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This document discusses implementing trust in cloud computing using public key infrastructure (PKI). It begins by providing background on PKI and how it uses public/private key cryptography to provide security services like authentication, confidentiality, and integrity. It then discusses cloud computing models and the Windows Azure platform. The paper proposes three trust models using PKI: 1) a public root CA and public CA, 2) a public root CA and enterprise CA, and 3) an enterprise root CA and enterprise CA. It details methodologies for implementing each model to establish trust between cloud services and customers. The enterprise root CA model provides the most security and trust but has higher costs and complexity.
This document discusses security aspects of mobile cloud computing. It begins with an abstract discussing how cloud computing offers scalable and secure computation resources as a service. Mobile cloud computing combines mobile computing, cloud computing, and wireless networks. The document then analyzes existing security challenges and issues in cloud and mobile cloud environments. It identifies key long-term security and privacy issues based on documented problems. The document provides an overview of cloud computing models, characteristics, architectures, and security issues. It discusses how the flexibility and openness of cloud environments challenge assumptions about application security.
This document discusses cloud computing and provides details on its key characteristics, economics, layers, deployment models, cloud storage, issues, and future. It defines cloud computing as internet-based development and services that provide online tools for email, productivity software, business applications, and data storage from any location. Some benefits include eliminating costs of on-site hardware/software and IT support staff. The document outlines the different layers of cloud computing including clients, applications, platforms, and infrastructure. It also discusses public vs private vs hybrid cloud models and issues regarding security, reliability, ownership, and intellectual property.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...
This document summarizes key infrastructure elements for cloud computing. It discusses hardware and networking resources that form the lower layer of cloud infrastructure. A hypervisor, or virtual machine manager, controls and allocates host machine resources to virtual machines. Middleware integrates applications and services across cloud elements. Cloud services include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Security and management policies are also important to protect data, applications, and infrastructure in the cloud.
Cloud computing is very useful then also its own set of cons discourage cloud users to choose them as a best option. The multitenant architecture of cloud exposed to several threats such as improper trust management at service provider site, Storage security, Shared technology vulnerabilities, data lost/leakage during transit, unauthorized access of data. This paper studied review work on cloud steganography.
Review on Security Techniques using Cloud ComputingEditor IJCATR
Cloud Computing is the nascent technology which is based on Pay-Per-Use Model. Cloud computing is emerging as a
model of “Everything as a Service” (XaaS). Cloud Computing is computing paradigm where applications, data bandwidth and IT
services are provided over the Internet. Cloud Computing is a relatively new computing model that provides on demand business
and IT services over the Internet. The main concerns in adapting Cloud Computing is its security, different security risks that
affects the cloud environment in the area of confidentiality, Integrity and computing on data is thoroughly investigated
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document discusses security aspects of mobile cloud computing. It begins with an abstract discussing how cloud computing offers scalable and secure computation resources as a service. Mobile cloud computing combines mobile computing, cloud computing, and wireless networks. The document then analyzes existing security challenges and issues in cloud and mobile cloud environments. It identifies key long-term security and privacy issues based on documented problems. The document provides an overview of cloud computing models, characteristics, architectures, and security issues. It discusses how the flexibility and openness of cloud environments challenge assumptions about application security.
This document discusses cloud computing and provides details on its key characteristics, economics, layers, deployment models, cloud storage, issues, and future. It defines cloud computing as internet-based development and services that provide online tools for email, productivity software, business applications, and data storage from any location. Some benefits include eliminating costs of on-site hardware/software and IT support staff. The document outlines the different layers of cloud computing including clients, applications, platforms, and infrastructure. It also discusses public vs private vs hybrid cloud models and issues regarding security, reliability, ownership, and intellectual property.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes key infrastructure elements for cloud computing. It discusses hardware and networking resources that form the lower layer of cloud infrastructure. A hypervisor, or virtual machine manager, controls and allocates host machine resources to virtual machines. Middleware integrates applications and services across cloud elements. Cloud services include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Security and management policies are also important to protect data, applications, and infrastructure in the cloud.
This document summarizes a literature review on security issues and techniques in cloud computing. It discusses several common security issues in cloud computing including multi-tenancy, insider attacks, outsider attacks, elasticity, security performance and optimization, information integrity and privacy, and network level attacks. It also describes some techniques for securing data in cloud computing such as encryption algorithms, authentication and identity management, and auditing support. Finally, it discusses some risks and considerations regarding cloud computing security such as insecure APIs, data loss, identity theft, and shared technology issues.
Cloud Computing Basics Features and Servicesijtsrd
Cloud computing is an on demand service in which distributed resources, information, software and other devices are provided according to the client's requirement at specific time 1 . Cloud computing involves deploying groups of remote servers and software networks that allow centralized data storage and online access to computer services or resources. In this paper, we explore the different services in different computing platforms and applications. Cloud computing is a service, which offers customers to work over the internet 2 . Kyi Pyar | Me Me Khaing "Cloud Computing Basics: Features and Services" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27960.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/distributed-computing/27960/cloud-computing-basics-features-and-services/kyi-pyar
This document summarizes a survey on cloud computing and its services. It discusses key aspects of cloud computing including characteristics, types of cloud services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), related terminology, and tools for cloud development and simulation. Specifically, it covers CloudSim and eXo IDE as important tools - CloudSim enables simulation of cloud computing environments and eXo IDE provides a development environment for cloud applications. The paper also reviews related work on cloud computing platforms, operating systems, challenges, and management of cloud infrastructure and resources.
This document discusses security issues and challenges related to cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing and its benefits and types of cloud deployments including private cloud, public cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud. Each cloud deployment model has different security considerations. The main security issues discussed for public clouds include multi-tenancy concerns and transferring data over the internet. Private clouds provide fewer security concerns but require a higher investment. Hybrid clouds offer flexibility but new operational processes are needed. Overall, the document examines the tradeoffs between different cloud deployment models in terms of security.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including its key concepts, models, and advantages. The main points are:
- Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources like servers, storage, databases, and applications via the internet. It allows users to avoid upfront infrastructure costs.
- The major cloud service models are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). SaaS provides access to applications, PaaS provides development platforms, and IaaS provides basic computing resources.
- The key benefits of cloud computing include cost savings, flexibility, scalability, and accessibility of resources from anywhere via
Design & Development of a Trustworthy and Secure Billing System for Cloud Com...iosrjce
Cloud computing is an important transition that makes change in service oriented computing
technology. Cloud service provider follows pay-as-you-go pricing approach which means consumer uses as
many resources as he need and billed by the provider based on the resource consumed. CSP give a quality of
service in the form of a service level agreement. For transparent billing, each billing transaction should be
protected against forgery and false modifications. Although CSPs provide service billing records, they cannot
provide trustworthiness. It is due to user or CSP can modify the billing records. In this case even a third party
cannot confirm that the user’s record is correct or CSPs record is correct. To overcome these limitations we
introduced a secure billing system called THEMIS. For secure billing system THEMIS introduces a concept of
cloud notary authority (CNA). CNA generates mutually verifiable binding information that can be used to
resolve future disputes between user and CSP. This project will produce the secure billing through monitoring
the service level agreement (SLA) by using the SMon module. CNA can get a service logs from SMon and stored
it in a local repository for further reference. Even administrator of a cloud system cannot modify or falsify the
data.
Cloud infrastructure mechanisms are foundational building blocks of cloud environments that establish primary artifacts to form the basis of fundamental cloud technology architecture.
Data Security Model Enhancement In Cloud EnvironmentIOSR Journals
This document discusses enhancing data security in cloud environments. It begins by providing background on cloud computing, including its key characteristics and architecture. The document then discusses existing security concerns with cloud computing, as sensitive user data is stored remotely by cloud providers. The main objective is to propose an enhanced data security model for clouds. The proposed model uses a three-layer architecture and efficient algorithms to ensure security at each layer and solve common cloud data security issues like authentication, data protection, and fast data recovery.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document discusses security issues in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing and describing its service models and deployment models. It then identifies several key security issues in cloud computing, including security, privacy, reliability, lack of open standards, compliance, and concerns about long-term viability of data. Security is identified as the top challenge according to a survey of IT executives. The document argues that more must be done to address security, privacy, and other issues in order to fully realize the potential of cloud computing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including definitions, models, and applications. It can be summarized as follows:
1) It defines cloud computing according to NIST and discusses the essential characteristics of cloud including on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service.
2) It describes the three main service models of cloud - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - and the four deployment models of cloud including private, community, public, and hybrid clouds.
3) It gives examples of applications of cloud computing such as ECG analysis, protein
This document discusses security challenges in cloud computing. It describes the three major types of cloud computing services: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The document then examines some key security issues in cloud computing environments and existing countermeasures. It outlines the benefits of cloud computing such as flexible resources, reduced costs, and access to powerful infrastructure. However, it also notes security remains an important concern as different users share cloud systems and resources.
This document summarizes previous research on the deformation of endodontic obturator tips using finite element modeling (FEM). It discusses how FEM has been used to analyze stress distributions and deformation patterns in gutta percha cutter tips when subjected to thermal and mechanical loads. The document reviews literature on using tools like ANSYS to model different tip geometries and materials. It also discusses how FEM can help optimize tip design by predicting failure modes and analyzing stresses under various loading conditions. FEM is presented as an effective tool for analyzing complex dental structures when direct measurement is difficult.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a comparison of PID and fuzzy PID controllers for position control of a DC motor. It first describes the modeling of a DC motor transfer function. It then provides details on designing a PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols tuning methods. A fuzzy PID controller is also designed using triangular membership functions for error and change in error inputs. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that the fuzzy PID controller provides better tracking of setpoint changes with less overshoot compared to the ZN-tuned PID controller. The fuzzy PID controller therefore demonstrates better performance for position control of DC motors.
This document presents a framework for optimizing transportation costs when supplying resources to construction sites. It identifies renewable and non-renewable resources and considers the locations of storage facilities and construction sites. The objective is to minimize total transportation costs by determining optimal quantities to ship from each storage location to each site. A mathematical model is formulated to represent the transportation costs as a function of shipping quantities between sources and sinks, subject to supply and demand constraints. The model aims to develop a tradeoff between transportation costs and transshipment quantities for efficiently supplying resources in construction projects.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller for temperature control of an electric heating furnace. It begins with an introduction to electric furnaces and challenges with using conventional PID controllers for nonlinear and time-varying temperature processes. It then describes tuning various PID controller gains using algorithms and comparing responses. Next, it designs a fuzzy logic controller and fuzzy-PID controller for the system using MATLAB/Simulink. Membership functions and fuzzy rules are defined for the fuzzy inference systems. The results show that the proposed fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller provides the best dynamic performance for temperature control of the electric furnace.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using the firefly algorithm to solve the NP-hard optimization problem of assigning cells in a cellular network to switches in a way that minimizes total costs. The total cost includes handoff costs for calls between adjacent cells and cabling costs for connecting cells to switches, subject to constraints like switch capacity. It describes modeling the problem mathematically and comparing the firefly algorithm to the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The firefly algorithm is shown to solve the cell-to-switch assignment problem faster than existing approaches like PSO.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to design hybrid active power filters (HAPFs) for 3-phase 4-wire power systems with variable and nonlinear loads. The objectives are to minimize harmonic distortion, reactive power capacity, and costs while satisfying constraints. PSO is applied to find optimal filter parameters and component ratings. Simulation results show PSO designs outperform conventional trial-and-error methods in meeting standards for harmonic mitigation and power factor correction.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new topology for a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) to improve power quality in three-phase four-wire distribution systems. The proposed topology integrates a three-leg voltage source converter with a T-connected transformer. This helps mitigate neutral current and allows the DSTATCOM to compensate for load harmonics, reactive power, and imbalance. The design and control strategy of the DSTATCOM are described. Its performance is validated using MATLAB simulation for applications like power factor correction and voltage regulation along with neutral current compensation and harmonic reduction with nonlinear loads.
This document discusses methods for interpolating rainfall data using modified inverse distance weighting (MIDW) techniques. It examines four general forms of the MIDW method where the effects of distance and elevation difference can take positive or negative weights. The authors apply genetic algorithms to optimize the MIDW interpolation equation regionally and compare integrated vs. separated dimensionless weighting approaches. Daily rainfall data from 49 stations in the Mashhad plain catchment area of Iran over 16 years is analyzed. The results show that accounting for elevation improves interpolation and that regional optimization of the MIDW method leads to better performance than local optimization.
The document compares the low field electron transport properties in compounds of groups III-V semiconductors by solving the Boltzmann equation using an iterative technique. It calculates the temperature and doping dependencies of electron mobility in InP, InAs, GaP and GaAs. The electron mobility decreases with increasing temperature from 100K to 500K for each material due to increased electron-phonon scattering. Electron mobility also increases significantly with higher doping concentration at low temperatures. The iterative results show good agreement with other calculations and experiments. Electron mobility is highest in InAs and lowest in GaP at 300K, due to differences in their effective masses.
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An Overview on Security Issues in Cloud ComputingIOSR Journals
This document discusses security issues in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing and its service models, including software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). It then discusses that security is the top challenge for cloud computing according to a survey of IT executives. Specifically, there are concerns about maintaining security, compliance, and control over critical applications and sensitive data when using public cloud environments. The document goes on to provide more details on cloud computing definitions, characteristics, architectures, and the specific security issues involved in cloud computing.
A Detail Overview of Cloud Computing with its Opportunities and Obstacles in ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses cloud computing and provides definitions and characteristics. It describes the different deployment and service models of cloud computing including private cloud, public cloud, community cloud, hybrid cloud, software as a service, platform as a service, and infrastructure as a service. It also discusses virtualization and its role in cloud computing, the relationship between cloud computing and the internet of things, and some security issues related to cloud placing control in the hands of vendors.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing. It defines cloud computing as utilizing virtual shared servers and resources over the internet. The document outlines the key components of cloud computing including infrastructure, platforms, software, and client access. It also describes the various deployment models (public, private, hybrid, community) and service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS). Some advantages of cloud computing are flexibility to access resources anywhere, low costs since hardware/software are rented as needed, and rapid scalability without large upfront investments.
A Review Paper On Cloud Computing Amp Security IssueWhitney Anderson
1) The document discusses security issues related to data storage in cloud computing. It notes that as more information from individuals and companies is stored in the cloud, concerns about security and privacy are growing.
2) The paper reviews common cloud computing security threats such as privacy, reliability, freedom, legal issues, and compliance. It also examines specific security issues including availability, confidentiality, data integrity, data locations, data recovery, and trust.
3) In conclusion, the author states that securing data in the cloud is important and relies on techniques like trusted computing and cryptography. Security will continue to be a major research area for cloud computing.
This document provides a comprehensive study of cloud computing. It discusses cloud computing models including infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS). It explores the benefits of cloud computing such as scalability, flexibility, and reduced costs. However, it also notes avoidance issues like security, privacy, internet dependency, and availability. The document concludes by stating that vertical scalability presents a technical challenge in cloud environments.
The document discusses various aspects of cloud computing including:
- Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources that can scale up or down depending on needs.
- It evolved from concepts like virtualization, utility computing, and service-oriented architecture.
- The basic components of cloud computing include clients, services, applications, platforms, storage, and infrastructure.
- Common cloud computing models are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
cloud computing is a processing that includes a huge number of computer systems linked through a interaction system such as the Internet, similar to application processing.In technology, reasoning processing is a replacements for allocated processing over a system, and means the ability to run a program or application on many linked computer systems at the same time.
Network-based services, which appear to be offered by actual server components and are in fact offered up by exclusive components simulated by software running on one or more actual devices, are often called reasoning processing. Such exclusive web servers do not actually are available and can therefore be shifted around and scaly up or down on the fly without impacting the end user, somewhat like a reasoning becoming bigger or more compact without being a physical item.
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1. Cloud computing involves delivering computing resources and services over the internet instead of relying on local servers or personal computers. It enables users to access applications and store/process data using remote servers.
2. There are three main types of cloud computing services: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides virtual computing resources; Platform as a Service (PaaS) offers platforms for developing applications; and Software as a Service (SaaS) delivers fully functional applications over the internet.
3. The main deployment models are public clouds which are owned by third parties and available publicly, private clouds which are dedicated to a single organization, and hybrid clouds which combine public and private clouds.
This paper presentation discusses cloud computing. It defines cloud computing as using remote servers and the internet to maintain data and applications. The paper then discusses the different types of clouds including public clouds, community clouds, hybrid clouds, and private clouds. It provides examples and definitions for each type. The paper also covers key features like agility, cost reduction, and device independence. It concludes by mentioning some issues with cloud computing like privacy and availability/performance.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing. It begins with definitions of cloud computing and discusses concepts like service-oriented architecture, cyber infrastructure, and virtualization. It describes different types of cloud architectures like public, private and hybrid clouds. It outlines the key components of cloud computing including cloud types, virtualization, and users. It discusses how cloud computing works and reviews the merits and demerits. Finally, it concludes that cloud computing allows for more efficient use of IT resources and flexible access to computing power and data from any internet-connected device.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing, including its key concepts and models. Cloud computing allows users to access applications, data storage, servers and other resources over the Internet. There are various deployment models for cloud computing including public, private, hybrid and community clouds. The main service models are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Cloud computing provides advantages such as low costs, increased storage and computing power, and easier software access from anywhere via the Internet. However, it also has disadvantages like needing a constant Internet connection and potential security issues.
This document discusses the basics of cloud computing, including definitions, characteristics, deployment strategies, service models, opportunities, challenges, and issues. Specifically, it defines cloud computing as on-demand access to configurable computing resources via the internet. The key characteristics of cloud computing are on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The document also outlines the public, private, and hybrid deployment strategies as well as software (SaaS), platform (PaaS), and infrastructure (IaaS) service models. Finally, it discusses opportunities for end users, businesses and developers, and examines challenges related to security, performance, availability, cost, and regulatory requirements.
Cloud computing delivers computing services as utilities over the internet, similar to how electricity or water are provided. There are different types of cloud deployment models including public, private, hybrid, and community clouds. Additionally, there are three main service models - Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). IaaS provides virtual computing resources, PaaS provides development platforms, and SaaS provides complete software solutions delivered over the internet. Cloud computing offers benefits like on-demand provisioning, elastic scaling, pay-per-use billing, workload resilience, and migration flexibility.
This document discusses cloud computing. It begins with an introduction that defines cloud computing and outlines some of its key attributes and capabilities. It then discusses several aspects of cloud computing including cloud storage services, frameworks, architectures, and layers. The document also covers advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing, as well as threats and opportunities presented by the cloud. It concludes with a comparison table of several representative cloud platforms.
Security & privacy issues of cloud & grid computing networksijcsa
Cloud computing is a new field in Internet computing that provides novel perspectives in internetworking
technologies. Cloud computing has become a significant technology in field of information technology.
Security of confidential data is a very important area of concern as it can make way for very big problems
if unauthorized users get access to it. Cloud computing should have proper techniques where data is
segregated properly for data security and confidentiality. This paper strives to compare and contrast cloud
computing with grid computing, along with the Tools and simulation environment & Tips to store data and
files safely in Cloud.
Now a days the work is being done by hiring the space and resources from the cloud providers in order to do work effectively and less costly. This paper describes the cloud, its challenges, evolution, attacks along with the approaches required to handle data on cloud. The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. The need of this review paper is to provide the awareness of the current emerging technology which saves the cost of users.
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This document discusses the impact of data mining on business intelligence. It begins by defining business intelligence as using new technologies to quickly respond to changes in the business environment. Data mining is an important part of the business intelligence lifecycle, which includes determining requirements, collecting and analyzing data, generating reports, and measuring performance. Data mining allows businesses to access real-time, accurate data from multiple sources to improve decision making. Using business intelligence and data mining techniques can help businesses become more efficient and make better decisions to increase profits and customer satisfaction. The expected results of applying business intelligence include improved decision making through accurate, timely information to support organizational goals and strategic plans.
This document presents a novel technique for solving the transcendental equations of selective harmonics elimination pulse width modulation (SHEPWM) inverters based on the secant method. The proposed algorithm uses the secant method to simplify the numerical solution of the nonlinear equations and solve them faster compared to other methods. Simulation results validate that the proposed method accurately estimates the switching angles to eliminate specific harmonics from the output voltage waveform and achieves near sinusoidal output current for various modulation indices and numbers of harmonics eliminated.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and implemented a dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) based GSM-controlled car security system. The system uses a DTMF decoder and GSM module to allow a car to be remotely controlled and secured from a mobile phone. It works by sending DTMF tones from the phone through calls to the GSM module in the car. The decoder interprets the tones and a microcontroller executes commands to disable the ignition or control other devices. The system was created to improve car security and accessibility through remote monitoring and control with DTMF and GSM technology.
This document presents an algorithm for imperceptibly embedding a DNA-encoded watermark into a color image for authentication purposes. It applies a multi-resolution discrete wavelet transform to decompose the image. The watermark, encoded into DNA nucleotides, is then embedded into the third-level wavelet coefficients through a quantization process. Specifically, the watermark nucleotides are complemented and used to quantize coefficients in the middle frequency band, modifying the coefficients. The watermarked image is reconstructed through inverse wavelet transform. Extraction reverses these steps to recover the watermark without the original image. The algorithm aims to balance imperceptibility and robustness through this wavelet-based, blind watermarking scheme.
1) The document analyzes the dynamic saturation point of a deep-water channel in Shanghai port based on actual traffic data and a ship domain model.
2) A dynamic channel transit capacity model is established that considers factors like channel width, ship density, speed, and reductions due to traffic conditions.
3) Based on AIS data from the channel, the average traffic flow is calculated to be 15.7 ships per hour, resulting in a dynamic saturation of 32.5%, or 43.3% accounting for uneven day/night traffic volumes.
The document summarizes research on the use of earth air tunnels and wind towers as passive solar techniques. Key findings include:
- Earth air tunnels circulate air through underground pipes to take advantage of the stable temperature 4 meters below ground for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Testing showed the technique can reduce ambient temperatures by up to 14 degrees Celsius.
- Wind towers circulate air through tall shafts to cool air entering buildings at night and provide downward airflow of cooled air during the day.
- Experimental testing of an earth air tunnel system over multiple months found maximum temperature reductions of 33% in spring and minimum reductions of 15% in summer.
The document compares the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) thin films and sheets reinforced with graphene nanoparticles. LDPE/graphene thin films were produced via solution casting, while sheets were made by compression molding. Testing showed that the thin films had enhanced tensile strength, lower melt flow index, and higher thermal stability compared to sheets. The tensile strength of thin films increased by up to 160% with 1% graphene, while sheets increased by 70%. Melt flow index decreased more for thin films, indicating higher viscosity. Thin films also showed greater improvement in glass transition temperature. These results demonstrate that processing technique affects the properties of LDPE/graphene nanocomposites.
The document describes improvements made to a friction testing machine. A stepper motor and PLC control system were added to automatically vary the load on friction pairs, replacing the manual method. Tests using the improved machine found that the friction coefficient decreases as the load increases, and that abrasive and adhesive wear increased with higher loads. The improved machine allows more accurate and convenient testing of friction pairs under varying load conditions.
This document summarizes a research article that investigates the steady, two-dimensional Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow over a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions. The flow considers a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity in the presence of a porous medium and viscous dissipation. Governing partial differential equations are non-dimensionalized and transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The equations are highly nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically, so a numerical solver is used. Numerical results are presented for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, velocity and temperature profiles for varying parameters like the Falkner-Skan parameter and Eckert number.
An improvised white board compass was designed and developed to enhance the teaching of geometrical construction concepts in basic technology courses. The compass allows teachers to visually demonstrate geometric concepts and constructions on a white board in an engaging, hands-on manner. It supports constructivist learning principles by enabling students to observe and emulate the teacher. The design process utilized design and development research methodology to test educational theories and validate the practical application of the compass. The improvised compass was found to effectively engage students and improve their performance in learning geometric constructions.
The document describes the design of an energy meter that calculates energy using a one second logic for improved accuracy. The meter samples voltage and current values using an ADC synchronized to the line frequency via PLL. It calculates active and reactive power by averaging the sampled values over each second. The accumulated active power for each second is multiplied by one second to calculate energy, which is accumulated and converted to kWh. Test results showed the meter achieved an error of 0.3%, within the acceptable limit for class 1 meters. Considering energy over longer durations like one second helps reduce percentage error in the calculation.
This document presents a two-stage method for solving fuzzy transportation problems where the costs, supplies, and demands are represented by symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. In the first stage, the problem is solved to satisfy minimum demand requirements. Remaining supplies are then distributed in the second stage to further minimize costs. A numerical example demonstrates using robust ranking techniques to convert the fuzzy problem into a crisp one, which is then solved using a zero suffix method. The total optimal costs from both stages provide the solution to the original fuzzy transportation problem.
1) The document proposes using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller for a Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC) to improve voltage regulation and power quality in a transmission system.
2) A DPFC is placed at a load bus in an IEEE 4 bus system and its performance is compared using a PI controller and ANFIS controller.
3) Simulation results show the ANFIS controller provides faster convergence and better voltage profile maintenance during voltage sags and swells compared to the PI controller.
The document describes an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve vehicle routing problems. It introduces concepts of leptons and hadrons to particles in the algorithm. Leptons interact weakly based on individual and neighborhood best positions, while hadrons (local best particles) undergo strong interactions by colliding with the global best particle. When stagnation occurs, particle decay is used to increase diversity. Simulations show the improved algorithm avoids premature convergence and finds better solutions compared to the basic particle swarm optimization.
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1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com
Volume 1, Issue 5 (September2012) PP: 41-46
Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
Heena Kharche1, Prof.Deepak Singh Chouhan2
1
Student at Computer Science and Engineering, IES IPS Academy, Indore India
2
Faculty at Computer Science and Engineering, IES IPS Academy, Indore India
Abstract–– Cloud is not a destination. It is an approach. Cloud service providers, along with cloud technology vendors,
today are working towards developing a cloud ecosystem. The main area of concern in cloud ecosystem is security and
trust. As Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology has undergone a renaissance, enabling computer to computer
communications this paper will describe the ways to implement trust models using Microsoft Windows Azure. This paper
will provide implementations to the trust model used to enable trust in Cloud.
Keywords –– Azure; Cloud Computing; Cryptography; Public Key infrastructure; Windows
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is rapidly emerging as a new paradigm for delivering computing as a utility. While enterprises in
India are apprehensive about public clouds, they would still like to avail themselves benefits that cloud computing have to
offer. The idea behind any cloud computing proposal is for you to pay only for what you use, scaling up or down according
to business needs. Vendors supporting cloud computing can interpret this statement differently, providing varying levels of
services to achieve this result. The industry is now on its way towards cloud computing and virtualization is the
infrastructure on which it is being built. The cloud model will see a rapid adoption in India, as business will appreciate how
technology enables them to easily expand scalability and enhance elasticity [1].
This paper is organized in the following sections:
In Section II, we give a background of the technologies and trust model to be used. In Section III we describe the
implementation methodologies of cloud based PKI. In Section IV we will discuss Conclusion and future work.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Public Key Infrastructure
PKI consists of programs, data formats, procedures, communication protocols, security policies and public key
cryptographic mechanisms working in a comprehensive manner to enable a wide range of dispersed people to communicate
in a secure and predictable fashion. PKI provides authentication, confidentiality, non repudiation, and integrity of the
messages exchanged. PKI is hybrid system of symmetric and asymmetric key algorithms and methods [2-4]. A public-key
infrastructure (PKI) is a framework that provides security services to an organization using public-key cryptography. These
services are generally implemented across a networked environment, work in conjunction with client-side software, and can
be customized by the organization implementing them. An added bonus is that all security services are provided
transparently— users do not need to know about public keys, private keys, certificates, or Certification Authorities in order
to take advantage of the services provided by a PKI [5].
PKI and the Aims of Secure Internet Communication: The four aims of secure communication on the Internet are
as stated earlier: confidentiality, integrity, authentication and non-repudiation. Authentication is the procedure to verify the
identity of a user. There are three different factors authentication can be based on. These factors are something the user
knows, something the user possesses and something the user is. Something the user knows could be a password that is a
shared secret between the user and the verifying party. This is the weakest form of authentication since the password can be
stolen through, for example, a dictionary attack or sniffing the network. Something the user possesses could be a physical
token like a credit card, a passport or something digital and secret like a private key. This authentication form is usually
combined with something the user knows to form a two-factor authentication. For instance, a credit card and a PIN are
something possessed and something known. Something the user is could be something biometric like a fingerprint, DNA or
a retinal scan which is unique for the user.
B. Cloud Computing
Gartner defines cloud computing as Scalable, IT related capabilities provided as a service on Internet. The term
cloud computing implies access to remote computing services offered by third parties via a TCP/IP connection to the public
Internet. The cloud symbol in a network diagram, which initially represented any type of multiuser network, came to be
associated specifically with the public Internet in the mid-1990s[6].Cloud computing is defined as a model for enabling
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or cloud
provider interaction [7].
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2. Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
1) Cloud services exhibit five essential characteristics [6-7] that demonstrate their relation to, and differences from,
traditional computing approaches:
a) On-demand self-service: Computing capabilities are available on demand without any interference of third party.
b) Broad network access: Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs) as well as
other traditional or cloud based software services.
c) Resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-
tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual
machines. Even private clouds tend to pool resources between different parts of the same organization.
d) Rapid elasticity: Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically to quickly
scale out; and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning
often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
e) Measured service: Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource usage by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, or
active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both
the provider and consumer of the service.
NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing Definition gives the overall perspective and definition of what cloud computing is
[7]:
Fig. II.B NIST Visual Model of Cloud Computing
a) Service Models: Cloud computing can be classified by the model of service it offers into one of three different groups.
i. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): The capability provided to the customer of IaaS is raw storage space,
computing, or network resources with which the customer can run and execute an operating system, applications,
or any software that they choose.
ii. PaaS (Platform as a Service): The cloud provider not only provides the hardware, but they also provide a toolkit
and a number of supported programming languages to build higher level services (i.e. software applications that
are made available as part of a specific platform).
iii. SaaS (Software as a Service): The SaaS customer is an end-user of complete applications running on a cloud
infrastructure and offered on a platform on-demand. The applications are typically accessible through a thin client
interface, such as a web browser.
b) Deployment Models: Clouds can also be classified based upon the underlying infrastructure deployment model as Public,
Private, Community, or Hybrid clouds.
i. Public Cloud: A public cloud’s physical infrastructure is owned by a cloud service provider. Such a cloud runs
applications from different customers who share this infrastructure and pay for their resource utilization on a utility
computing basis.
ii. Private Cloud: A pure private cloud is built for the exclusive use of one customer, who owns and fully controls this
cloud.
iii. Community Cloud: When several customers have similar requirements, they can share an infrastructure and might
share the configuration and management of the cloud. This management might be done by themselves or by third
parties.
iv. Hybrid Cloud: Any composition of clouds, be they private or public could form a hybrid cloud and be manage a
single entity, provided that there is sufficient commonality between the standards used by the constituent clouds.
C. Windows Azure
Windows Azure platform consists of a highly scalable (elastic) cloud operating system, data storage fabric and
related services delivered by physical or logical (virtualized) Windows Server 2008 instances. The Windows Azure Software
42
3. Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
Development Kit (SDK) provides a development version of the cloud-based services, as well as the tools and APIs needed to
develop, deploy, and manage scalable services in Windows Azure.
According to Microsoft, the primary uses for Azure are to
i. Add web service capabilities to existing packaged applications
ii. Build, modify, and distribute applications to the Web with minimal on-premises resources
iii. Perform services, such as large-volume storage, batch processing, intense or high-volume computations, and so on,
off premises
iv. Create, test, debug, and distribute web services quickly and inexpensively
v. Reduce costs and risks of building and extending on-premises resources
vi. Reduce the effort and costs of IT management
vii. The Windows Azure Platform supports three types of scalable persistent storage:
viii. unstructured data (blobs)
ix. structured data (tables)
x. messages between applications, services, or both (queues)
D. Transport layer Security:
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a protocol that ensures privacy between communicating applications and their
users on the Internet. When a server and client communicate, TLS ensures that no third party may eavesdrop or tamper with
any message. TLS is the successor to the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) [8].
Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that
provide endpoint authentication and secure communications over any transport. TLS is normally associated with Internet
communication but can be applied to any transport layer, including sockets and HTTP. Sending unencrypted messages
increases the risk that messages can be intercepted or altered. TLS security technology automatically encrypts e-mail
messages between servers thereby reducing the risk of eavesdropping, interception, and alteration.
E. Trust Models
Enterprise Boundary[5] consists of a group of enterprises that wish to form a group to implement a common
procedure of security.
1) Public Root CA and Public CA
Fig. II.E.1 Public root CA and public CA
Above model consists of a public root CA and the Public CA which are connected by some enterprises in
enterprise boundary that share same rules of security and some individually connected by public CA’s.
Advantage of above model is that all web browsers trust the root CA certificate, and hence all certificates
generated in the hierarchy.
i. This model lacks in following:
ii. Trust point (CA certificate) is outside the enterprise boundary and issues certificates to other parties.
iii. No control of security properties of PKI
iv. Key Strength: 3072 bit RSA rather than 1024 bit RSA.
v. Certificate extensions: Key usage.
vi. Inability to issue certificate and certificate revocation information on demand.
vii. High implementation cost.
43
4. Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
2) Public root CA and Enterprise CA
Fig. II.E.2 Public Root CA and Enterprise CA
Above model consists of a public root CA and an enterprise CA which rules the secure communication between
various enterprises and the root CA.
Advantages of the above model are:
i. Trust point (CA certificate) is inside the enterprise boundary.
ii. On demand certificate and certificate revocation issuing.
iii. Web browsers trust the root CA certificate, and hence all certificates generated in the hierarchy.
Disadvantages of the above model that is supports Limited control of security properties of PKI and the
implementation cost is too high.
3) Enterprise root CA and Enterprise CA
Fig. II.E.3 Enterprise root CA and enterprise CA
Above model operates completely in enterprise boundary which means complete trust is established between the
enterprises communication and remote access.
Advantages of above model are:
i. Trust points (Root CA and CA certificates) are inside the enterprise boundary.
ii. Full control of security properties of PKI.
iii. On demand certificate and certificate revocation issuing.
44
5. Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
The only disadvantage of the above model is Web browsers do not trust the root CA certificate, and hence all
certificates generated in the hierarchy.
III. IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGIES
Above trust models can be implemented by following methodologies in a sequence for reducing risks in cloud
computing and develops trust of cloud customer in cloud.
Summary of the protocols and algorithms to be used in following methodologies are:
Transport Layer Security is used as secure protocol. Advanced Encryption Standard is used for cipher algorithm
with secure hash Algorithm and RSA as key exchange.
F. Public root CA and Public CA
In this model only thing we have to look around is the secure communication using TLS and secure data
transmission using Advanced Encryption standard.
Implementing Transport Layer
Security
Checking for the available
certificates supported by public
root CA and Public CA
Implementing 128 bit AES managed
code for encryption and decryption
of the data for data privacy
Fig. III.A Methodology for model 1
G. Public Root CA and Enterprise CA
In this model only thing we have to look around is the secure communication using TLS then we create self signed
certificate which makes enterprise CA, we import the certificates in the browser and secure data transmission using 128 bit
Advanced Encryption standard.
Implementing transport layer
Security
Creating Self signed certificates
for creation of Enterprise CA
Importing the certificates in the
browser to make it authenticated.
Data privacy is maintained
using 128 bit AES Algorithm
Fig. 3.B. Methodology for model 2
45
6. Implementing Trust in Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure
H. Enterprise Root CA and Enterprise CA
Implementing Transport layer Security
Creating Enterprise Root CA and importing their self
signedcertificates
Creating Enterprise CA and importing their self
signed certificates
Data privacy is maintained using AES Managed
code
Fig.3.C Methodology for model 3
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this model the methodology that is implemented is quite complicated in this we have to create both the CA and
have to maintain it across the enterprises which lie in enterprise boundary. The table below shows the comparison between
three models on various parameters which have been calculated logically:
Parameters Public Root Public Root Enterprise
CA and CA and Root CA and
Public CA Enterprise CA Enterprise CA
Secure Less Medium More
Privacy Less Medium More
Trust Medium Medium High
Cost High High High
Feasibility High Medium low
Performance High Low Low
Table IV Comparative Analysis
By implementing the above model we can easily avail the trust within the enterprise boundary using Microsoft
platform .By creating Root CA and Enterprise CA with the decision of all the enterprises may build the complete trust in the
cloud. Technologies and incentives to access or destroy systems emerge as technology moves forward and the value of the
system increases. Hence, a system can only be classified secure to an extent or not secure at all. One critical factor in
security is cost. To limit the incentives to break the system, the cost of breaking the system should be higher or equal to the
value of the information the system is protecting. The paper has discussed a model to build trust in Cloud using public key
Infrastructure. Despite of the limitation of browser support it can be widely used by enterprises. The application of the above
model can be the different plants and branch offices that want to share same data can create a public cloud and define their
own Root CA and CA to ensure confidentiality and integrity of the data. While working on future scope we can easily make
a cloud consumer trust that their data is safe on cloud that too within their own enterprise boundary. In future these
algorithms can be expanded with the new forthcoming algorithms to eliminate the disadvantages of the existing system.
Various performance factors can be improved in the cloud for the use of cloud with full trust.
REFERENCES
1. Wayne Jansen Timothy Grance, Guidelines on Security and Privacy in Public Cloud Computing
2. Understanding Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) An RSA Data Security White Paper
3. Article from Entrust.com
4. Shashi kiran, Patricia Lareau, Steve Lloyd PKI Basics - A Technical Perspective
5. Heena kharche,Deepak Singh Chouhan : Building Trust In Cloud Using Public Key Infrastructure, (IJACSA)
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2012,Pg(26-31)
6. Roger Jennings: Cloud Computing with the Windows Azure Platform,2010 ,pp11-12
7. VMware vCenter Configuration Manager Transport Layer Security Implementation WHITE PAPER
8. The bank of New York Mellon, Transport Layer FAQ ,
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