The document summarizes the Ayodhya dispute which centers around a plot of land in Ayodhya, India that is considered sacred by both Hindus and Muslims. Hindus believe it is the birthplace of the deity Rama while Muslims argue a mosque, the Babri Masjid, was built there in the 16th century. Tensions escalated in the 1980s/90s leading to the mosque's demolition in 1992. In 2019, the Supreme Court ruled the disputed land be granted to a Hindu trust to build a temple, while Muslims were given an alternative plot to build a new mosque.
Voice of Bihar | Amazing Facts of Bihar | Know the actual Bihar and Biharis
This is for those people who think that Bihar is a backward state and illiterate state, where people only for work as labor. For a one time check this out, defiantly it will change your mind to see the bihar and biharis. Bihari is not a abusive word, it is a pround for us that we are Bihari.
The document provides details about the Ayodhya dispute in India, including a history of events. It discusses how in 1528, Babur's general Mir Baki Khan destroyed a Hindu temple in Ayodhya and constructed the Babri Mosque. This became the focal point of a political and religious conflict over whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished to build the mosque. In 1992, Hindu activists demolished the Babri Mosque, sparking riots. The Allahabad High Court verdict in 2010 divided the disputed land evenly among Hindus, Muslims and Nirmohi Akhara.
Bihar is a state in eastern India with Patna as its capital. It has a population of over 100 million, making it the 3rd most populous state. Bihar is considered one of India's poorest states with high social inequality. However, it has a rich history and culture, being the birthplace of Buddhism, Jainism, and many important historical figures. Bihar struggles with issues like literacy, crime, and caste discrimination despite its cultural and economic contributions to India over centuries.
Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was the founder of Sikhism. He was born into a Hindu family but studied Islam and Hinduism extensively. He taught that there is one God, all human races are equal, and people should love all and hate none. He also taught that people should gather in congregations for prayer and meditation, eat together regardless of differences, work honestly to earn a living, and share their wealth. Guru Nanak spread the principles of equality, purity of life, doing away with selfishness, courage, mercy, and condemned lust, anger, pride and backbiting.
Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and largest city is Indore. With over 75 million inhabitants, it is the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders several other states. The state has many historical and religious sites, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The cuisine and culture varies regionally within the state. Hindi is the official language, though several other languages are also spoken.
Bihar is a state in eastern India. The population density of Bihar is 1102 people per square kilometer. According to the last statistics in 2011, the number of individuals in Bihar comprises 8.60 percent of India. Read more about the population of Bihar increase in 2020... https://indiapopulation2020.in/population-of-bihar-2020.html
The document summarizes the events surrounding the Babri Masjid mosque in Ayodhya, India that was demolished by Hindu nationalists in 1992, sparking sectarian violence in South Asia and international reactions. It details the religious significance of the site to Hindus and Muslims, the timeline of disputes and court cases, international protests in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, and the Middle East, and ongoing legal battles over rebuilding a temple on the site that are still unfolding today.
Bihar is a state in east India bordering Nepal. It is divided by the Ganges River, which flows through its fertile plains. The document discusses several topics about Bihar including its festivals like Durga Pooja and Chhath Pooja, population which is over 104 million making it the 3rd most crowded state, why it is famous for its rich cultural heritage and historical monuments, and famous places such as the Mahabodhi Temple, Patna Museum, and Nalanda University.
Indian monuments showcase the country's rich history and culture through architectural styles that were influenced by different empires over centuries. Some of the most notable monuments discussed include the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan for his wife; Qutub Minar, the tallest tower in India; and the Red Fort, once the royal palace in Delhi. Other historic sites described are the Khajuraho Temples, Ajanta Caves, Elephanta Caves, Charminar mosque, and Agra Fort. The document emphasizes that India possesses a valuable archaeological heritage and it is important for society to preserve these national treasures for future generations.
This document provides an overview of key facts about the Indian state of Bihar. It discusses Bihar's population statistics, official languages, major industries, cultural aspects like traditional dress and cuisine, major festivals, historical and religious sites, and some notable political leaders from the state like Nitish Kumar and Lalu Prasad Yadav. In summary, the document shares demographic information and highlights some of Bihar's cultural traditions, tourism destinations, and influential political figures.
Navratri is a nine-night festival celebrated in honor of the goddess Durga. It marks the victory of good over evil through Durga's defeat of the buffalo demon Mahishasura. During Navratri, devotees worship the nine forms of Durga over nine nights and pray for strength and blessings. The festival emphasizes virtues of morality, ethics, and equality for all people.
The document discusses tourism in Amritsar city, India. It provides definitions of tourism from the UNWTO and as a commercial industry. It then lists the major tourist attractions in Amritsar, including the Golden Temple, Jallianwala Bagh, Durgiana Mandir, Wagah Border, Gobindgarh Fort, and Sadda Pind. It analyzes the SWOT of tourism in Amritsar, identifying strengths like historical and religious significance, and weaknesses like lack of infrastructure. It provides proposals to improve tourism through heritage walks, upgrading transportation, and developing medical, education, and industrial hubs to attract more visitors.
Kedarnath Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Kedarnath, Uttarakhand. It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, holiest shrines of Shiva. The temple is only open from April to November each year due to extreme weather. In 2013, the Kedarnath valley suffered devastating flash floods that destroyed the surrounding areas, though the temple remained standing. A large rock that was carried by the flood waters helped divert the force of the water and protect the temple from more severe damage.
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The document summarizes details about the construction of the Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. It discusses the history of the Ram Mandir site and the Babri Masjid, the 2019 Supreme Court verdict allowing temple construction, and details about the temple architecture and design. The temple will be built using sand and water from various holy sites, and will house relics in its foundation intended to inspire future generations.
Voice of Bihar | Amazing Facts of Bihar | Know the actual Bihar and BiharisDeepak Poddar
This is for those people who think that Bihar is a backward state and illiterate state, where people only for work as labor. For a one time check this out, defiantly it will change your mind to see the bihar and biharis. Bihari is not a abusive word, it is a pround for us that we are Bihari.
The document provides details about the Ayodhya dispute in India, including a history of events. It discusses how in 1528, Babur's general Mir Baki Khan destroyed a Hindu temple in Ayodhya and constructed the Babri Mosque. This became the focal point of a political and religious conflict over whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished to build the mosque. In 1992, Hindu activists demolished the Babri Mosque, sparking riots. The Allahabad High Court verdict in 2010 divided the disputed land evenly among Hindus, Muslims and Nirmohi Akhara.
Bihar is a state in eastern India with Patna as its capital. It has a population of over 100 million, making it the 3rd most populous state. Bihar is considered one of India's poorest states with high social inequality. However, it has a rich history and culture, being the birthplace of Buddhism, Jainism, and many important historical figures. Bihar struggles with issues like literacy, crime, and caste discrimination despite its cultural and economic contributions to India over centuries.
Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was the founder of Sikhism. He was born into a Hindu family but studied Islam and Hinduism extensively. He taught that there is one God, all human races are equal, and people should love all and hate none. He also taught that people should gather in congregations for prayer and meditation, eat together regardless of differences, work honestly to earn a living, and share their wealth. Guru Nanak spread the principles of equality, purity of life, doing away with selfishness, courage, mercy, and condemned lust, anger, pride and backbiting.
Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and largest city is Indore. With over 75 million inhabitants, it is the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders several other states. The state has many historical and religious sites, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The cuisine and culture varies regionally within the state. Hindi is the official language, though several other languages are also spoken.
Bihar is a state in eastern India. The population density of Bihar is 1102 people per square kilometer. According to the last statistics in 2011, the number of individuals in Bihar comprises 8.60 percent of India. Read more about the population of Bihar increase in 2020... https://indiapopulation2020.in/population-of-bihar-2020.html
The document summarizes the events surrounding the Babri Masjid mosque in Ayodhya, India that was demolished by Hindu nationalists in 1992, sparking sectarian violence in South Asia and international reactions. It details the religious significance of the site to Hindus and Muslims, the timeline of disputes and court cases, international protests in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, and the Middle East, and ongoing legal battles over rebuilding a temple on the site that are still unfolding today.
Bihar is a state in east India bordering Nepal. It is divided by the Ganges River, which flows through its fertile plains. The document discusses several topics about Bihar including its festivals like Durga Pooja and Chhath Pooja, population which is over 104 million making it the 3rd most crowded state, why it is famous for its rich cultural heritage and historical monuments, and famous places such as the Mahabodhi Temple, Patna Museum, and Nalanda University.
Indian monuments showcase the country's rich history and culture through architectural styles that were influenced by different empires over centuries. Some of the most notable monuments discussed include the Taj Mahal, a mausoleum built by Shah Jahan for his wife; Qutub Minar, the tallest tower in India; and the Red Fort, once the royal palace in Delhi. Other historic sites described are the Khajuraho Temples, Ajanta Caves, Elephanta Caves, Charminar mosque, and Agra Fort. The document emphasizes that India possesses a valuable archaeological heritage and it is important for society to preserve these national treasures for future generations.
This document provides an overview of key facts about the Indian state of Bihar. It discusses Bihar's population statistics, official languages, major industries, cultural aspects like traditional dress and cuisine, major festivals, historical and religious sites, and some notable political leaders from the state like Nitish Kumar and Lalu Prasad Yadav. In summary, the document shares demographic information and highlights some of Bihar's cultural traditions, tourism destinations, and influential political figures.
Navratri is a nine-night festival celebrated in honor of the goddess Durga. It marks the victory of good over evil through Durga's defeat of the buffalo demon Mahishasura. During Navratri, devotees worship the nine forms of Durga over nine nights and pray for strength and blessings. The festival emphasizes virtues of morality, ethics, and equality for all people.
The document discusses tourism in Amritsar city, India. It provides definitions of tourism from the UNWTO and as a commercial industry. It then lists the major tourist attractions in Amritsar, including the Golden Temple, Jallianwala Bagh, Durgiana Mandir, Wagah Border, Gobindgarh Fort, and Sadda Pind. It analyzes the SWOT of tourism in Amritsar, identifying strengths like historical and religious significance, and weaknesses like lack of infrastructure. It provides proposals to improve tourism through heritage walks, upgrading transportation, and developing medical, education, and industrial hubs to attract more visitors.
The document summarizes the history of the Ram Janmabhoomi site in Ayodhya, India. It states that Ayodhya is considered the birthplace of the Hindu god Ram. In 1528, the Mughal king Babur ordered the construction of a mosque at the site. This led to a centuries-long struggle by Hindus to reclaim the site. In the 1980s and 1990s, Hindu nationalist groups campaigned to construct a Ram temple there. In 1992, the Babri Masjid was demolished by Hindu crowds, leading to religious violence. After decades of court battles, the Supreme Court's 2019 verdict allowed the construction of a Ram temple and the demolition of the existing mosque structure. Construction
Vyasadeva had a vision after meditating in which he saw Krishna and His external energy. He saw that living entities misunderstand their true identity and suffer due to illusion. To remedy this, Vyasadeva compiled the Srimad Bhagavatam, which describes Krishna's transcendental qualities. The Bhagavatam awakens love of God even in liberated souls. Vyasadeva taught the Bhagavatam to Sukadeva Goswami. Arjuna captured the evil Asvatthama after he killed the Pandavas' five sons. There was an argument about whether Asvatthama should be killed or spared, with opinions on both sides,
The document provides information about various historical monuments located across India. It discusses notable North Indian monuments such as Hawa Mahal and City Palace in Jaipur, Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, and Lake Palace in Udaipur. It also describes the Akshardham temple in Delhi and the ancient Nalanda University in Bihar. In South India, it mentions the large Bahubali statue at Shravanbelagola and the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha. The document concludes with a brief overview of how the Archaeological Survey of India works to conserve nationally important ancient monuments and archaeological sites across the country.
Odisha is located on the eastern coast of India. It borders West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The capital and largest city of Odisha is Bhubaneswar. Odisha has a long history and was previously known as Kalinga. It has a rich cultural heritage reflected in traditions like Odissi dance, pata painting, and applique work from Pipili. The Jagannath Temple in Puri is an important pilgrimage site.
Shankaracharya was a philosopher who lived in 788-820 CE in India. He was born in Kalady, Kerala to Brahmin parents. He mastered the Vedas by age 8 and received initiation in Brahma knowledge by age 12 under the guidance of his guru Govindapada. He established the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, which teaches that Brahman (the absolute) is the only reality and the individual soul is non-different from Brahman. He traveled across India to establish four monasteries which helped spread and preserve his teachings.
The document discusses the history of conflicts over a disputed religious site in Ayodhya, India where a mosque, the Babri Masjid, was built in the 16th century on a site believed by some Hindus to be the birthplace of the deity Rama. It summarizes key events in the ownership disputes and negotiations over the site from the 1850s under British rule up until the 1980s when the dispute became a national issue. These include failed lawsuits in 1885 to build a temple on part of the site, demarcation of separate worship areas in 1859, movement of an idol into the mosque in 1949 sparking riots, and increasing border security and legal battles over the site in subsequent decades. The document analyzes how
Explained: From 1528 To 2024, A 500-Year Timeline Of Ayodhya Ram TempleAnirbanGuria1
Explained: From 1528 To 2024, A 500-Year Timeline Of Ayodhya Ram Temple
As the country witnesses the ceremony in the ancient city, here's a look back at how a 500-year dispute culminated in the construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya.1528:
#Babri Masjid's OriginThe beginning of the Ram Temple movement lies in the construction of the Babri Masjid in 1528 by Mir Baqi, a commander of Mughal emperor Babur. The belief that the mosque was built on the ruins of a Hindu temple set the stage for decades of debate and clashes between two community.1751: A Maratha ClaimWriter and former Rajya Sabha MP from the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) Balbir Punj, in his book 'Tryst with Ayodhya: Decolonisation of India', writes that the Marathas sought control of Ayodhya, Kashi, and Mathura, effectively setting the stage for several contentions.1751: A Maratha ClaimWriter and former Rajya Sabha MP from the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) Balbir Punj, in his book 'Tryst with Ayodhya: Decolonization of India', writes that the Marathas sought control of Ayodhya, Kashi, and Mathura, effectively setting the stage for several contentions.
1858: Nihang Sikhs' Demand
In 1858, Nihang Sikhs made an attempt to claim Babri Masjid as Lord Ram's birth place. This incident marked the beginning of the struggle for control over the disputed site, foreshadowing conflicts to come.
The Supreme Court, in its landmark 2019 ruling, mentioned that Nihang Baba Fakir Singh Khalsa, along with 25 Nihang Sikhs, reportedly barged into the Mosque's premises and made a claim that the site of the mosque was the historic birthplace of Lord Ram.
1949: 'Ram Lalla' Idols Inside Babri Masjid
The night of December 22, 1949, saw the placement of 'Ram Lalla' idols inside the Babri Masjid, intensifying the religious sentiments around the site and leading to legal battles over its ownership.
The Hindus claimed that the idols "appeared" inside the mosque. The property dispute went to court for the first time this year.
1986-1989: Babri Masjid Locks Opened
In a controversial move, in 1986, during the Rajiv Gandhi-led Congress government at the Centre, the locks of the Babri Masjid were opened, allowing Hindus to worship inside. This decision further fueled tensions and became a pivotal moment in the Ram Janmabhoomi narrative.
The Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) set a deadline for the construction of the Ram Mandir in 1990, escalating the demands for a temple. This period also saw the beginning of a Rath Yatra by BJP veteran LK Advani.
A seismic shift as political leaders, particularly from the VHP and the BJP, mobilised support for the 'liberation' of Ram Janmabhoomi.
This document discusses the contested site of Ayodhya, India, which was the location of the Babri Mosque until it was destroyed in 1992. It notes that places of memory are often multi-layered and politically contested, especially sacred sites that are appropriated by new religious traditions. The document outlines the chronology of events at Ayodhya, including archaeological excavations at the site and periods of religious violence. It argues that archaeology is inherently political and its claims of objectivity can justify violence by providing "historical facts" about politically contested places.
The document discusses the key reasons for the creation of Pakistan:
1) Protection of the Muslim language of Urdu from being replaced by Hindi, as Hindus had tried to do. This caused Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to focus solely on Muslim issues.
2) Protection from frequent communal riots, as Muslims feared Hindus would dominate politics after British departure.
3) The desire to establish a free Islamic society with its own identity, government, social principles and ability to practice Islam freely and invite other Muslims. This was the main objective in creating Pakistan.
Swamynarayan Sampradaya is the most fanatical organisation in upholding the inhuman chaturvarna system. Some facts pertaining to this organisation are brought to the attention of the people.
05012024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Sikhism originated in the 15th century in the Punjab region of South Asia by Guru Nanak and his successors. It combines elements of Hinduism and Islam while also having some unique philosophical and theological concepts including belief in one God, the rejection of idolatry and caste system, equality of mankind, and emphasis on living a virtuous life. The religion was further developed and systematized by the 10 Sikh gurus and is guided by the teachings in the Guru Granth Sahib scripture.
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The document summarizes the long-running Ayodhya land dispute case in India. Key points:
- Hindus claim the site is the birthplace of Hindu god Rama and that a mosque was built after demolishing a temple there in the 16th century. Muslims dispute this claim.
- In 1992, the Babri Masjid mosque at the site was demolished by Hindu nationalists, sparking riots that killed over 2,000 people.
- Archaeological evidence of a Hindu temple was found but disputed. Courts ordered the disputed land divided between Hindu and Muslim groups.
- In 2019, the Supreme Court ruled the disputed land be granted to a Hindu trust to build a temple, while Muslims would
Sikhism originated in 15th century India and was founded by Guru Nanak. It believes in one God and rejects idol worship. The religion continues to be led by a succession of gurus, with the final guru designating the holy text, Guru Granth Sahib, as his successor. Sikhism emphasizes equality and living a virtuous life according to its principles in order to achieve salvation. It is one of the largest organized religions in the world with over 25 million adherents.
In early 1946 , a British mission failed in the attempt to find common ground between the two sides , and the country was found closer to civil war. A " day of direct action " , organized by the Muslim League in August 1946 , led to the killing of Hindus in Calcutta and subsequent retaliation against Muslims. In February 1947 the restless British government took the momentous decision to grant independence in June 1948 . Meanwhile , Viceroy Lord Archibald Wavell was replaced by Lord Louis Mountbatten . The new viceroy in vain urged rival factions to accept a united India. In the end the decision to split the country, with Gandhi as the only unconditional opponent took . Faced with escalating civil violence , Mountbatten hastily decided to advance the independence August 15, 1947 .The division into Hindu and Muslim territories was an extremely difficult task , and the line was almost impossible to trace . Some areas were clear , but others had mixed populations and communities were isolated in areas predominantly populated by other religions. In addition , the two regions with an overwhelming Muslim majority were at opposite ends of the country and , therefore , inevitably Pakistan would have an eastern half and a western separated by a hostile India. The instability of this agreement was clear , but it took 25 years before the division was consummated and East Pakistan became Bangladesh. An independent British referee received the odious custom of drawing the borders , well aware that their effects would be catastrophic for a huge number of people. Decisions were filled with impossible dilemmas. Calcutta , with its Hindu majority , port facilities and jute mills , was separated from East Bengal , which had a Muslim majority , and jute production scale , but lacking factories and port facilities.
Guru Ram Das Ji was chosen as the fourth Sikh Guru at age 36 in 1574. During his tenure, he made important contributions including: 1) Building the city of Amritsar and starting construction of the Sarovar and Golden Temple; 2) Composing hymns that are included in the Guru Granth Sahib; and 3) Establishing common religious ceremonies for Sikhs, such as the Anand Karaj marriage rite. He advocated for social service and establishing a strong leadership and community for the Sikhs.
11012024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the demand for a separate Muslim homeland in the Indian subcontinent, which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan. It discusses 12 reasons for the demand, including the desire to establish an Islamic state, the two-nation theory, historical differences between Hindus and Muslims, economic hardships faced by Muslims, and the narrow-mindedness of Hindus. It also outlines the history of the Pakistan movement, from the efforts of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to establish modern education for Muslims and his promotion of the two-nation theory, to the eventual passing of the 1940 Pakistan Resolution demanding independent states for Muslims in India.
The document is a message from the President of the Bjana organization. It discusses goals for the organization in the coming year, which include supporting philanthropic work in Bihar and Jharkhand, cultural events, expanding membership and the executive committee, developing an updated website and database, and starting chapters in other countries. The President hopes to achieve these goals with support from members and wants members to get involved. Brief profiles of the Executive Committee members are also provided.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
The document discusses the Sri Ganesha Temple of Utah, providing details about its history, design, and the Hindu community in Utah. Some key points:
1. The Sri Ganesha Temple of Utah opened in 2003 and is still being added onto. It serves around 10,000 Indian Hindus living in Utah.
2. The temple's design is different than traditional Indian temples, using local materials like granite. It has statues of Hindu deities like Ganesha.
3. One Hindu woman discusses growing up in Utah, saying she has not faced harassment but wants other religions to know Hindus are equally valid.
The document provides a quiz with 14 multiple choice questions related to Bangalore history and culture. Some of the questions ask about specific people, places, organizations and their origins in Bangalore. The questions are answered in the document with brief 1-2 word responses following each question.
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The document provides an overview of bank auditing. It discusses that bank audits are independently conducted by internal and external auditors to examine banking documents and provide an opinion. Bank audits are needed to increase efficiency, quickly present accounts, prepare interim reports, provide technical knowledge, ensure regularity of client staff, and identify errors and frauds. The main types of bank audits are internal audit, which is designed to improve risk management and governance, and external audit, which is conducted by independent auditors to audit annual financial statements. The document outlines the bank audit process, areas that are audited such as income, expenses, IT systems, and qualifications and duties of appointed auditors. Auditors can issue qualified, unqualified
This document summarizes Accounting Standard 26 regarding intangible assets. It defines intangible assets as non-physical assets that provide future economic benefits and are controlled by an entity. Examples include goodwill, patents, trademarks, and software. Intangible assets must be recognized initially at cost and amortized over their useful lives, generally using the straight-line method over 10 years. When intangible assets are impaired, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amount. The document also distinguishes research and development phases for self-generated intangible assets and outlines accounting for disposals of intangible assets.
This document summarizes Accounting Standard 26 regarding intangible assets. It defines intangible assets as non-physical assets that provide future economic benefits and are controlled by an entity. Examples include goodwill, patents, trademarks and software. Intangible assets must be recognized initially at cost and amortized over their useful lives, generally 10 years or less. When an intangible asset is retired or disposed of, any gain or loss is recognized in the income statement. An impairment loss is recorded if an asset's recoverable amount falls below its carrying value. The document also distinguishes between tangible and intangible assets.
This document summarizes India's Prevention of Money Laundering Act of 2002. It defines money laundering and outlines the three stages of the process: placement, layering, and integration. It describes the obligations the Act places on banks, financial institutions, and intermediaries to maintain records and verify customer identities. These entities must appoint a Principal Officer to furnish information to authorities and retain records for official purposes. The Act aims to prevent money laundering and seize illegally obtained assets.
This document discusses various methods and types of costing used in accounting. It describes unit costing, job costing, contract costing, batch costing, operating/service costing, process costing, multiple costing, uniform costing, marginal costing, absorption costing, standard costing, and historical costing. It also covers reconciliation of cost and financial accounts, and integral versus non-integral accounting methods. The overall purpose is to outline different approaches to determining and classifying costs that are suited to various industries and types of production.
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This document summarizes exemptions for goods and services under the GST regime in India. It provides details of various notifications listing exempt goods and services. It also describes the speaker's qualifications and experience in GST advisory, audit and training. Key points:
1) The document outlines various Central Tax Rate notifications specifying exempted goods and services.
2) It defines "exempt supply" and exemptions for entities engaged exclusively in exempt activities.
3) The speaker is a qualified chartered and cost accountant with expertise in GST implementation and training. He has conducted
The document discusses artificial intelligence, including its history from early computers in the 1940s to modern applications. It covers why AI is useful for tasks like quality control that humans struggle with, and how AI is applied in expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, and robotics. The document also briefly mentions some advantages of AI like reduced errors and improved efficiency, as well as disadvantages such as high costs and potential unemployment.
Section 8 companies are non-profit companies formed for charitable purposes such as arts, science, research, education, and religion. They do not require minimum capital and have limited liability. Section 8 companies must obtain a license from the Central Government and can be wound up or have their license revoked if they violate terms. Officers may face fines or imprisonment for contravening provisions around Section 8 companies.
Deforestation refers to the removal of forests which has significant environmental impacts. Forests play an important role in removing carbon dioxide from the air through photosynthesis, acting as carbon sinks. However, deforestation is one of the main drivers of climate change as it releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. The major causes of deforestation are logging, agriculture, and cattle ranching which clear forests for crops, pasture, and timber. Urgent action is needed to implement policies and consumer practices that help reduce deforestation.
Chandrayaan-3 is India's third lunar mission, scheduled to launch in July 2023. The mission aims to soft land a rover near the lunar south pole to conduct scientific experiments and study lunar geology, atmosphere, and environment. Chandrayaan-3 seeks to demonstrate India's safe landing capabilities on the lunar surface, operate a rover, and advance the nation's space exploration efforts through international cooperation.
This document discusses the topic of corporate social responsibility. It defines CSR as the responsibility of corporations to consider the interests of society in their actions. The document outlines the responsibilities companies have to their employees, society, consumers, shareholders, and government. It discusses types of CSR like ethical, altruistic, and strategic CSR. It also mentions some arguments that are made against CSR practices.
This document provides an overview of AS-9 on revenue recognition in India. It defines revenue as the gross inflow of cash or other consideration arising from the sale of goods, rendering of services, or use of enterprise resources. The two main methods discussed are the proportionate completion method, where revenue is recognized based on performance of each act, and the completed contract method, where revenue is only recognized once the final act is complete. The document also discusses recognizing revenue from interest, royalties, and dividends, as well as the effects of uncertainties on revenue recognition and required disclosures.
Female hippos usually give birth to a single calf, although twins can occur rarely.The gestation period for a hippo is around 8 months.Baby hippos are called calves.Calves are typically born underwater and immediately swim to the surface for their first breath.Newborn calves weigh around 25 to 45 kilograms (55 to 100 pounds).Baby hippos can nurse underwater by closing their ears and nostrils.They begin eating solid food at around 3 weeks old, but they continue nursing for about a year.
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2. CONTENTS
▶ Introduction
▶ Why it all started & History
▶ Demolition
▶ Accused
▶ Evidences used in the case
▶ 2019 Verdict
3. ▶ Ayodhya is situated in the city of Uttar Pradesh in north India.
▶ It is a historical city that has been mentioned in the many ages
old Vedas
▶ Ayodhya is known as the birth place of Sri Rama, hence many
millions of people believe it as a place of historical and religious
significance.
▶ It has been extensively recorded throughout the history of Islam
that wherever Islamic invaders went they attempted to convert and
suppress the local religion and population.
▶ Many temples were destroyed and converted into Mosques.
Introduction to Ayodhya
4. Introduction to Ayodhya Dispute
▶ The Ayodhya dispute is a political, historical and religious debate in India, it is on a plot of
land in the city ofAyodhya.
▶ Ayodhya is one of seven most holy places for Hindus in India.
▶ The main issue of the site is, it is traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the Hindu god
Rama, the location of Babri Mosque at the site, and if a previous Hindu temple was demolished
or modified to create a mosque.
▶ The Babri Mosque was destroyed by Hindu activists during a political rally which turned into a
riot on December 6, 1992.
▶ The first recorded legal history in Ayodhya dispute dates back to 1858. An FIR was filed on
November 30, 1858, by one Mohd Salim against a group of Nihang Sikhs who had installed their
nishan and written “Ram” inside the Babri mosque.
5. Why it all started ??
▶ The appeal centers around a dispute between two religious communities both of whom
claim to have ownership over a piece of land
▶ The land measures about 1500 square km , in the town of ayodhya
▶ The disputed property is of immense significance to the hindu’s and muslim community
▶ The hindus claim it is the birth place of Lord ram , an incarnation of Lord Vishnu
▶ The muslim community claim it is the site of the historical babri masjid built by the first
Mughal emperor of India , Babur.
▶ The court is tasked with a dispute regarding the origin of this issue and this issue is from
time imperial – the Mughal empire , colonial rule and present day constitutional regime
▶ Constitutional values form cornerstone of the nation , the dispute has taken 41 days of
hearing before the court
▶ The dispute prominently arose between 1950 to 1989
6. Why it all started ??
▶ Before the allahbad high court – An evidence both of oral and written were
submitted it resulted in three judgements for this case.
▶ The disputed land forms a part of the village of Kot rama Chandra / Ramkot at
Ayodhya.
▶ It is believed that an old structure of a mosque existed at this structure until 6th
December 1992.
▶ This site has devotees of lord ram who believe that lord ram was born at the
centre of this disputed site .
▶ The temple of Lord ram was destroyed by Babur.
▶ Muslim argued that the mosque was built on the vacant land by Babur
7. History
▶ The Mughal Emperor Babur came from Kabul to invade India in 1525, he defeated Ibrahim
Lodi in the battle of Panipat and also the Rajput King of Chittorgarh, Rana Sangram Singh.
▶ 1528: The Babri Masjid built by Mir Baqi, a nobleman of Babur’s court.
▶ 1855: The Hanumangarhi episode. Hindu-Muslim conflict as a consequence of an attempt
by Muslims under the leadership of Shah Gulam Hussain to oust the Hindu Bairagis from the
Hanumangarhi temple on the grounds that the temple had supplanted the mosque. The
Muslims were deafeated. The dispute was not over the Babri Masjid.
▶ 30 Nov 1857: Maulvi MuhammadAsghar of the Masjid submits a petition to the magistrate
complaining that the Bairagis have built a chabutra close to mosque ( similar complaints are
made in 1860, 1877, 1883 and 1884).
▶ 1859: The British Government erects a fence to separate the places of worship of the Hindus
and the Muslims. The Hindus are to enter from the East gate and the Muslims from the North.
8. History
▶ The disputed site has been the flash point of continued conflagration over the decade
▶ In 1856-57 , riots broke out between the two communities
▶ The colonial government attempted to raise a buffer between the two communities by setting up
a brick wall (6-7) feet
▶ Inner portion was used by the Muslim community whereas the outer part was used by the Hindu
community
▶ The outer courtyard was of Hindu significance as it has a platform called Ram chabutra
▶ A suit was filled in 1885 before the sub-judge of the Faziabad high court, The relief which he
sought was a permission to build a temple opom the outer courtyard
▶ In 1934 another conflagration took place which damaged the dome of the masjid
▶ The controversy entered into a new phase when on 22nd and 23rd November 1949, The
mosque was desecrated by a group of people who placed an idol of lord Ram under the
central dome
▶ This ultimately lead to attachment of section 144 and 145 section of crpc
9. Demolition
▶ December 1992 : On 6 December 1992, the BJP and other
supporting organizations organized a religious ceremony to
symbolically start the building of a temple at the sacred site. A
crowd of about 150,000 people had assembled to witness the
ceremonies, including speeches by BJP leaders L. K. Advani and
Murli Manohar Joshi.
▶ This was the day when the BABRI MASJID was demolished.
▶ The day of Symbolic Puja.
▶ More than 2 lakh people reached Ayodhya.
▶ Houses of the Muslims were put on fire.
▶ The construction of a temporary make-shift temple
commenced at about 7.30pm through Karseva.
10. Demolition
▶ A 2009 report, authored by Justice Manmohan Singh
Liberhan, found 50+ people to be responsible for the
demolition of the Masjid, mostly leaders from the BJP.
Among those named were Vajpayee, Advani, Joshi and
Vijay Raje Scindia. Kalyan Singh, who was then the Chief
Minister of Uttar Pradesh, also faced severe criticism in the
report.
▶ Liberhan wrote that he posted bureaucrats and police
officers to Ayodhya, whose record indicated that they would
stay silent during the mosque's demolition.
11. Accused People
▶ Atal Bihari Vajpayee: served as the eleventh Prime Minister of India.After a
brief stint as Prime Minister in 1996. There are at least 22 references to Mr
Vajpayee in the over 1029-page Liberhan Commission report.
▶ Balasaheb Thackeray: is the founder and Chief of the Shiv Sena, a Hindu
extremist, Marathi ethnocentric and populist party based in Indian state of
Maharashtra.
▶ Kalyan Singh: He has served two times as the Chief Minister of Uttar
Pradesh. He first became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in June 1991. His
government was dismissed by Central Government on 6th December 1992 after
the demolition of Babri Masjid.
12. Accused People
▶ L.K Advani: L.K.Advani began his political career when he joined the Rashtriya
Swayamsewak Sangh (R.S.S.) in 1942. In 1947, he became Secretary, RSS, Karachi.
▶ Uma Bharti: She was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh from 8th December
2003 to 23rd Aug 2004.Firstly, in November 2004, she was suspended from the BJP.
▶ Pramod Mahajan: He was one of the most powerful second generation leaders of
the BJP. Mahajan was a member of the RSS since childhood.
13. Evidences used in the case
▶ ASI (Archeological Survey of India) has done 5 surveys in total
on that disputed site from the year 1862–63 to 2003.
▶ Out of these 5 surveys, 4 Cleary stated the association of
Ayodhya with the traditions of Rama and asserted that the
present-day Ayodhya was the Ayodhya of the Ramayana years.
▶ The last ASI survey report also said there is sufficient proof of
existence of a massive and monumental structure having a
minimum dimension of 50x30 meters in north-south and east-
west directions respectively just below the disputed structure.
▶ The report concluded that it was over the top of this
construction during the early 16th century that the disputed
structure was constructed directly resting over it.
14. Evidences used in the case
▶ Also, Pillar bases were first discovered by the ASI's former
director-general, BB Lal, in 1975.
▶ In the Babri Mosque there were at least fourteen stone pillars
that have been dated to the early 11th century and more pillars
were found during excavations buried in the ground near the
mosque.
▶ About archeological findings under the Babri Masjid there has
been never proof enough to prove finding of relics under the
site and those relics being dated to 1000's of year.
▶ History says there was an ancient temple which was built in
maharaja vikramaditya time, a temple of lord Shri Ram at
ayodhya
15. 2019 VERDICT
▶ Judges: CJI Ranjan Gogoi, Justice SA Bobde, Justice DY Chandrachud, Justice
Ashok Bhushan and Justice Abdul Nazeer.
▶ Muslim minority was represented by lawyer Zafaryab Jilani
▶ Senior advocate C S Vaidyanathan represented the deity of 'Ram Lalla
Virajaman’.
▶ The Bench, headed by CJI Gogoi and comprising Justices SA Bobde (CJI elect),
DY Chandrachud, Ashok Bhushan and S Abdul Nazeer had heard the matter for a
marathon 40-days.
▶ In its unanimous 5-0 verdict, the SC ruled that the disputed 2.77 acre land in
Ayodhya will be handed over to a trust formed by the central government for the
construction of a Ram Temple.
16. 2019 VERDICT
▶ The five-judge bench led by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi ruled that
Hindus will get land subject to certain conditions, and directed the Centre
to allot an alternative 5-acre plot to the Sunni Waqf Board for building a
new mosque at either a "prominent" place in the holy town in Uttar
Pradesh or in the 67 acres surrounding the disputed site that were
acquired by the government in 1993.
▶ The court has said in its verdict that the Nirmohi Akhara is not a shebait
or devotee of the deity Ram Lalla and the Akhara's suit was barred by
limitation.