their critical network, systems and processes are highly available and resilient.
In this briefing we explore the Magelis Basic HMI offer presentation and application samples.
For more details:
https://www.schneider-electric.com/en/product-range/61054-magelis#search
In this briefing, we explore the Zelio time relay offer presentation and application samples.
For more details:
http://www.schneider-electric.com/en/product-range/529-zelio-time?parent-category-id=2800&parent-subcategory-id=2810&filter=business-1-industrial-automation-and-control
Spacial, Thalassa, ClimaSys Universal enclosures BriefingSchneider Electric
Discover more about Universal Enclosures and how to select the one you need.
For more information:
http://www.schneider-electric.com/en/product-category/5800-enclosures-and-accessories/?filter=business-1-industrial-automation-and-control
Learn more about "what is a solid state relay", key features and targeted applications.
For more details:
http://www.schneider-electric.com/en/product-range/60278-zelio-relays?parent-category-id=2800&filter=business-1-Industrial%20Automation%20and%20Control
Learn more about what an HMI does and the main components and a look at a typical HMI.
Further details:
http://www.schneider-electric.com/en/product-category/2100-HMI%20(Terminals%20and%20Industrial%20PC)?filter=business-1-Industrial%20Automation%20and%20Control
Where will the next 80% improvement in data center performance come from?Schneider Electric
Rick Puskar, Head of Marketing for Schneider Electric's IT Division presents at the Gartner Symposium in Barcelona November 8th, 2017. In this presentation Rick discusses where the next 80% improvement in data center performance will come from with a focus on the speed, availability and reliability of data. Learn how a cloud-based data center infrastructure management as a service architecture like Schneider Electric's EcoStruxure IT can drive such aggressive goals around data center performance.
Learn how EcoStruxure is digitizing industry with IIoT to increase end-to-end operational efficiency with more dynamic control for better business results.
Learn more about our System Integrator Alliance Program - A global partnership transforming industry and infrastructure by helping them make the most of their processes, the most of their assets and the most of their energy.
EcoStruxure, IIoT-enabled architecture, delivering value in key segments.Schneider Electric
The document provides an overview of Schneider Electric's value propositions for key segments including water and wastewater, mining and metals, and food and beverage. It discusses the market trends in these industries and highlights how EcoStruxure solutions can help deliver operational excellence, develop the digital supply chain, and empower the next generation workforce. Specific areas that EcoStruxure addresses are highlighted such as smart manufacturing, smart facilities, smart food safety, and smart supply chain optimization. Partnerships and a focus on strategic accounts are emphasized as important for success.
A Practical Guide to Ensuring Business Continuity and High Performance in Hea...Schneider Electric
Within healthcare facilities, high availability of systems is a key influencer of revenue and patient safety and satisfaction. Three important critical success factors need to be addressed in order to achieve safety and availability goals. These include exceeding the facility’s level of regulatory compliance, a linking of business benefits to the maintenance of a safe and an “always on” power and ventilation environment, and a sensible approach to technology upgrades that includes new strategies for “selling” technological improvements to executives. This reference guide offers recommendations for identifying and addressing each of these issues.
Connected Services Study – Facility Managers Respond to IoTSchneider Electric
This document appears to be a summary of the results of a research study conducted by Morar Consulting on behalf of Schneider Electric regarding building facilities management. It includes responses from 301 participants on topics such as their current approach to maintaining building systems, how efficiently their facilities operate compared to peers, their perception of and engagement in performance tracking, how they measure the success of their facilities team, what types of key performance indicators would be most ideal, and their level of information and interest in analytics for maintenance planning. The participants provided priorities and preferences on various process, asset, financial, satisfaction and business-oriented metrics that could be used to measure building system and service performance.
This document provides an overview of Telemecanique Sensors' cabling and accessory products. It discusses their portfolio of sensors, including industrial, safety, and pressure sensors. It then focuses on their cabling accessories, describing their PVC, PUR, and reinforced PVC cable options for general, severe industrial, and food/beverage processing environments respectively. The document explains characteristics like flexibility, chemical resistance, and certifications. It provides guidance on choosing the right cable and finds additional product details.
The document discusses Telemecanique Sensors' portfolio of photoelectric sensors, including their XU range. It provides an overview of different types of photoelectric sensors and their technical specifications. It also discusses how to choose the right photoelectric sensor based on the detection environment, sensing distance, electrical function, and connection requirements.
A world-class global brand offering a comprehensive line of Limit Switches complying with international standards: IEC, UL, CSA, CCC, GOST. For more details: http://www.tesensors.com/global/en/product/limit-switches/xc-standard/?cat_id=BU_AUT_520_L4&conf=sensors&el_typ=node&nod_id=0000000002&prev_nod_id=0000000001&scp_id=Z000
INDIAN AIR FORCE FIGHTER PLANES LIST.pdfjackson110191
These fighter aircraft have uses outside of traditional combat situations. They are essential in defending India's territorial integrity, averting dangers, and delivering aid to those in need during natural calamities. Additionally, the IAF improves its interoperability and fortifies international military alliances by working together and conducting joint exercises with other air forces.
BT & Neo4j: Knowledge Graphs for Critical Enterprise Systems.pptx.pdfNeo4j
Presented at Gartner Data & Analytics, London Maty 2024. BT Group has used the Neo4j Graph Database to enable impressive digital transformation programs over the last 6 years. By re-imagining their operational support systems to adopt self-serve and data lead principles they have substantially reduced the number of applications and complexity of their operations. The result has been a substantial reduction in risk and costs while improving time to value, innovation, and process automation. Join this session to hear their story, the lessons they learned along the way and how their future innovation plans include the exploration of uses of EKG + Generative AI.
An invited talk given by Mark Billinghurst on Research Directions for Cross Reality Interfaces. This was given on July 2nd 2024 as part of the 2024 Summer School on Cross Reality in Hagenberg, Austria (July 1st - 7th)
Coordinate Systems in FME 101 - Webinar SlidesSafe Software
If you’ve ever had to analyze a map or GPS data, chances are you’ve encountered and even worked with coordinate systems. As historical data continually updates through GPS, understanding coordinate systems is increasingly crucial. However, not everyone knows why they exist or how to effectively use them for data-driven insights.
During this webinar, you’ll learn exactly what coordinate systems are and how you can use FME to maintain and transform your data’s coordinate systems in an easy-to-digest way, accurately representing the geographical space that it exists within. During this webinar, you will have the chance to:
- Enhance Your Understanding: Gain a clear overview of what coordinate systems are and their value
- Learn Practical Applications: Why we need datams and projections, plus units between coordinate systems
- Maximize with FME: Understand how FME handles coordinate systems, including a brief summary of the 3 main reprojectors
- Custom Coordinate Systems: Learn how to work with FME and coordinate systems beyond what is natively supported
- Look Ahead: Gain insights into where FME is headed with coordinate systems in the future
Don’t miss the opportunity to improve the value you receive from your coordinate system data, ultimately allowing you to streamline your data analysis and maximize your time. See you there!
Sustainability requires ingenuity and stewardship. Did you know Pigging Solutions pigging systems help you achieve your sustainable manufacturing goals AND provide rapid return on investment.
How? Our systems recover over 99% of product in transfer piping. Recovering trapped product from transfer lines that would otherwise become flush-waste, means you can increase batch yields and eliminate flush waste. From raw materials to finished product, if you can pump it, we can pig it.
7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth.pdfEnterprise Wired
Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME).
YOUR RELIABLE WEB DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT TEAM — FOR LASTING SUCCESS
WPRiders is a web development company specialized in WordPress and WooCommerce websites and plugins for customers around the world. The company is headquartered in Bucharest, Romania, but our team members are located all over the world. Our customers are primarily from the US and Western Europe, but we have clients from Australia, Canada and other areas as well.
Some facts about WPRiders and why we are one of the best firms around:
More than 700 five-star reviews! You can check them here.
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We’ve been in business since 2015.
We are located in 7 countries and have 22 team members.
With so many projects delivered, our team knows what works and what doesn’t when it comes to WordPress and WooCommerce.
Our team members are:
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They are all working together to provide you with the best possible service. We are passionate about WordPress, and we love creating custom solutions that help our clients achieve their goals.
At WPRiders, we are committed to building long-term relationships with our clients. We believe in accountability, in doing the right thing, as well as in transparency and open communication. You can read more about WPRiders on the About us page.
RPA In Healthcare Benefits, Use Case, Trend And Challenges 2024.pptxSynapseIndia
Your comprehensive guide to RPA in healthcare for 2024. Explore the benefits, use cases, and emerging trends of robotic process automation. Understand the challenges and prepare for the future of healthcare automation
Blockchain technology is transforming industries and reshaping the way we conduct business, manage data, and secure transactions. Whether you're new to blockchain or looking to deepen your knowledge, our guidebook, "Blockchain for Dummies", is your ultimate resource.
Best Programming Language for Civil EngineersAwais Yaseen
The integration of programming into civil engineering is transforming the industry. We can design complex infrastructure projects and analyse large datasets. Imagine revolutionizing the way we build our cities and infrastructure, all by the power of coding. Programming skills are no longer just a bonus—they’re a game changer in this era.
Technology is revolutionizing civil engineering by integrating advanced tools and techniques. Programming allows for the automation of repetitive tasks, enhancing the accuracy of designs, simulations, and analyses. With the advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning, engineers can now predict structural behaviors under various conditions, optimize material usage, and improve project planning.
Implementations of Fused Deposition Modeling in real worldEmerging Tech
The presentation showcases the diverse real-world applications of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) across multiple industries:
1. **Manufacturing**: FDM is utilized in manufacturing for rapid prototyping, creating custom tools and fixtures, and producing functional end-use parts. Companies leverage its cost-effectiveness and flexibility to streamline production processes.
2. **Medical**: In the medical field, FDM is used to create patient-specific anatomical models, surgical guides, and prosthetics. Its ability to produce precise and biocompatible parts supports advancements in personalized healthcare solutions.
3. **Education**: FDM plays a crucial role in education by enabling students to learn about design and engineering through hands-on 3D printing projects. It promotes innovation and practical skill development in STEM disciplines.
4. **Science**: Researchers use FDM to prototype equipment for scientific experiments, build custom laboratory tools, and create models for visualization and testing purposes. It facilitates rapid iteration and customization in scientific endeavors.
5. **Automotive**: Automotive manufacturers employ FDM for prototyping vehicle components, tooling for assembly lines, and customized parts. It speeds up the design validation process and enhances efficiency in automotive engineering.
6. **Consumer Electronics**: FDM is utilized in consumer electronics for designing and prototyping product enclosures, casings, and internal components. It enables rapid iteration and customization to meet evolving consumer demands.
7. **Robotics**: Robotics engineers leverage FDM to prototype robot parts, create lightweight and durable components, and customize robot designs for specific applications. It supports innovation and optimization in robotic systems.
8. **Aerospace**: In aerospace, FDM is used to manufacture lightweight parts, complex geometries, and prototypes of aircraft components. It contributes to cost reduction, faster production cycles, and weight savings in aerospace engineering.
9. **Architecture**: Architects utilize FDM for creating detailed architectural models, prototypes of building components, and intricate designs. It aids in visualizing concepts, testing structural integrity, and communicating design ideas effectively.
Each industry example demonstrates how FDM enhances innovation, accelerates product development, and addresses specific challenges through advanced manufacturing capabilities.
Best Practices for Effectively Running dbt in Airflow.pdfTatiana Al-Chueyr
As a popular open-source library for analytics engineering, dbt is often used in combination with Airflow. Orchestrating and executing dbt models as DAGs ensures an additional layer of control over tasks, observability, and provides a reliable, scalable environment to run dbt models.
This webinar will cover a step-by-step guide to Cosmos, an open source package from Astronomer that helps you easily run your dbt Core projects as Airflow DAGs and Task Groups, all with just a few lines of code. We’ll walk through:
- Standard ways of running dbt (and when to utilize other methods)
- How Cosmos can be used to run and visualize your dbt projects in Airflow
- Common challenges and how to address them, including performance, dependency conflicts, and more
- How running dbt projects in Airflow helps with cost optimization
Webinar given on 9 July 2024
How Social Media Hackers Help You to See Your Wife's Message.pdfHackersList
In the modern digital era, social media platforms have become integral to our daily lives. These platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Snapchat, offer countless ways to connect, share, and communicate.
Quantum Communications Q&A with Gemini LLM. These are based on Shannon's Noisy channel Theorem and offers how the classical theory applies to the quantum world.
The Rise of Supernetwork Data Intensive ComputingLarry Smarr
Invited Remote Lecture to SC21
The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis
St. Louis, Missouri
November 18, 2021
2. Summary
Executive Summary . ................................................................................... p 1
Introduction ................................................................................................. p 2
Substation systems: security threat targets................................................... p 4
Vulnerability of the substation automation system ........................................ p 6
Measures to enhance substation automation system.................................... p 9
Addressing cyber security for the substation automation system . ................ p 13
Conclusion................................................................................................... p 15
3. Substation Cyber Security
Executive summary
The electric power grid has changed significantly over the past decade and
continues to change as technology evolves. More and more, new-generation
substation control systems are based on open standards and commercial
technology, including Ethernet and TCP/IP based communication protocols such
as IEC 60870-5-104, DNP 3.0 or IEC 61850. While this change in technology
has brought about huge operational benefits, it has introduced cyber security
concerns and a potential challenge to network reliability. Electronic intrusion into
a substation can misdirect or terminate service, and this intrusion can be from
internal individuals or external hackers or organizations.
Many substation control and diagnostic systems in deployment were not designed
for real-time security functionality and centralized system administration with
robust access control. Utilities must implement policies to protect their substation
systems against intrusion from within and from outside the corporate network.
Further, they must be able to detect intrusion when it does occur to eliminate
future untoward effects. Finally, they need to be prepared with planned response
and restoration that not only returns targeted functionality but can improve system
security.
The global power industry has stepped up its focus on cyber security for control
and automation systems, and standards are in place identifying the functionalities
required for secure substation operation. Utilities looking to protect against cyber
attack on their substation automation systems must implement the SCADA,
RTU and IED solutions that incorporate proven-technology and the security
mechanisms meeting these standards.
White paper | 01
4. Substation Cyber Security
Introduction
Traditionally, an electric utility’s concerns regarding substation asset security
centered on physical threats, both natural and human. In locations other than
those experiencing civil strife, the primary human threat was considered to be
a single, disgruntled employee; an angry customer; or a politically motivated
vandal. In any of these cases, the malfeasant had to be within, or physically
close to, the substation to cause damage. To protect assets from these human
threats, the utility used fences, locked gates, security cameras, SCADA-
monitored intrusion alarms and occasional onsite monitoring visits by utility
security staff.
More recently, both the nature and magnitude of the threat to substation assets
have changed. Now, the equipment for monitoring and controlling substation
devices is usually connected by communication lines to wide-area networks
potentially accessible by the general public. Consequently, an individual seeking
to damage utility assets can do so from places hundreds or thousands of
kilometers distant and potentially impact multiple substations simultaneously.
The magnitude of the threat also has changed. Organized and well-funded
groups have publicly stated their goal of damaging key elements of society’s
critical infrastructure. Evidence shows that some organizations have been
gathering information about public utilities and investigating the electronic
defenses of corporate computing networks. Probes specifically targeting the
business systems of electric utilities have been documented. However, because
substations generally do not have firewalls or intrusion detection systems, it is
not possible to know if they are being targeted.
This paper addresses the nature of cyber threats, their potential to damage utility
assets and the means to detect and recover from them.
White paper | 02
6. Substation Cyber Security
Substation systems: security threat targets
The IEEE 1402 standard refers to cyber intrusions as
‘electronic intrusions’ and defines them as “Entry into
the substation via telephone lines or other electronic-
based media for the manipulation or disturbance
of electronic devices. These devices include digital
relays, fault recorders, equipment diagnostic
packages, automation equipment, computers,
programmable logic controllers, and communication
interfaces.”
Power substation security threats are primarily
related to the ability to remotely access protection,
control, automation and SCADA equipment. Through
a power substation’s communications vulnerability,
an electronic intruder could access the substation
SCADA system. Inappropriate circuit breaker other utilities, as well as industry equipment suppliers,
operation sequence would result in an electric arc contractors and consultants, are well acquainted
between the contacts of the disconnector and high- with the hardware, software, architecture and
rate optic and acoustic phenomena. Manifesting as communication protocols implemented in substation
an explosion, the event would spray melted metal operations. Often, the suppliers of hardware,
and result in an inter-phase short circuit. software, and services to the utility industry are
granted the same level of trust and access as the
Such a failure would lead to complete destruction of utility individuals themselves – making the definition of
the disconnector and partial or complete destruction an ‘insider’ much more broad.
of other components in the substation, along with
disturbance in substation operation and interruption Further, a utility employee who has access keys
of energy supply to consumers. Personnel can be and passwords can be motivated by the prospect
seriously injured. Depending on the state of the of financial gain from making that information
power system at the moment of switching operation, available. Computer-based systems at substations
the incorrect switching sequence could also cause contain data of value to a utility’s competitors as
a large power system failure and compromise the well as information – such as the electric load of a
safety of the electric power system. customer industrial plant – that might be of value to
that customer’s competitors. Certainly, corporate
Internal attackers. Investigations of threats to employees are approached to provide interested
corporate computer hardware and software systems parties with valuable information; it can’t be ruled
typically reveal that the majority of attacks come from out that a similar situation could occur with utility
internal sources. Substation control systems and employees who have access to substation systems.
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are different from Further, the possibility exists of an employee being
those at work in corporations, in that information bribed or blackmailed to cause physical damage or
about their computer hardware and software systems to disclose privileged information that would enable
is not well known to the general public. However, other parties to cause damage.
White paper | 04
7. Substation Cyber Security
Suppliers. A potential threat exists with employees Terrorists. The most serious security concern is
of substation equipment suppliers, who also have with those antagonists, domestic or foreign, who
access to – or the knowledge that enables access have the resources to mount a serious attack. They
to or damage of – substation assets. One access can be quite knowledgeable, since the computer-
path is through the diagnostic port of the substation based systems that outfit a substation are sold with
monitoring and control equipment. It is common minimal export restrictions worldwide – complete with
that the manufacturer of a substation device has documentation and operational training. The danger
the ability to establish an Internet link or telephone from an attack mounted by an organized hostile
connection with the device for the purpose of power is increased by the fact it can occur in many
performing diagnostics. An unscrupulous employee places simultaneously and would likely be coupled
of the manufacturer could use this link to cause with other cyber, physical, or biological attacks aimed
damage or gather confidential information, as has at crippling response capabilities.
happened many times in other industries. Employees
of the utility or equipment supplier also can illicitly
access computer-based substation equipment via the
communications paths into the substation.
Hackers. Other potential intruders include the hacker
who is simply browsing and probing for weak links to
penetrate corporate defenses and the individual who
is motivated to cause damage by a grievance against
the utility or against society in general.
Criminals. Another potential security problem
lies with those who threaten to do damage, in the
attempt to extort money, or attempt to access
confidential corporate records, such as the customer
database, for sale or use.
White paper | 05
8. Substation Cyber Security
Vulnerability of the substation automation
system
Conventional computer systems have always been
susceptible to those exploiting programming errors
in operating systems and application software;
cracking user passwords; taking advantage of
system installations that leave extraneous services
and open ports susceptible; and penetrating
improperly configured firewalls that do guard against
unauthorized communications.
In addition to these common vulnerabilities, the
control and diagnostic systems in substations
have a number of system-related cyber security
vulnerabilities –
Slow processors
One way to strengthen the privacy and authenticity The remote terminal units (RTUs) and IEDs in some
of messages transmitted across insecure channels substation systems use early microprocessor
is to use encryption. However, encryption technique technology. They have limited memory and often
often is too resource-intensive for most current IEDs have to meet stringent time constraints on their
and many existing substation automation systems. communications. With microprocessors that do not
Further, many substation communications channels have the processing capability to support additional
do not have sufficient bandwidth for the transmission computational burden, it is not feasible to enhance
of longer, block-encrypted messages. communications security through data message
encryption.
Real-time operating systems
Design of the real-time operating systems embedded
within many IEDs poses another security risk. Some
suppliers of these embedded operating systems
have not had to meet the requirements for secure
communications. Their software systems were
designed to operate in an environment focusing on
deterministic response to events; information security
was a lower priority.
White paper | 06
9. Substation Cyber Security
Communications media
The data messages that substation IEDs exchange In addition, much of the data traffic to and from a
with the outside world are often transmitted over substation travels over wireless networks. Intruders
media that are potentially open to eavesdropping with the proper equipment can record and interpret
or active intrusion. Dial-in lines are common, and data exchanges and can insert their own messages
the IED will accept phone calls from anyone who to control power system devices.
knows its phone number. Many IEDs are IP (Internet
protocol)-enabled, which means they can be
addressed by computers connected to the Internet.
Open protocols
Many protocols have been used for communications An RTU test set usually involves a portable device
between the substation and the utility control center. and communications port with a user interface that
In the past, these protocols typically were vendor- interprets the messages being sent to and from the
specific and proprietary. However, in recent years RTU or IED, allowing the user to define and issue
the majority of communications implementations commands to the substation device. An intruder
have been executed to the IEC 60870-5 standard can patch into the communications channel to a
(in Europe), the DNP3 standard (in North America), substation and use a test set to operate devices at
or – to much less extent – the IEC 60870-6 TASE.2 the substation.
standard, also called ICCP. These protocols are non-
proprietary, well documented and available to the
general public. When these protocols were designed,
security was not a key issue.
Lack of authentication
Communication protocols in current use do not
provide a means for confirming each other’s identity
and securing data exchange. An intruder with access
to a communications line to a controllable device
can execute a control in the same manner as an
authorized user. Intruders can also mimic a data
source and substitute invalid data. In most cases,
the program receiving the data does not perform
validation that would detect this kind of interference.
White paper | 07
10. Substation Cyber Security
Lack of centralized system administration
Unlike the IT domain, where there is a central system personnel who have no reason for access. They would
administrator to designate and track authorized users, be able to perform critical functions such as assigning
substation automation system users often are their passwords, assigning log-in IDs, configuring the
own system administrators and have the authority to system and adding or deleting software.
perform all security functions. This situation can make
access to substation automation systems available to
Large numbers of remote devices
A typical utility has from several dozen to several
hundred substations at geographically dispersed
locations, and each automated substation typically
has many IEDs. Therefore, there is a high cost to
implement any solution that requires upgrading,
reprogramming or replacing the IEDs.
White paper | 08
11. Substation Cyber Security
Addressing cyber security for the substation
automation system
The strategies for enhancing cyber security of control and diagnostic systems at substations are the same as
those that would be applied for other corporate computer systems: (1) prevent cyber intrusion where possible;
(2) detect intrusion where it could not be prevented; (3) recover from an intrusion after detection; and (4) use
the experience to improve preventive measures.
Protecting Substation Systems
Intrusion from inside the corporate network. With
substation control and monitoring systems connected
to the utility’s corporate wide-area network, a
large potential threat to these systems exists from
unauthorized users on that corporate network. The
corporate network should be made as secure as
possible –
• he most important measure is one of the simplest:
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ensuring that all default passwords have been
removed from all substation systems and that there
are no accounts without any password.
• ser passwords should not be simplistic.
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However, passwords that are difficult to guess
are also difficult to remember. Procedures should
discourage users from posting their passwords on
the terminal of the system being protected.
• asswords should be immediately terminated as
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soon as its owner leaves employment or changes
job assignments.
Intrusion from outside the corporate network.
• ifferent sets of privileges should be established for
D The possibility of intrusion by outsiders who have
different classes of users. For example, some users gained direct access to substation devices through
should be allowed only to view historical substation unprotected communications channels poses
data. Other users might be permitted to view only new challenges to the cyber security of substation
real-time data. Operators should be given only systems.
control privileges, and relay engineers’ authority
The SCADA communication line links the utility
should be limited to changing relay settings.
control center and the substation. This line carries
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12. Substation Cyber Security
real-time data from substation devices to
dispatchers at the control center and controls
messages from the dispatchers back to the
substation. In the case of substation automation, a
data concentrator or a substation automation host
processor serves as the RTU in sending substation
data to the control center and in responding to the
dispatcher’s control commands.
A variety of media, such as power line, leased
lines, microwave, multiple-address radio, satellite-
based communications, fiber optic cable and
others, are used to connect the substation
RTU with the control center. It is quite common
for communications from control center to
substation to use different media along different There are two lines of defense that a utility can
segments of the path. Some of these media, take –
especially the wireless ones, are subject to
eavesdropping or active intrusion. At least one • trengthening the authentication of the user
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case has been reported in which an intruder confirms the identity of the prospective IED user.
used radio technology to commandeer SCADA As the very first step, the utility should ensure
communications and sabotage the system. Of that the default passwords originally supplied
the many alternatives, using fiber optics offers the with the IEDs are changed and that a set of
most security against SCADA communications strong passwords are implemented.
intrusion.
• Encrypting communications between the
In substation integration and automation user and the IED to ensure that only users in
systems, IEDs intrinsically support two-way possession of the secret key would be able
communications. Once the user has logged on to to interpret data from the IED and change IED
the IED, the user can use the connection to: parameters.
• Acquire data that the IED has stored Note: once the industry has agreed on a
standard technique for encrypting messages,
• hange the parameters of the IED, such as the
C IED manufacturers can plan for economies of
settings of a protective relay scale. If there is a demand for encryption of IED
communications, and industry-wide consensus
• Perform diagnostics on the IED on the approach, IED manufacturers will develop
an effective way to embed the algorithm in the
• ontrol the power system device connected to
C processor of IEDs at little incremental cost.
the IED; that is, operate a circuit breaker
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13. Substation Cyber Security
Detecting Intrusion
While it is extremely important to prevent intrusions to a security breach instead of some other failure
into one’s systems and databases, an axiom of cyber such as a voltage transient, relay failure or software
security is that any intrusions must be detected, bug.
because an intruder who gains control of a substation
computer can gather data – including the log-on For these reasons, it is important to make every
passwords of legitimate users – and use that data at effort to detect intrusions when they occur and derail
a later time to operate power system devices. Further, future data manipulation by the intruder. To this
the intruder can set up a mechanism, sometimes end, a number of IT security system manufacturers
referred to as a ‘backdoor’, that will allow easy have developed intrusion detection systems (IDS).
access at a future time. These systems are designed to recognize intrusions,
based on parameters such as communications
If no obvious damage was done at the time of the attempted from unauthorized or unusual addresses
intrusion, it can be very difficult to detect that the and an unusual pattern of activity, and generate logs
software has been modified. For example, if the goal of suspicious events. This response allows system
of the intrusion was to gain unauthorized access administrators, control engineers and operators
to utility data, the fact that another party is reading to apply solutions powered by security event
confidential data might never be noticed. Even when management technology to quickly recognize and
the intrusion does intentionally open a circuit breaker respond to events impacting security, compliance
on a critical circuit or cause other damage, it might and operational efficiency.
not be at all obvious that the false operation was due
Responding to Intrusion
The ‘three Rs’ of response to cyber intrusion are as evidence in court in the event the intruder is
recording, reporting, and restoring – apprehended. However, due to the high frequency of
SCADA communications, the low cost of substation
Theoretically, it would be desirable to record all communications equipment, and the fact that
data communications into and out of all substation substations are distant from corporate security staff,
devices. If an intruder successfully attacks the it might be impractical to record all communications.
system, the recordings could be used to determine System owners will probably defer any attempts
what technique the intruder used to modify the to record substation data communications until
system and then close that particular vulnerability. (a) storage media are developed that are fast,
voluminous and inexpensive, or (b) SCADA-oriented
Recording would be invaluable in helping identify intrusion detection systems are developed that can
the intruder. Further, a recording made in a way filter out usual traffic and record only the deviant
that is demonstrably inalterable can be admissible patterns.
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14. Substation Cyber Security
But even if the communications sequence
responsible for an intrusion is neither detected
nor recorded when it occurs, it is essential that
procedures be developed for the restoration of
service after a cyber attack. It is extremely important
that the utility maintain backups of the software of all
programmable substation units and documentation of
all IED standard parameters and settings.
After the utility suspects an intrusion or determines
that a particular programmable device has been
compromised, the software should be reloaded
from the secure backup. If the settings on an IED
had been illicitly changed, the original settings must
be restored. Unless the nature of the breach of
security is known and can be repaired, the utility
should seriously consider taking the device off line or
otherwise making it inaccessible to prevent a future
exploitation of the same vulnerability.
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15. Substation Cyber Security
Addressing cyber security for the substation
automation system
Cyber security risks were inherited when open IT
standards were adopted. Fortunately, this movement
also inspired the development of cyber security
mechanisms in a large number of enterprise
environments to address these risks. Substation
automation system providers are taking a systematic,
global approach, continuously adapting to meet
changing demand through standardization and
proactive RD efforts.
Standards activity addresses cyber security
requirements both at the system level and the
product level and includes –
• IST SGIP-CSWG Smart Grid Interoperability Panel
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– Cyber Security Working Group
• ERC CIP Cyber Security regulation for North
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Security mechanisms designed and developed
American power utilities
specifically for substation automation systems use
proven technology to support advanced account
• EC 62351 Data and Communications Security
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management and detailed security audit trails in
RTUs/IEDs and SCADA. Utilities should look for cyber
• EEE PSRC/H13 Cyber Security Requirements for
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security solutions that enable:
Substation SUB/C10 Automation, Protection and
Control Systems
• ser account management – Supports user
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authentication and authorization at the individual-
• EEE 1686 IEEE Standard for Substation
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user level. User authentication is required and
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) Cyber Security
authorization is enforced for all interactive access to
Capabilities
the device.
• SA S99 Industrial Automation and Control System
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• ser accounts – Allows full management of user
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Security
accounts, including creating, editing and deleting.
User names and passwords can be configured
Verified antivirus software protects station
according to user‘s requirements.
computers from attacks and viruses. Cyber security
also can be improved by limiting the use of removable
media in the station computers.
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16. Substation Cyber Security
• Role-based access control – Enables each
• External security clients – Sends security
user account to be assigned a specific role, and events to external security log clients such
user roles can be added, removed and changed as the Security Event Manager, which uses a
as needed. monitoring and response device for visibility of
real time security events.
• assword complexity – Enforces password
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policies with minimum password length, • ecurity events to control system – Sends
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maximum password lifetime and use of security events and alarms via host protocol to
lower case, upper case, numeric and special the control systems. User configures settings for
characters. security alarms.
• HTTPS support – Permits encrypted
• VPN function – Offers one encrypted channel
communication between the web browser and between the SCADA or RTU and the IPsec
the RTU. A standard browser can be utilized Router on the user’s side. The VPN tunnel
such as Internet Explorer or Firefox. In addition, provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity.
self-signed certificates, pre-installed at web A secure communication via public networks
client, can be used. with fixed IP addresses is possible. The
authentication is managed with pre-shared keys.
• ocal logging – Creates audit trails (log files)
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of all security-relevant user activities. Security
events logged include user login, logout, change
of parameters, configurations and updates of
firmware. For each event, the date and time,
user, event ID, outcome and source of event is
logged. Access to the audit trail is available to
authorized users only.
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17. Substation Cyber Security
Conclusion
The electric utility’s concern about cyber security of its substation automation
systems is well founded. These systems are, in several ways, even more subject
to intrusion than conventional computer systems. Yet, the utility has many options
for preventing and detecting electronic intrusion from within its organization and
from outside the corporate network. Substation automation system providers have
identified cyber security as a key requirement and are designing and developing
solutions, using proven technology, to provide advanced account management
and detailed security audit trails for their network RTUs, IEDs and SCADA.
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