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Investigation of user’s preferences in interactive multimedia learning systems: a data mining approachBy K. Chrysosotomous, S. Chen and  X. LiuPresented byTerry De Hoyos, Lauren Steele and Jeanette Howe
ThesisHuman factors vary across users and greatly influence learning patterns, therefore computer users may prefer the design of interactive media learning systems differently.Theoretical Background:Proliferation of rich instructional multimedia learning systemsRich environments that incorporate: text, images, audio, animation, and videoProvide advanced interface features such as: dynamic buttons, multiple windows, drop–down menus
Previous StudiesPrevious studies have looked at what role pre-determined human factors have in preferences for interactive multimedia technologies. Factors such as: age, gender, computer experienceEx. Passig and Levin (1999) Tested specifically for gender differences in multimedia interface design preferences.Results from 90 kindergarten students:Boys like whole screens that change all at once, girls dislike this approach .Boys prefer green and blue colors, girls prefer red and yellow.
Previous StudiesProblem with previous studiesAssumption driven statistical techniques are used to analyze the empirical data in which the hypotheses is formulated and then tested against the data.The scope of the results is restricted by the hypothesis. Findings from data themselves may be ignored.

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This paper presents an evaluation methodology to reveal the relationships between the attributes of software products, practices applied during the development phase and the user evaluation of the products. For the case study, the games sector has been chosen due to easy access to the user evaluation of this type of software products. Product attributes and practices applied during the development phase have been collected from the developers via questionnaires. User evaluation results were collected from a group of independent evaluators. Two bipartite networks were created using the gathered data. The first network maps software products to the practices applied during the development phase and the second network maps the products to the product attributes. According to the links, similarities were determined and subgroups of products were obtained according to selected development phase practices. By this way, the effect of development phase on the user evaluation has been investigated.

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What is data mining?Analysis on data you already have, to extract patterns.      (statistical, machine learning, or neural networks) Data mining = knowledge discovery (patterns, associations, relationships among data provide information)Centuries old technique - new approaches due to technology innovation and improvement  advances in data capture, processing, transmission & storage allow centralization of data - "warehousing“ advances in software analysis allow better access to data.
How does data mining work?Data is extracted, transformed, and loaded into storage (warehoused). Data comes first. Data is stored and managed in an accessible fashion. Data is made usable.A user makes an "open-ended" query (not a hypothesis). Data is accessed.Analysis is applied to available data. Data is analyzed.Relationships between data are sought. Data presented in useful format relative to query.
Relationships sought in data miningClasses - data arranged into predefined classesClusters - an algorithm groups data into classes (not predefined)Associations - looks for associations between variables.Sequential patterns - looks for sequential patterns between variables
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Continued...Paper Investigates Problem with Classification Analysis of user preferences is based classified on a particular human factor (age, gender, computer experience) instead of the users' preferences.Solution Use clustering because it shows how human factors are linked with users’ preferences in interactive multimedia learning systems.
Methodology Design - ParticipantsAll students from a UK university were emailed an invitation to participate in the study, 80 volunteered Prerequisite - basic computing skills Human factors: age, gender, level of expertise, study level Participant ages:	17% (16-20)    33% (21-25)    24% (26-30)    8% (31-35)    6% (36-40)    12%  (40+)Gender = 50% male, 50% female Level of expertise = 55% novice, 45% experts Study level = 38% undergraduate, 23% postgraduate, 18% doctorate, 	21% other qualifications.
Methodology Design – Research ApparatusQuestionnaire to identify users’ preferences Two Interactive multimedia learning systems, System A and System B	Same content , same quiz-like format, different interaction stylesThe main differences between System A and System B lie within the interface layout, button types, color scheme, multimedia elements, and menu formats.

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Methodology Design – System AWYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) interaction style Interface layout - Single window Button types = Static, no color change when clicked, no embedded icons Color scheme = Multiple colors, effect of blending one color into another Multimedia  elements = Images, graphics, audio and video Menu format = Without drop-down menus
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Methodology Design – System BWIMP (Windows Icons Menus Pointers) interaction styleInterface layout - Multiple windows Button types = Dynamic, changes color or form when clicked, has embedded icons Color scheme = Few standard colors Multimedia  elements = Images, graphics, audio Menu format = Drop-down menus to access help, images and audio.
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Methodology Design -  ProcedureGroup  1, one half of the participants completed the quiz in System A, then completed the quiz in System B. Group 2, other half of the participants completed the quiz in System B, then completed the quiz in System A. After the quizzes, participants answered the questionnaire.
Methodology Design - Data AnalysesPre-processing of dataData that did not relate to user preference were excluded Final set of features:		1. Layout of the interface		2. Button type preferred by users		3. Use of icons embedded within buttons		4. The use of menus		5. User’s preferred color scheme.
Methodology Design - Data AnalysesK-Modes Algorithm(This paper assumes the reader already knows how K-means works & relies on reader knowledge about K-means to intuit K-modes analysis. Therefore, we will try to simplify.)K-means algorithm - widely known and used technique for grouping objects with similar characteristics. K-modes algorithm - extension of K-means, used to cluster data containing mixed numeric and categorical values Uses a simple matching dissimilarity measure to deal with categorical objects by replacing the means of clusters with modes…	- then, uses a frequency-based method to update the modes in the clustering process	- which minimizes the clustering cost function.	- it is useful for analyzing data because the data from the questionnaire	  is categorical.
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In collaborative filtering recommender systems user’s preferences are expressed as ratings for items, and each additional rating extends the knowledge of the system and affects the system’s recommendation accuracy. In general, the more ratings are elicited from the users, the more effective the recommendations are. However, the usefulness of each rating may vary significantly, i.e., different ratings may bring a different amount and type of information about the user’s tastes. Hence, specific techniques, which are defined as “active learning strategies”, can be used to selectively choose the items to be presented to the user for rating. In fact, an active learning strategy identifies and adopts criteria for obtaining data that better reflects users’ preferences and enables to generate better recommendations.

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Results and Discussion - The Effects of Human FactorsWhat is the role of human factors in determining the clusters?Used ANOVA to obtain statistical significance of age, studying level, computer expertise, and gender differences. Results indicate that computer experience was a significant factor in determining the clusters representing users’ preferences Majority of experts appeared in Cluster 2 and 4
Results and Discussion - Window LayoutsComputer experience significantly affects the users’ preference for interface layout Novices prefer a single window layout Experts prefer a multiple window layoutResults and Discussion - Navigation ToolsComputer experience has significant effects on users’ preferences of dynamic/static buttons & drop-down menus. Majority of experts favor using dynamic buttons and drop-down menus Novices like static buttons & dislike drop-down menus.
Concluding Remarks:Con =  Small scaled study. Con =  Determination of users to be experts or novice technology users (perhaps too vague?)Pro = Data mining approach is a discovery of knowledge method with no predetermined categories to correspond with a fixed hypothesis to prove. Pro = Findings about user preferences may be useful in designing future multimedia learning systems. Pro = Findings may be useful in designing future studies.

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Paper Presentation: Data Mining User Preference in Interactive Multimedia

  • 1. Investigation of user’s preferences in interactive multimedia learning systems: a data mining approachBy K. Chrysosotomous, S. Chen and X. LiuPresented byTerry De Hoyos, Lauren Steele and Jeanette Howe
  • 2. ThesisHuman factors vary across users and greatly influence learning patterns, therefore computer users may prefer the design of interactive media learning systems differently.Theoretical Background:Proliferation of rich instructional multimedia learning systemsRich environments that incorporate: text, images, audio, animation, and videoProvide advanced interface features such as: dynamic buttons, multiple windows, drop–down menus
  • 3. Previous StudiesPrevious studies have looked at what role pre-determined human factors have in preferences for interactive multimedia technologies. Factors such as: age, gender, computer experienceEx. Passig and Levin (1999) Tested specifically for gender differences in multimedia interface design preferences.Results from 90 kindergarten students:Boys like whole screens that change all at once, girls dislike this approach .Boys prefer green and blue colors, girls prefer red and yellow.
  • 4. Previous StudiesProblem with previous studiesAssumption driven statistical techniques are used to analyze the empirical data in which the hypotheses is formulated and then tested against the data.The scope of the results is restricted by the hypothesis. Findings from data themselves may be ignored.
  • 5. What is data mining?Analysis on data you already have, to extract patterns.      (statistical, machine learning, or neural networks) Data mining = knowledge discovery (patterns, associations, relationships among data provide information)Centuries old technique - new approaches due to technology innovation and improvement advances in data capture, processing, transmission & storage allow centralization of data - "warehousing“ advances in software analysis allow better access to data.
  • 6. How does data mining work?Data is extracted, transformed, and loaded into storage (warehoused). Data comes first. Data is stored and managed in an accessible fashion. Data is made usable.A user makes an "open-ended" query (not a hypothesis). Data is accessed.Analysis is applied to available data. Data is analyzed.Relationships between data are sought. Data presented in useful format relative to query.
  • 7. Relationships sought in data miningClasses - data arranged into predefined classesClusters - an algorithm groups data into classes (not predefined)Associations - looks for associations between variables.Sequential patterns - looks for sequential patterns between variables
  • 8. Why use data mining?Relies on information technology, statistical analyses, and mathematical scienceData driven Do not need an initial formulation of hypothesis Data discovery leads to patterns and relationships Data mining = knowledge discovery
  • 9. How does data mining work in our paper?In the field  of data mining, the knowledge discovery techniques are classified by the terms unsupervised learning and supervised learning. These terms come from machine learning, in which an algorithm (the "machine") is trained. The "teacher" in supervised learning is the algorithmic structure which compares what the "student" (the algorithm/machine) is predicting to what it should predict (the predefined class) and thereafter corrects the student to better predict in the future. Supervised learning (classification) - objects are assigned to predefined categories or classes.Unsupervised learning (clustering)  - data is divided and grouped into similar objects called clusters. Similar between themselves and dissimilar to clusters of other groups.
  • 10. Continued...Paper Investigates Problem with Classification Analysis of user preferences is based classified on a particular human factor (age, gender, computer experience) instead of the users' preferences.Solution Use clustering because it shows how human factors are linked with users’ preferences in interactive multimedia learning systems.
  • 11. Methodology Design - ParticipantsAll students from a UK university were emailed an invitation to participate in the study, 80 volunteered Prerequisite - basic computing skills Human factors: age, gender, level of expertise, study level Participant ages: 17% (16-20) 33% (21-25) 24% (26-30) 8% (31-35) 6% (36-40) 12%  (40+)Gender = 50% male, 50% female Level of expertise = 55% novice, 45% experts Study level = 38% undergraduate, 23% postgraduate, 18% doctorate, 21% other qualifications.
  • 12. Methodology Design – Research ApparatusQuestionnaire to identify users’ preferences Two Interactive multimedia learning systems, System A and System B Same content , same quiz-like format, different interaction stylesThe main differences between System A and System B lie within the interface layout, button types, color scheme, multimedia elements, and menu formats.
  • 13. Methodology Design – System AWYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) interaction style Interface layout - Single window Button types = Static, no color change when clicked, no embedded icons Color scheme = Multiple colors, effect of blending one color into another Multimedia elements = Images, graphics, audio and video Menu format = Without drop-down menus
  • 15. Methodology Design – System BWIMP (Windows Icons Menus Pointers) interaction styleInterface layout - Multiple windows Button types = Dynamic, changes color or form when clicked, has embedded icons Color scheme = Few standard colors Multimedia  elements = Images, graphics, audio Menu format = Drop-down menus to access help, images and audio.
  • 17. Methodology Design - ProcedureGroup  1, one half of the participants completed the quiz in System A, then completed the quiz in System B. Group 2, other half of the participants completed the quiz in System B, then completed the quiz in System A. After the quizzes, participants answered the questionnaire.
  • 18. Methodology Design - Data AnalysesPre-processing of dataData that did not relate to user preference were excluded Final set of features: 1. Layout of the interface 2. Button type preferred by users 3. Use of icons embedded within buttons 4. The use of menus 5. User’s preferred color scheme.
  • 19. Methodology Design - Data AnalysesK-Modes Algorithm(This paper assumes the reader already knows how K-means works & relies on reader knowledge about K-means to intuit K-modes analysis. Therefore, we will try to simplify.)K-means algorithm - widely known and used technique for grouping objects with similar characteristics. K-modes algorithm - extension of K-means, used to cluster data containing mixed numeric and categorical values Uses a simple matching dissimilarity measure to deal with categorical objects by replacing the means of clusters with modes… - then, uses a frequency-based method to update the modes in the clustering process - which minimizes the clustering cost function. - it is useful for analyzing data because the data from the questionnaire is categorical.
  • 20. Results and Discussion - Interactive multimedia featuresClustering of users shows a definite division between their preferences of interactive multimedia features. Because cluster 2 is the largest, single color scheme is most popular with users In cluster 4, all are females, and prefer color scheme w/effects
  • 21. Results and Discussion - The Effects of Human FactorsWhat is the role of human factors in determining the clusters?Used ANOVA to obtain statistical significance of age, studying level, computer expertise, and gender differences. Results indicate that computer experience was a significant factor in determining the clusters representing users’ preferences Majority of experts appeared in Cluster 2 and 4
  • 22. Results and Discussion - Window LayoutsComputer experience significantly affects the users’ preference for interface layout Novices prefer a single window layout Experts prefer a multiple window layoutResults and Discussion - Navigation ToolsComputer experience has significant effects on users’ preferences of dynamic/static buttons & drop-down menus. Majority of experts favor using dynamic buttons and drop-down menus Novices like static buttons & dislike drop-down menus.
  • 23. Concluding Remarks:Con =  Small scaled study. Con =  Determination of users to be experts or novice technology users (perhaps too vague?)Pro = Data mining approach is a discovery of knowledge method with no predetermined categories to correspond with a fixed hypothesis to prove. Pro = Findings about user preferences may be useful in designing future multimedia learning systems. Pro = Findings may be useful in designing future studies.