Most of the developers use the cross-platform mobile development solutions to develop the mobile
application once and run it on many platforms. Many of these cross-platform solutions are still under
research and development. Also, these solutions are based on different approaches such as Cross-
Compilation approach, Virtual Machine approach, and Web-Based approach. There are many survey
papers about the cross-platform mobile development solutions but they do not include the most recent
tools, including Component-Based approach, Cloud-Based approach, and Merged approach. The main aim
of this paper is helping the researchers to know the most recent approaches and the open research issues.
This paper surveys the existing cross platform mobile development tools, introduces a comprehensive
categorization to the cross-platform tools, defines the pros and cons of each approach and compares the
cross-platform mobile development solutions.
These days, every business has their mobile applications to serve their client base. However, it is hard to stand out of the crowd in this competitive world. Therefore, many business applications have to face failure considering several factors likewise application lacks customer-centric features, testing not done properly, originality factor, the technology used for development and others. So to make a mobile app successful and earn huge revenue, it is important to ensure that the mobile app should be feature-riched and able to engage customers to a greater extent. One such mobile app technology that is getting popular these days is Google’s Flutter. And the businesses are looking for Flutter development services as the technology provides cross-platform app development with outstanding features and exclusive benefits.
Bridge-Stage Framework for the Smartphone Application Development using HTML5
Now a days, the Web has become an integral part of our everyday lives. The rapid growth of the smart phone market has brought the Web from our home desks to anywhere we are, and enabled us to access this vast source of information at any time. The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smart phones are too diverse such as Google's Android, Apple's iOS, Microsoft's Windows Phone, and so on. Smartphone application development is done using native platform such as iPhone using Objective-C, Android using Java, Windows Mobile using C# and so on. Therefore, a bridge stage framework which supports 'Write once and deploy everywhere' is required to support the development of Smartphone applications. This paper presents the HTML5-based bridge stage framework which uses Phone Gap and Web kit to support the development of Smartphone applications that are written as Web applications. A big problem with developing applications for mobile devices is platform fragmentation [6]. That means that there are many different mobile platforms that are further divided by the different versions available [5][2]. Users with older hardware are left without support and updates as newer devices are put out on the market [9]. This means that the developer has the choice between limiting the solutions and only aim for a minor part of the spectra or to develop for more platforms to reach as many users as possible. To maximize the amount of possible users, the developer has to create an application for each platform and make sure that they are backwards compatible so that users with older devices can use them.
Mobile Developer's Guide To The Galaxy, 5th editionMarco Tabor
This document provides an overview of different mobile application development environments, including native applications, J2ME, Flash Lite, BREW, widgets, and mobile web. It describes the programming languages, requirements, and considerations for each environment. The document aims to help developers choose the best environment for realizing their mobile application ideas.
Mobile Developer's Guide To The Galaxy No. 9Marco Tabor
This non-commercial brochure by the German company Enough Software (www.enough.de) provides an overview on the different mobile technologies and platforms. Almost 20 writers contributed their know-how and outline their views on the pros and cons of different operation systems and development approaches. Together with the Wireless Industry Partnership (WIP), we started this project in 2009. The current 9th edition has been presented in October 2011 and consists of 170 pages.
Please send your feedback and input directly to developers@enough.de
Use the same address if your company would like to sponsor upcoming editions.
In case you would like to get hardcopies of the guide, we will be happy to send them over to you. You would just need to pay us the postage and packaging.
[Whitepaper] an overview of ibm mobile first platformgule mariam
The document provides an overview of the IBM MobileFirst Platform for building, testing, integrating, deploying and managing mobile applications. It discusses the following key points:
1. The MobileFirst Platform consists of Foundation for development, App Scanning for detecting vulnerabilities, and Quality Assurance for collecting feedback.
2. It supports various development approaches from native to hybrid to web and provides tools like Studio IDE and CLI for efficient development.
3. Features like automated testing, centralized builds, and runtime skins help optimize the development process.
These days, every business has their mobile applications to serve their client base. However, it is hard to stand out of the crowd in this competitive world. Therefore, many business applications have to face failure considering several factors likewise application lacks customer-centric features, testing not done properly, originality factor, the technology used for development and others. So to make a mobile app successful and earn huge revenue, it is important to ensure that the mobile app should be feature-riched and able to engage customers to a greater extent. One such mobile app technology that is getting popular these days is Google’s Flutter. And the businesses are looking for Flutter development services as the technology provides cross-platform app development with outstanding features and exclusive benefits.
Bridge-Stage Framework for the Smartphone Application Development using HTML5ijsrd.com
Now a days, the Web has become an integral part of our everyday lives. The rapid growth of the smart phone market has brought the Web from our home desks to anywhere we are, and enabled us to access this vast source of information at any time. The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smart phones are too diverse such as Google's Android, Apple's iOS, Microsoft's Windows Phone, and so on. Smartphone application development is done using native platform such as iPhone using Objective-C, Android using Java, Windows Mobile using C# and so on. Therefore, a bridge stage framework which supports 'Write once and deploy everywhere' is required to support the development of Smartphone applications. This paper presents the HTML5-based bridge stage framework which uses Phone Gap and Web kit to support the development of Smartphone applications that are written as Web applications. A big problem with developing applications for mobile devices is platform fragmentation [6]. That means that there are many different mobile platforms that are further divided by the different versions available [5][2]. Users with older hardware are left without support and updates as newer devices are put out on the market [9]. This means that the developer has the choice between limiting the solutions and only aim for a minor part of the spectra or to develop for more platforms to reach as many users as possible. To maximize the amount of possible users, the developer has to create an application for each platform and make sure that they are backwards compatible so that users with older devices can use them.
Mobile Developers Guide To The Galaxy Vol.6Marco Tabor
The latest updated edition of Enough Software`s Guide to mobile platforms. Useful for application developers as well as for decision makers wanting to enter the mobile market.
Hybrid Application Development documentation report (MCA Project)vetri pandi
This document provides an overview and introduction to a student-focused web application for learning web technologies. The proposed application aims to make these technologies easier for beginners to learn by providing tutorials, video lessons, and an interactive coding environment within a single interface. It will focus only on web languages without including other types of content. This is intended to help students avoid confusion and keep their attention on learning web development. The application will be developed as a hybrid mobile/web app so that it can be accessed on multiple platforms from a single codebase, making it easier to update and maintain.
Here is everything you need to know about cross-platform application development, why businesses need it, its benefits, different frameworks, which to use, and more.
This document discusses the development of hybrid mobile applications. It begins by noting the prevalence of smartphones and the growth of mobile application development. It then discusses the challenges of platform fragmentation for native mobile apps. Web applications are presented as an alternative but are also limited. Hybrid apps, which are native wrappers for web views, combine the best of both approaches. The document uses a sample ASP.NET MVC app to demonstrate how to build a hybrid mobile app with a focus on ASP.NET MVC's suitability as a backend framework.
The document discusses mobile app testing. It provides an agenda for a mobile app testing training day that covers topics like mobile evolution, different mobile platforms, types of mobile devices, mobile app types, architectures, development platforms, and testing techniques. It discusses challenges of mobile app testing like the diversity of devices, networks, and using emulators versus actual devices for testing.
How to-choose-the-right-technology-architecture-for-your-mobile-applicationlverb
The document discusses different architectures for developing mobile applications: native, cross-platform, and mobile web. Native applications provide the best experience but are most expensive to develop, while cross-platform frameworks aim to develop once and deploy across platforms more cheaply but with reduced experience. The document examines the pros and cons of each approach and factors to consider in choosing an architecture, such as requirements, user base platforms, and needed device capabilities.
IRJET- Cross Platform User Compatible System with Specific ApplicationIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses cross-platform mobile application development which allows apps to run on multiple operating systems like Android and iOS.
2. It explains different types of cross-platform apps like web, hybrid, and interpreted apps. Cross-platform tools allow developers to write code once and deploy it to different platforms.
3. The document analyzes advantages of cross-platform apps like reusable code, reduced development time and costs since code only needs to be written and tested once rather than for each platform.
Gmail, PayPal, Microsoft Office, and Forbes use Angular for their applications and websites. Angular provides functionality for dynamic and responsive web pages. It allows real-time updates to transaction data for PayPal and reduced loading times for Forbes' large volume of website visitors. Samsung also uses Angular for its responsive front-end sites. In less than 10 years, Angular has earned a reputation for being used by major companies due to its ability to enhance interactivity and functionality of web applications.
This document compares two cross-platform mobile app development frameworks: PhoneGap and Titanium. It provides an overview of each framework, how they allow developing apps across platforms, and their advantages and limitations. Code examples are shown to illustrate app development in each.
This presentation has been developed in the context of the Mobile Applications Development course, DISIM, University of L'Aquila (Italy), Spring 2015.
http://www.ivanomalavolta.com
This document provides an overview of mobile software engineering. It discusses mobile platforms like Android and iOS, and the differences between native apps and web apps. It also describes some common mobile app development tools like jQuery, PhoneGap, and MoSync that can help simplify development. The document is presented by Prof. OP Vyas and covers topics like mobile user experience design, responsive web design, and mobile software testing.
The most experienced and learned developers always suggest hiring an electron application development company when it comes to building applications for desktops. Why do they prefer Electron.js? What’s so special about it? This topic will attempt to shed some light on the answers to these questions.
Jesús también tenía una familia como cualquier niño, con una madre llamada María y un padre llamado José. La actividad propone que los niños aprendan que Jesús obedecía y ayudaba a sus padres, como deberían hacer ellos, para promover el respeto y la obediencia en la familia. El objetivo es que los niños se identifiquen con la vida familiar de Jesús y se motiven a portarse bien con sus propios padres.
Este documento discute los cambios en la percepción y recepción de la información causados por la transición de la oralidad a la escritura y luego a la imprenta. Explica cómo cada nueva tecnología de comunicación ha transformado la cultura al ampliar nuestros sentidos y modificar la estructuración de ideas. Finalmente, señala que el surgimiento de las nuevas tecnologías electrónicas parece haber revitalizado la oralidad mientras desacraliza nuestro modo de ser.
This curriculum vitae is for Imran Khan, providing his contact information, academic qualifications, areas of interest, and personal details. Imran completed his SSC and HSC exams through GSHSEB, earning percentages of 48.15% and 55.57% respectively. He obtained a BCA degree from B.P. College of Computer Studies, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, maintaining CPIs between 5.12 and 5.43 over his six semesters. His hobbies include sports, acting, reading, listening to music and watching movies. He is seeking a challenging role where he can effectively contribute his skills.
A poster on strategies and uses of Twitter for cancer communication presented at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the Medical Library Association. Second place award for Research Poster at the conference.
Medical Images are regularly of low contrast and boisterous/Noisy (absence of clarity) because of
the circumstances they are being taken. De-noising these pictures is a troublesome undertaking as they
ought to exclude any antiquities or obscuring of edges in the pictures. The Bayesian shrinkage strategy has
been chosen for thresholding in light of its sub band reliance property. The spatial space and Wavelet
based de-noising systems utilizing delicate thresholding strategy are contrasted and the proposed technique
utilizing GA (Genetic Algorithm) is used. The GA procedure is proposed in view of PSNR and results are
contrasted and existing spatial space and wavelet based de-noising separating strategies. The proposed
calculation gives improved visual clarity to diagnosing the restorative pictures. The proposed strategy in
view of GA surveys the better execution on the premise of the quantitative metric i.e PSNR (Peak Signal
to Noise-Ratio) and visual impacts. Reenactment results demonstrate that the GA based proposed
technique beats the current de-noising separating strategies.
This document provides information about the Canadian Healthcare Leadership Forum 2015 conference, including the agenda, speakers, and registration details. Some of the key topics to be discussed are persisting challenges in the Canadian healthcare system and how leadership, collaboration, technology, and data can help address them. The forum aims to bring together leaders from hospitals, health networks, and the public/private sectors to share strategies and solutions through presentations, case studies, panels, and roundtable discussions. The goal is to strengthen cooperation among stakeholders and find ways to improve healthcare performance and outcomes in Canada.
The planning processes of most best practice organizations not only define what will be accomplished within a
given time-frame, but also the numbers and types of human resources that will be needed to achieve the defined
business goals (e.g., number of human resources; the required competencies; when the resources will be needed; etc.).
The human resources department is a critical component for employees in any business, regardless of its size. This
support system is responsible for everything from payroll to hiring a new employee. Human resource planning is an
extended part of this system, and is used to ultimately structure and meet organizational goals. While a traditional
human resource role serves as an administrative control function, human resource planning develops strategies for
matching the skills and size of the workforce to organizational needs. In other words, the planning system specifically
recruits, trains and restructures the staff/personnel needed to meet business objectives and any changes within the
external environment. Three main responsibilities are important to complete in order to prepare for the planning
process. These responsibilities include forecasting the demand for labor, performing a supply analysis, and balancing
supply and demand considerations.
Football, also known as soccer, is the world's most popular sport played by over 250 million players internationally. The objective is to score goals by getting the ball into the opposing team's net using any body part except hands or arms. The game is played between two teams of 11 players on a rectangular field with goals at each end. Football has its origins in rule developments in England in the mid-19th century and its international governing body FIFA oversees competitions including the World Cup held every four years.
Pelaj 6 mengapa dan bagaimana membaca alkitabHendra Kasenda
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang Alkitab, kitab suci umat Kristen. Alkitab terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu Perjanjian Lama dan Perjanjian Baru, dan merupakan buku yang paling banyak terjual sepanjang masa. Alkitab ditulis oleh lebih dari 40 orang dari berbagai latar belakang dan berisi firman dan wahyu Allah.
Top Cross Platform Mobile App Development FrameworksWDP Technologies
With an expanded Demand, there is a significant expansion in cross platform development too. There are a number of cross platform frameworks that empower developers to make multiple complex applications easily.
WDP Technologies is here to help you to find your best fit, we have mentioned a list of the best cross platform app development frameworks which will help you to grow your business in 2022
Just because React Native is one of the best cross-platform app development frameworks out there doesn’t mean you can use it for your project. Here you’ll learn about what you can use instead.
When to choose and avoid react native for mobile app developmentFullestop
The trend of using apps is now very common among citizens. React Native is the latest technology used by top companies in the world. The best part of that technology is, it is backed by social media giants i.e. Facebook. We at Fullestop always trying to become one step ahead in the field of app development. It has many features and its popularity clearly shows that it would become the solution for all your problems regarding app development. We deliver the best react native experience as we are the top react native app development company. Kindly visit the site to know more.
Confused about Native vs Hybrid vs Cross-Platform ?Rosalie Lauren
Here's everything you need to know about Native vs Hybrid vs Cross-Platform? It can be tricky to choose the right development approach for your project. Native apps offer great performance and reliability, while hybrid apps are cheaper and easier to maintain. Cross platform solutions can save you time by allowing you to write code once and deploy it across multiple platforms. Check out this helpful document for more information about Native vs. Hybrid vs. Cross Platform options.
Mobile Developer's Guide To The Galaxy Vol.7Marco Tabor
The 7th edition of the Mobile Developer´s Guide To the Galaxy has been presented on the Mobile World Congress 2011. On 160 pages, it gives an updated overview on mobile technologies, the differences between the numerous mobile platforms and possible development approaches. The new edition contains new chapters about app development for BlackBerry, about cross-platform development and about how to create accessible mobile software.
It is an open project hosted and coordinated by the German product and service provider Enough Software. Currently 17 experts from the mobile ecosystem contributed their know how, everyone is invited to join.
Send your feedback and input directly to: developers@enough.de
Top Advantages of Cross Platform Mobile App DevelopmentXDuce Corporation
Cross-platform app development offers numerous benefits, such as cost-effectiveness, faster time-to-market, wider audience reach, and easier maintenance. It allows developers to write code once and deploy it across multiple platforms, maximizing efficiency. Consistent UI/UX, code reusability, and access to native device features ensure a seamless user experience across different devices and operating systems.
MOBILE APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICES.pptxmuthulakshmi cse
The document discusses mobile application development and services. It covers the need for mobile applications, the cost of development, and importance of mobile strategies for businesses. It also discusses requirements gathering, third party frameworks like Appcelerator Titanium and PhoneGap, and publishing mobile applications. Marketing factors for developing mobile apps are also covered such as identifying the target audience and testing.
The Ultimate Guide to Cross Platform App Development Frameworks in 2023Cerebrum Infotech
The greatest cross-platform app development services are offered by Cerebrum Infotech. Where programmers can produce apps that run and appear totally native on any device from a single code base. Please click here to visit our website for further details.
Mastering Cross-Platform Mobile App DevelopmentReon Tel
Dive into the dynamic realm of cross-platform mobile app development, where you'll embark on a journey to master the art of creating apps that effortlessly transcend the boundaries of various devices and platforms. Uncover the secrets to crafting applications that harmoniously operate on both iOS and Android, opening up a world of opportunities for your mobile projects.Within this content, you'll delve deep into the intricacies of cross-platform app development, gaining invaluable insights into the essential tools, cutting-edge technologies, and proven best practices. These tools empower developers to streamline the process, allowing for the efficient creation and maintenance of applications that can reach a broader audience without the need for separate codebases.Regardless of whether you're a seasoned developer with years of experience under your belt or a passionate beginner eager to embark on this exciting journey, this resource is meticulously designed to equip you with the knowledge and insights needed to excel in the constantly evolving landscape of cross-platform app development. It's your gateway to conquering the challenges and seizing the boundless opportunities this field has to offer
The document discusses factors to consider when choosing an architecture for a mobile application. It outlines three main approaches: native apps, cross-platform apps, and mobile web apps. Native apps provide the best experience but require separate development for each platform. Cross-platform frameworks allow developing once and deploying on multiple platforms, but may compromise experience. Mobile web apps have the widest reach but rely on internet and browser capabilities. The document provides pros and cons of each approach and recommends evaluating user needs, functionality required, platforms supported, and costs to determine the best fit.
PhoneGap allows developers to write mobile apps using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript that can run on multiple platforms like iOS and Android. It provides a web view that renders content without a browser interface, and compiles code into platform-specific app packages. PhoneGap supports features like connectivity checks, animations, lists, notifications and device discovery that are commonly needed for apps. It offers benefits like writing code once that runs on different devices, leveraging existing web development skills, and accessing device capabilities through PhoneGap APIs.
Build scalable app using flutter nubank, bmw & byte dance’s success storiesKaty Slemon
How Nubank, BMW and ByteDance are itnessing 3X growth building scalable app using Flutter. Know benefits of developing scalable app using Flutter framework
React Native Vs. Flutter Vs. Ionic: Which Is the Best Cross-Platform Framework?Lucy Zeniffer
Explore the battle of cross-platform frameworks: React Native, Flutter, and Ionic. Discover their strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for your project. Whether it's performance, development speed, or community support, find out which framework reigns supreme for your app development needs.
The way Flutter is setting the trend in app development is making Flutter a leading framework for developers. Know how and why? Let's dive in the guide.
What is hybrid mobile app development? | Nitor InfotechservicesNitor
https://bityl.co/QgS0 Hybrid mobile apps combine native and web solutions, offering cross-platform compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and access to device features.
Mobile Developer's Guide To The Galaxy, 14th EditionMarco Tabor
The latest edition of the community-driven handbook on mobile technologies. 256 pages packed with everything you need to know to start your mobile business: Which platforms exist and what's their potential? What about cross-platform app development? How do I create an app concept that works? How do I implement location-based services, NFC, mobile analytics, augmented reality or media content? What do I need to know about accessibility, monetization, security and app testing?
20 experts share their know-how in this book and you are invited to join them! See www.enough.de/mdgg for details.
Mobile Developer's Guide To The Galaxy 12th EditionMarco Tabor
This document provides an overview of the mobile development landscape including key platforms, technologies, and strategies. It discusses the major mobile operating systems including Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry 10, and others. It also covers different approaches to building mobile services such as native apps, web apps, and hybrid apps. The document aims to introduce mobile developers to the complex universe of the mobile industry.
Hybrid apps allow you to reach the user base of both Android and iOS devices. But developing an app that seamlessly performs on different operating systems needs adequate efficiency. Check out the best practices of hybrid app development and build a superb app in no time. https://www.webguru-india.com/blog/how-to-build-a-hybrid-app-a-detailed-outline/
Similar to [IJCT-V3I2P36] Authors: Amarbir Singh (20)
These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.This value will continue to grow if no proper solution is found. Internet of Things (IoT) technology developments allows humans to control a variety of high-tech equipment in our daily lives. One of these is the ease of checking health using gadgets, either a phone, tablet or laptop. we mainly focused on the safety measures for both driver and vehicle by using three types of sensors: Heartbeat sensor, Traffic light sensor and Level sensor. Heartbeat sensor is used to monitor heartbeat rate of the driver constantly and prevents from the accidents by controlling through IOT.
ABSTRACT The success of the cloud computing paradigm is due to its on-demand, self-service, and pay-by-use nature. Public key encryption with keyword search applies only to the certain circumstances that keyword cipher text can only be retrieved by a specific user and only supports single-keyword matching. In the existing searchable encryption schemes, either the communication mode is one-to-one, or only single-keyword search is supported. This paper proposes a searchable encryption that is based on attributes and supports multi-keyword search. Searchable encryption is a primitive, which not only protects data privacy of data owners but also enables data users to search over the encrypted data. Most existing searchable encryption schemes are in the single-user setting. There are only few schemes in the multiple data users setting, i.e., encrypted data sharing. Among these schemes, most of the early techniques depend on a trusted third party with interactive search protocols or need cumbersome key management. To remedy the defects, the most recent approaches borrow ideas from attribute-based encryption to enable attribute-based keyword search (ABKS
This document reviews the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than 5. The response of deep beams differs from regular beams due to the influence of shear deformations and stresses. Failure modes include flexure, flexural-shear, and diagonal cracking. Previous studies investigated factors affecting shear strength such as concrete strength, reinforcement, and loading conditions. Equations have been proposed to predict shear strength based on test results.
Subcutaneous administration of toluene to rabbits for 6 weeks resulted in significant increases in liver enzyme levels and histopathological changes in the liver tissue. Liver sections from toluene-treated rabbits showed congested central veins, flattening and vacuolation of hepatocytes, and disarrangement of hepatic architecture. In contrast, liver sections from control rabbits appeared normal. Toluene exposure is known to cause oxidative stress and damage cell membranes in the liver through its metabolism.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to analyze crop phenology (growth stages) using IoT to support parallel agriculture management. The system would use sensors to collect data on soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other parameters. This data would be input to a database. Then, a multiple linear regression model trained on past data would predict the optimal crop and expected yield based on the tested sensor data and parameters. This system aims to help farmers select crops and fertilization practices tailored to their specific fields' conditions.
This document summarizes a study that determined the liberation size of gold ore from the Iperindo-Ilesha deposit in Nigeria and assessed its amenability to froth flotation. Samples of the ore were collected and subjected to sieve analysis to determine particle size fractions. Chemical analysis found that the actual and economic liberation sizes were 45μm and 250μm, respectively. Froth flotation experiments at 45μm particle size and varying collector dosages achieved a maximum gold recovery of 78.93% at 0.3 mol/dm3 collector dosage, with concentrate grade of 115 ppm Au. These parameters will be used for further processing to extract gold from this deposit.
This document presents a proposal for an IOT-based intelligent baby care system with a web application for remote baby monitoring. The system uses sensors to automatically swing a cradle when a baby cries, sound alarms if the baby cries for too long or the mattress is wet, and sends alerts to a web page for parents to monitor the baby's status from anywhere via internet connection. The proposed system aims to help working parents manage childcare remotely using sensors, a Raspberry Pi, web camera, and cloud server to detect the baby's activities and notify parents through a web application on their phone.
This document discusses various sources of water pollution and new techniques being developed for water purification. It begins by outlining how water pollution occurs from industrial wastes like mining and manufacturing, agricultural runoff containing pesticides, and domestic waste. It then examines some specific pollutants in more depth from these sources. New techniques under research for water purification are also mentioned, with the goal of developing more affordable methods. The document aims to analyze the impact of pollutants on water and introduce promising new purification techniques.
This document summarizes a research paper on using big data methodologies with IoT and its applications. It discusses how big data analytics is being used across various fields like engineering, data management, and more. It also discusses how IoT enables the collection of massive amounts of data from sensors and devices. Machine learning techniques are used to analyze this big data from IoT and enable communication between devices. The document provides examples of domains where big data and IoT are being applied, such as healthcare, energy, transportation, and others. It analyzes the similarities and differences in how big data techniques are used across these IoT domains.
The document describes a proposed smart library automation and monitoring system using RFID technology. The system uses RFID tags attached to books and student ID cards. An RFID scanner reads the tags to automate processes like tracking student entry and exit, book check-in/check-out, and inventory management. This allows transactions to occur without manual intervention. The system also includes an Android app for students to search books and check availability. The goals are to streamline library operations, prevent unauthorized access, and help locate misplaced books. Raspberry Pi hardware and a MySQL database are part of the proposed implementation.
This document discusses congestion control techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first provides background on VANETs, noting their use of vehicle-to-vehicle communication to share information. Congestion can occur when there is a sudden increase in data from nodes in the network. The document then reviews different existing congestion control schemes, which vary in how they adjust source sending rates and handle transient congestion. It proposes a priority-based congestion control technique using dual queues, one for transit packets and one for locally generated packets. This approach aims to route packets along less congested paths when congestion is detected based on buffer occupancy.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes applying principles of Vedic mathematics to optimize the design of multipliers, squarers, and cubers. It begins by providing background on multipliers and their importance in electronic systems. It then reviews related work applying Vedic mathematics to multiplier design. The document outlines the methodology for performing multiplication, squaring, and cubing according to Vedic mathematics principles. It presents simulation and synthesis results comparing the proposed Vedic designs to traditional array-based designs, finding improvements in speed, power, and area. The document concludes that Vedic mathematics provides an effective approach for optimizing the design of these fundamental arithmetic components.
Cloud computing is the one of the emerging techniques to process the big data. Large collection of set or large
volume of data is known as big data. Processing of big data (MRI images and DICOM images) normally takes
more time compare with other data. The main tasks such as handling big data can be solved by using the concepts
of hadoop. Enhancing the hadoop concept it will help the user to process the large set of images or data. The
Advanced Hadoop Distributed File System (AHDF) and MapReduce are the two default main functions which
are used to enhance hadoop. HDF method is a hadoop file storing system, which is used for storing and retrieving
the data. MapReduce is the combinations of two functions namely maps and reduce. Map is the process of
splitting the inputs and reduce is the process of integrating the output of map’s input. Recently, in medical fields
the experienced problems like machine failure and fault tolerance while processing the result for the scanned
data. A unique optimized time scheduling algorithm, called Advanced Dynamic Handover Reduce Function
(ADHRF) algorithm is introduced in the reduce function. Enhancement of hadoop and cloud introduction of
ADHRF helps to overcome the processing risks, to get optimized result with less waiting time and reduction in
error percentage of the output image
Text mining has turned out to be one of the in vogue handle that has been joined in a few research
fields, for example, computational etymology, Information Retrieval (IR) and data mining. Natural
Language Processing (NLP) methods were utilized to extricate learning from the textual text that is
composed by people. Text mining peruses an unstructured form of data to give important
information designs in a most brief day and age. Long range interpersonal communication locales
are an awesome wellspring of correspondence as the vast majority of the general population in this
day and age utilize these destinations in their everyday lives to keep associated with each other. It
turns into a typical practice to not compose a sentence with remedy punctuation and spelling. This
training may prompt various types of ambiguities like lexical, syntactic, and semantic and because of
this kind of indistinct data; it is elusive out the genuine data arrange. As needs be, we are directing
an examination with the point of searching for various text mining techniques to get different
textual requests via web-based networking media sites. This review expects to depict how
contemplates in online networking have utilized text investigation and text mining methods to
identify the key topics in the data. This study concentrated on examining the text mining
contemplates identified with Facebook and Twitter; the two prevailing web-based social networking
on the planet. Aftereffects of this overview can fill in as the baselines for future text mining research.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has potential to spread within the peritoneal cavity, and this transcoelomic
dissemination is termed “peritoneal metastases” (PM).The aim of this article was to summarise the current
evidence regarding CRC patients at high risk of PM. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer
death in the UK. Prompt investigation of suspicious symptoms is important, but there is increasing evidence that
screening for the disease can produce significant reductions in mortality.High quality surgery is of paramount
importance in achieving good outcomes, particularly in rectal cancer, but adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy
have important parts to play. The treatment of advanced disease is still essentially palliative, although surgery for
limited hepatic metastases may be curative in a small proportion of patients.
This document summarizes a research paper on the thermal performance of air conditioners using nanofluids compared to base fluids. Key points:
- Nanofluids, which are liquids containing nanoparticles, can improve heat transfer in heat pipes and cooling systems due to their higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids.
- The document reviews how factors like nanofluid type, nanoparticle size and concentration affect thermal efficiency and heat transfer limits. It also examines using nanofluids to enhance heat exchange in transmission fluids.
- An experimental setup is described to study heat transfer and friction factors of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a horizontal tube under constant heat flux. Temperature, pressure and flow rate are measured
Now-a-day’s pedal powered grinding machine is used only for grinding purpose. Also, it requires lots of efforts
and limited for single application use. Another problem in existing model is that it consumed more time and also has
lower efficiency. Our aim is to design a human powered grinding machine which can also be used for many purposes
like pumping, grinding, washing, cutting, etc. it can carry water to a height 8 meter and produces 4 ampere of electricity
in most effective way. The system is also useful for the health conscious work out purpose. The purpose of this technical
study is to increase the performance and output capacity of pedal powered grinding machine.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using distributed control of multiple energy storage units (ESUs) to manage voltage and loading in electric distribution networks with renewable energy sources like solar and wind. The distributed control approach coordinates the ESUs to store excess power generated during peak periods and discharge it during peak load periods. Each ESU can provide both active and reactive power to support voltage and manage power flows. The distributed control strategy uses a consensus algorithm to divide the required active power reduction equally among ESUs based on their available capacity. Simulation results are presented to analyze the coordinated control of ESU active and reactive power outputs over time.
The steady increase in non-linear loads on the power supply network such as, AC variable speed drives,
DC variable Speed drives, UPS, Inverter and SMPS raises issues about power quality and reliability. In this
subject, attention has been focused on harmonics . Harmonics overload the power system network and cause
reliability problems on equipment and system and also waste energy. Passive and active harmonic filters are
used to mitigate harmonic problems. The use of both active and passive filter is justified to mitigate the
harmonics. The difficulty for practicing engineers is to select and deploy correct harmonic filters , This paper
explains which solutions are suitable when it comes to choosing active and passive harmonic filters and also
explains the mistakes need to be avoided.
This Paper is aimed at analyzing the few important Power System equipment failures generally
occurring in the Industrial Power Distribution system. Many such general problems if not resolved it may
lead to huge production stoppage and unforeseen equipment damages. We can improve the reliability of
Power system by simply applying the problem solving tool for every case study and finding out the root cause
of the problem, validation of root cause and elimination by corrective measures. This problem solving
approach to be practiced by every day to improve the power system reliability. This paper will throw the light
and will be a guide for the Practicing Electrical Engineers to find out the solution for every problem which
they come across in their day to day maintenance activity.
More from IJET - International Journal of Engineering and Techniques (20)
Best Practices of Clothing Businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, A Foundation ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study primarily aimed to determine the best practices of clothing businesses to use it as a foundation of strategic business advancements. Moreover, the frequency with which the business's best practices are tracked, which best practices are the most targeted of the apparel firms to be retained, and how does best practices can be used as strategic business advancement. The respondents of the study is the owners of clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach and utilizing a descriptive research design. Unveiling best practices of clothing businesses as a foundation for strategic business advancement through statistical analysis: frequency and percentage, and weighted means analyzing the data in terms of identifying the most to the least important performance indicators of the businesses among all of the variables. Based on the survey conducted on clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, several best practices emerge across different areas of business operations. These practices are categorized into three main sections, section one being the Business Profile and Legal Requirements, followed by the tracking of indicators in terms of Product, Place, Promotion, and Price, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) covering finance, marketing, production, technical, and distribution aspects. The research study delved into identifying the core best practices of clothing businesses, serving as a strategic guide for their advancement. Through meticulous analysis, several key findings emerged. Firstly, prioritizing product factors, such as maintaining optimal stock levels and maximizing customer satisfaction, was deemed essential for driving sales and fostering loyalty. Additionally, selecting the right store location was crucial for visibility and accessibility, directly impacting footfall and sales. Vigilance towards competitors and demographic shifts was highlighted as essential for maintaining relevance. Understanding the relationship between marketing spend and customer acquisition proved pivotal for optimizing budgets and achieving a higher ROI. Strategic analysis of profit margins across clothing items emerged as crucial for maximizing profitability and revenue. Creating a positive customer experience, investing in employee training, and implementing effective inventory management practices were also identified as critical success factors. In essence, these findings underscored the holistic approach needed for sustainable growth in the clothing business, emphasizing the importance of product management, marketing strategies, customer experience, and operational efficiency.
Encontro anual da comunidade Splunk, onde discutimos todas as novidades apresentadas na conferência anual da Spunk, a .conf24 realizada em junho deste ano em Las Vegas.
Neste vídeo, trago os pontos chave do encontro, como:
- AI Assistant para uso junto com a SPL
- SPL2 para uso em Data Pipelines
- Ingest Processor
- Enterprise Security 8.0 (Maior atualização deste seu release)
- Federated Analytics
- Integração com Cisco XDR e Cisto Talos
- E muito mais.
Deixo ainda, alguns links com relatórios e conteúdo interessantes que podem ajudar no esclarecimento dos produtos e funções.
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/campaigns/the-hidden-costs-of-downtime.html
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-leading-observability-practice.pdf
https://www.splunk.com/en_us/pdfs/gated/ebooks/building-a-modern-security-program.pdf
Nosso grupo oficial da Splunk:
https://usergroups.splunk.com/sao-paulo-splunk-user-group/
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
Understanding Cybersecurity Breaches: Causes, Consequences, and PreventionBert Blevins
Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks.
Cybersecurity breaches refer to unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction of digital information or systems. They can occur through various means such as malware, phishing attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Once a breach happens, cybercriminals can exploit the compromised data for financial gain, espionage, or sabotage. Causes of breaches include software and hardware vulnerabilities, phishing attacks, insider threats, weak passwords, and a lack of security awareness.
The consequences of cybersecurity breaches are severe. Financial loss is a significant impact, as organizations face theft of funds, legal fees, and repair costs. Breaches also damage reputations, leading to a loss of trust among customers, partners, and stakeholders. Regulatory penalties are another consequence, with hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with data protection regulations. Intellectual property theft undermines innovation and competitiveness, while disruptions of critical services like healthcare and utilities impact public safety and well-being.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
A brand new catalog for the 2024 edition of IWISS. We have enriched our product range and have more innovations in electrician tools, plumbing tools, wire rope tools and banding tools. Let's explore together!
1. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 240
Taxonomy of Cross-Platform Mobile Applications Development
Tools
Amarbir Singh*
*(Department of Computer Science, Guru Nanak DevUniversity, Amritsar)
----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
Abstract:
Most of the developers use the cross-platform mobile development solutions to develop the mobile
application once and run it on many platforms. Many of these cross-platform solutions are still under
research and development. Also, these solutions are based on different approaches such as Cross-
Compilation approach, Virtual Machine approach, and Web-Based approach. There are many survey
papers about the cross-platform mobile development solutions but they do not include the most recent
tools, including Component-Based approach, Cloud-Based approach, and Merged approach. The main aim
of this paper is helping the researchers to know the most recent approaches and the open research issues.
This paper surveys the existing cross platform mobile development tools, introduces a comprehensive
categorization to the cross-platform tools, defines the pros and cons of each approach and compares the
cross-platform mobile development solutions.
Keywords —Android, PhoneGap, Rhodes, Appcelerator, Xamarin
----------------------------------------************************----------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the joys and pains of being a software
developer is choosing the right tools for the
job. Technology moves so fast and everyday there
are new frameworks and libraries being shared with
the world in order to do the job more efficiently.
Most people think this would always be a good
thing, but choices can be hard. The best one can do
is make the best choice with the information you
have, and that information is always changing. We
are going to take a look at some of the leading
frameworks that might be able to help you create
your mobile applications a little more
efficiently.Before we look at some of the
frameworks, we have to set the stage for why there
are options. When the latest mobile movement
emerged during the release of the first iPhone there
were limited choices on how you could produce
your applications. Your only real option was
Objective C; that was what Apple was pushing
and all their software development kit
documentation and examples revolved around that.
Then Google got involved in the game and after
that everything their team produced and
documented for doing development was with
Java. Of course some people were still dabbling
with their Palm and Blackberry at this time, which
would have their own set of tools and learning
curve.As time progressed, developers started
getting a little tired of having to learn a new
language and a new way of doing everything on
each mobile platform. Frameworks started
emerging claiming to be able to develop once and
distribute to multiple platforms, allowing
developers to focus on getting good at one thing
and leveraging that knowledge across mobile
devices [1]. The promise was that it was going to
allow developers to focus on learning one thing
well.
II. GOAL AND BENEFITS OF USING CROSS-
PLATFORM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
There are number of reasons due to which need
for cross platform development tools arisen. The
primary goal was to create code once and then
distribute it to all the leading mobile devices having
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 241
different operating systems. Another reason is that,
if we use cross platform development tool then we
can focus on one or our favourite programming to
develop applications otherwise there is a need of
expertise in the language supported by the mobile
device. By using different Cross platform
development tools quality code can be created
faster which helps in getting the products to market
faster and such code is also supported by current as
well as future devices [3]. Various benefits of using
cross platform development tools are listed below.
A. Code Is Reusable
Rather than having to write the specific action
or sequence for each platform, a developer can
just write the code once and then reuse those
bits in later projects or on other platforms.
B. Plugins
Major frameworks, including Appcelerator
and PhoneGap offer easy access to plugins and
modules that can easily plug into other services
or tools.
C. Easy for Web Developers
Because most frameworks are dynamic or
scripting languages, they are easy for web
developers to jump in and use. Moreover, most
frameworks have the facility to manage and
support HTML5 and CSS3 alongside the calls
to more native functions.
D. Reduced Development Costs
This is perhaps the biggest advantage because
it allows companies or brands to get an app onto
other platforms without having to invest in a
team or developer specific to that ecosystem.
E. Support for Enterprise and Cloud Services
In addition to plugins and modules for specific
functions, most frameworks also have the
option to directly integrate with cloud services,
including Salesforce.com, AWS, Box.net and
others.
F. Easy Deployment
Deploying and compiling apps is much faster
in a cross-platform scenario. This is especially
true with many of the new cloud-based build
tools that various frameworks are starting to
push out.
III. VARIOUS CROSS-PLATFORM
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
A. PhoneGap
In PhoneGap all of the front-end is actually
delivered as HTML and JavaScript, but the
experience is packaged and surrounded with the
Cordova magic. What this gives developers the
ability to do is use their past web experience and
create apps like they would create websites and
then use specialized markup to access specific
device features. This would include gaining access
to the camera, triggering a vibration and getting
input back from the accelerometer.You can
accomplish a lot, very easily by going this direction
with your mobile development. It’s easy because
you can leverage your teams experience with web
development and put that to work for you with
mobile applications. However, I feel this route is
the most limiting to the developer and the future of
the mobile product. You can really get boxed in by
the types of features you can ultimately deliver
since you are so abstracted from the core device
APIs [4].This route is going to be good if you have
a very sound understanding of the application you
are creating and all of it’s current and expected
future features. If you can with 100% confidence
determine everything you need is do-able with this
route, then go for it. I, however, often have a fear
that 6, 12, 24 months down the road I’ll get a
feature request from a client that will seem like a
common mobile feature or no big deal and get
completely stone-walled by this approach to mobile
development. For that reason I’m pretty hesitant to
do anything terribly complex with these
technologies. However, they are awesome for
mimicking a set of website features on mobile or
enabling a website to work offline via a mobile app.
Fig 1 Interfacing layers ofPhoneGap architecture [5].
Web Applications
Phone Gap JavaScript APIs
Native APIs
OS and Native APIs
3. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 242
PhoneGap holds the top slot in developer
mindshare. Cordova/PhoneGap developers write
their mobile applications using HTML, JavaScript
and CSS. These assets run in a “WebView” inside a
native application container on the target platform
as shown in Fig 1. The various advantages and
disadvantages for PhoneGap are discussed below.
Pros
1) Regardless of server side platform & language
experience, a significant number of developers have
experience with HTML, JavaScript and CSS.
Apache Cordova or PhoneGap allows developers to
immediately leverage these existing skills. The
value of this can’t be overstated – as it reduces
training and can enable a quick-to-market stance in
companies ready to adopt it.
2) PhoneGap apps install just like a native
application, and are able to leverage app store
discoverability.
3) PhoneGap follows a plugin architecture, which
means that access to native device APIs can be
extended in a modular way. There arelot
of PhoneGap plugins to choose from – enabling
developers to focus on the web-based skills they
already haveCordova is open source and free, so
there are no licensing costs
Cons
1) The strength of being open source and leveraging
the talents of a wide array of contributors is both a
blessing and curse. If you need to extend your app
with a custom Cordova/PhoneGap plugin, odds are
you will find one. Yet it may be out of date and not
support the target platforms you need.
2) The performance of PhoneGap apps has often
been criticized. Native UI will always outperform a
hybrid solution, but improvements in device
hardware and WebView implementations have
narrowed the gap. Your web developers will need
to pay close attention to performance, which means
their knowledge of profiling tools as well as which
web UI frameworks are mobile-friendly is essential.
B.Rhodes
Rhodes is a cross-platform mobile application
tool developed by Motorola Solutions Inc. under
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It is
developed to rapidly build native applications for
all major mobile OS’s (iOS, Android, BlackBerry,
Windows Mobile/Phone and Symbian). The main
goal of Rhodes is to provide a high level of
productivity and portability in programming. It is
an open source Ruby-based mobile development
environment. Thanks to this environment,
developers can create and maintain enterprise
applications and data based on single source code
across different mobile OS’s [6].
RhoMobile suite provides an IDE called
RhoStudio which is an innovative solution
dedicated to users that want to develop applications
through a hosted IDE. This solution can be used
across Linux, Mac, and Microsoft Windows OS’s.
Alternatively, RhoMobile offers the possibility to
write applications with any other editor or IDE
which supports HTML, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript
and Ruby. The most popular editors are Eclipse,
Visual Studio, Netbeans, IntelliJ and TextMate [7].
Rhodes provides native device applications to
improve the end-user experience, which work with
synchronized local data and take advantage of
device capabilities, such as Barcode, Bluetooth,
Calendar, Camera, Contacts, GPS, Menu, Near
Field Communication (NFC) and Screen Rotation.
Rhodes is the only framework that uses Model
View Controller (MVC) pattern to develop mobile
applications. The MVC pattern creates applications
that separate data definitions (models) from
business logic and (controllers) from interfaces
(views), providing at the same time a point of
Fig. 2. Rhodes interfacing architecture between the Smartphone and Rhodes
components [9].
connection between these elements. Languages
used in the view element are HTML, CSS and
JavaScript to make mobile applications, whereas in
4. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 243
the controller element is Ruby to make the backend
support. Moreover, with MVC approach is also
possible to write applications that use only the view
element. Obviously, it is realizable for applications
or sites that require a low level of complexity [8].
Rhodes provides mainly three possibilities to add
extendibility in its framework, first can be done by
adding external Ruby library to Rhodes, second by
creating native extensions for specific Software
Development Kit (SDK) of each OS and last by
extending the already existing views available in
Rhodes. In Fig. 2 Rhodes architecture is shown.
Controller, HTML templates and source adapter
components are the parts which developers have to
implement for the creation of applications, whereas
other components are provided by Rhodes such as
Rhodes App Generator which is an IDE than can be
RhoStudio or another editor, Ruby Executor is the
executor of the Ruby code, Device Capabilities are
the API’s, Rhom is a mini database ORM (object
relational mapper) which provides a high level
interface to make it quickly and easily (i.e. the
database is SQLite for all mobile OS’s except
BlackBerry that is HSQLDB), RhoSync Client is a
library to add sync data capability to your
applications, and RhoSync simplifies the
development of connectivity to enterprise backend
applications. Moreover, performing the backend
application integration between RhoSync Client and
RhoSync Server is reduced by 50-80% the
development effort [7].Various advantages and
disadvantages of using Rhodes are given below.
Pros
1) Rhodes development files are compiled into
native applications that can be executed on real or a
virtual devices, indeed, this tool offers a desktop
simulator where is possible to run applications.
2) Provides high level of productivity and
portability in programming.
Cons
1)The plugin architecture works well if you can
find the plugins you need or if your web developers
are capable of changing gears to write their own
custom plugin(s) as needed.
C. DragonRad
DragonRad 5.0 is a cross-platform mobile ADT
developed by Seregon Solutions Inc. DragonRad
has Drag and Drop (D&D) features, which requires
reduced programming talent to develop
applications. It allows developers to design, manage
and deploy mobile applications with ease. These
deployed mobile applications can be used across
iOS, Android, BlackBerry and Windows Mobile.
This tool concentrates on database driven mobile
enterprise applications with easy and wide range of
databases support. DragonRad facilitates integration
and synchronization of database system with native
functions such as Contacts, Calendar, Geolocation,
Menu and Storage.Fig 3 shows the detailed
architecture of DragonRad for Android. Various
advantages and disadvantages of using DragonRad
are given below.
Pros
1) This tool is pretty easy to use and has seamless
integration to MySQL database.
2) It is very intuitive and application development
is extremely fast.
Cons
1) DragonRad is a Proprietary platform having a
small user community.
2) Documentation is not really good and examples
are tough to understand.
3)Dragonrad is not suited for building games, it is
useful for building data-driven enterprise
applications only.
Fig 3 Architecture of DragonRAD for Android [5].
Web Services
DataBase
Custom Data Connectors
Tomcat/MapDataServer
Carrier Network or WiFi
Android
5. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 244
D. Appcelerator
Appcelerator has been in the cross-platform
space since 2006. They originally had an
application that was targeted towards making it
easy to write desktop apps for both Windows and
Apple. They then changed their focus to work on
building a tool that made it easier to program cross-
platform mobile applications.
Titanium is their open source IDE/compiler. It
allows you to write your mobile application using
JavaScript syntax and tap into the necessary core
libraries to create native mobile experiences. With
Titanium we have found that it’s not really a one-
and-done workflow. There are still differences that
needed to be accounted for when developing cross-
platform applications. For example, an iPhone
really only has a home button. All app interactions
must be programmed within the application [10].
However, with Android there is a physical back
button and other buttons on the keyboard that might
interact with your application. Specific situations
still need to be accounted for when developing for
both of these platforms.
Appcelerator also claims that their framework is
supporting Windows and Blackberry, but from what
I’ve read, it’s been mixed results and certainly isn’t
a one click process to get your application running
on those platforms. Appcelerator has paid
subscription options, but they still have a free,
open-source version that has majority of what you
need to succeed. The biggest downside to Titanium
is that you can’t access everything in the core
frameworks. Titanium tries to model and make
methods available to you for the most popular
device features, but unlike other options, everything
is not available out of the box. The good news is
that you can always create a custom Titanium
module that calls a core feature you need and
include that in your project.
Appcelerator’s Titanium provides a unified (across
devices) JavaScript API, coupled with native-
platform-specific features. Developers write
JavaScript and utilize a UI abstraction (the Alloy
MVC framework) that results in the use of native
UI components, greatly aiding UI performance
compared to other hybrid options [11]. The various
advantages and disadvantages for Appcelerator are
discussed below.
Pros
• 1) The use of native UI components is a
performance win, and the Alloy framework
attempts to normalize UI across platforms.
• 2) The use of JavaScript to normalize code across
platforms enables you to leverage existing skills on
multiple target platforms.
• 3) Appcelerator provides value-adds such as
a Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS), app analytics and
a marketplace for 3rd party components.
Cons
• 1) Developers are required to manage target
platform SDKs locally. It’s highly recommended
for your team to establish a controlled build
environment/CI process if you choose to manage
SDKs locally, especially if you target multiple
platforms. SDK version & build-related issues can
be a horrific time sink, when you really need your
team delivering features.
2) Normalizing the UI across platforms, while
arguably a “pro”, is also a “con” in that your team
will need to train on a proprietary technology to
gain skills that are not directly transferrable outside
Titanium.
E. Xamarin
“Xamarin” has only been around for a couple years,
however the team and technology behind it has
been in the cross-platform industry for many
years. Before developers were concerned about
cross-platform mobile apps they were concerned
about cross-platform desktop applications
[12]. Members of the Xamarin team were behind
the very popular Mono project and later the
MonoTouch project, which was acquired, spun off,
and things happened… then poof: Xamarin.
If you are a Microsoft .Net developer, then you’ll
know that Mono was the rogue project that worked
tirelessly to keep the C# language running and
available on Linux. They know a thing or two
about working with cross-platform technologies,
and they are huge C# fans. Therefore, the
programming language preferred for Xamarin is
C#. If you are a .NET developer this will probably
be your favorite. Xamarin has been excelling at
building really cool cloud-testing tools as well. This
makes it easier for developers to test their
6. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 245
applications across a variety of different devices
[13].
Pros
1) Compiles into a truenative APP or APK, uses
native UI tools and has cross platform benefits as
well as stability.
2) Favourite tool for the .NET developers.
Cons
1) Does not provide build once experience, so little
more work has to be done if code has to be reused.
IV. COMPARISON
The Comparison of the five popular cross platform
applications development tools is given in Table 1
and Table 2. Table 1 contains the comparison
different general features of tools and Table 2
contains the comparison of various development
features of tools.
Name Paltforms OS
Support
Open
Source
MVC
PhoneGap IOS, Android,
Windows,
Blackberry,
Symbian
Linux,
Mac,
Windows
Yes No
Rhodes IOS, Android,
Windows,
Blackberry,
Symbian
Linux,
Mac,
Windows
Yes Yes
DragonRad IOS, Android,
Windows,
Blackberry,
Linux,
Mac,
Windows
No No
Appcelerator IOS, Android,
Windows,
Blackberry
Linux,
Mac,
Windows
Yes Yes
Xamarin IOS, Android,
Windows
Linux,
Mac,
Windows
Yes No
Table 1 General Features
Name Language IDE Acessibility To
Native API
PhoneGap HTML,
HTML5, CSS3,
Java Script
Eclipse,
XCode
Java Script
Rhodes HTML, RhoStudio, Java Script
HTML5, CSS,
Java Script
RhoHub
DragonRad D&D DragonRad
Designer
NA
Appcelerator HTML, Java
Script
Titanium
Studio
Java Script
Xamarin .Net, HTML Xamarin
Studio
NA
Table 2 Development Features
V. CONCLUSION
There is never a winner when it comes to
programming languages and frameworks. The
winner is the option you think will be best for you
and your product now and into the future. It very
well might be that the best option is to write
Objective C or Swift for iOS and Java for Android,
just because you're awesome at those. Then you can
learn C# if needed for Windows later. The choice
is yours, and that’s the beauty of it. Our paper is an
attempt to make this task of choosing an
appropriate tool easier.
REFERENCES
[1] Ma, L., Gu, L. and Wang, J., “Research and Development of
Mobile Application for Android Platform”, International Journal
of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.
187-198,2014.
[2] Kim, J.H., Karunaratne, S., Regenbrecht, H., and Wunsche,
C.B.W.I.. “Evaluation of Cross-Platform Development Tools for
Patient Self-Reporting on Mobile Devices”, Proceedings of the
8th Australasian Workshop on Health Informatics and Knowledge
Management, Sydney, Australia, pp. 27 – 30. 2015.
[3] Pawar, P.A., Jagtap, S.V. and Bhamare, S.M., “Survey on
Techniques for Cross Platform Mobile Application
Development”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp. 3552-
3558, 2014.
[4] Pandey, G. and Dani, D., “Android Mobile Application Build on
Eclipse”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 1-5, 2014
[5] Palmieri, M., Singh, I., Cicchetti, A., “Comparison of Cross-
Platform Mobile Development Tools”, 16th International
Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks, Berlin,
Germany, pp. 179-186, 2012.
[6] G. Sarah Allen and L. Lundrigan. Smartphone Cross-
PlatformDevelopment. Apress, 2010.
[7] Motorola Solutions. http://www.motorola.com/Business/USEN/
Business+Product+and+Services/Software+and+Applications
/RhoMobile+Suite,2012.
[8] RhoMobile, http://rhomobile.com/blog/whats-so-special-about-
therhodes- smartphone-app-framework, March 2010.
7. International Journal of Computer Techniques -– Volume 3 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2016
ISSN: 2394-2231 http://www.ijctjournal.org Page 246
[9]LeckylaoRhodesframework,
http://leckylao.com/2010/06/12/rhodes-framework-agile-
mobileweb- development, June 2010.
[10] Ertaul, L. and Shakoor, S., “Implementation of Pinkas Partial
Matching (PM)-Semi Honest Protocol Using Mixed
Multiplicative Homomorphic Encryption (MMH) For Location
Based Services (LBS)”, International Journal of Computer
Science and Network Security (IJCSNS), Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 1-
10, 2015.
[11] Farto, D.G., Endo, T.A., “Mechanisms to support automated
testing of mobile applications”, Thesis and Dissertation
Workshop on Software Quality, Blumenau, Santa Catarina,
Brazil, pp. 1-6, 2014.
[12] Kumar, A.L., 2012. “Mobile Application for News and
Interactive Services”, ARPN Journal of Science and Technology,
Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-16, 2012.
[13] Nepali, J., Kadariya, L. and Kandel, Pd.N., “Restaurant Guide
GPS based Android App”, Minor Project Report, Tribhuvan
University, Nepal, pp. 1-30, 2012.