The document outlines protocols for responding to cardiopulmonary arrests, known as Code Blues. It describes initiating Basic Life Support, Advanced Cardiac Life Support, or Pediatric Advanced Life Support depending on the patient. It provides details on activating emergency codes, assembling code teams, performing immediate interventions like CPR and defibrillation, notifying physicians, and transferring patients to the emergency department. Crash carts and equipment are also discussed, including obtaining replacement carts and charging used items.
This document outlines codes and procedures for various emergency situations at a hospital. It describes codes for medical emergencies (blue, red, yellow), fire (orange), external disasters (yellow), infant abduction (STORK), physical assault (purple), hazardous spills (orange), and internal disasters. For each code, it provides brief instructions on activation including announcing the code over the phone system and notifying the appropriate response team to mobilize within 5 minutes.
- The document discusses ISBAR, a communication tool adapted from SBAR to standardize verbal and written communication, especially telephone referrals.
- ISBAR stands for Identify, Situation, Background, Assessment, Request. It provides a framework to organize crucial patient information when communicating between clinicians.
- The document encourages readers to practice using ISBAR through examples and roleplays to improve referral quality and patient safety.
Presentation on emergency codes in a hospitalLakshmi Kala
The document discusses emergency codes used in hospitals. It provides examples of different types of codes, including:
- Code Blue for cardiac arrest
- Code Red for external disasters like floods or fires
- Code Brown for internal disasters that impair hospital operations
- Code Pink for infant/child related emergencies
- Code Grey to request security personnel
The document explains that emergency codes are being changed to use plain language to clearly convey the type of emergency, code, and location. This allows all responders to quickly understand the situation and coordinate an effective response.
Early warning scores (EWS) are used to detect deterioration in patients' condition by categorizing illness severity and prompting medical review at trigger points. EWS systems measure six physiological parameters and assign points for deviations from normal values. The total score determines the monitoring frequency and level of care required, with higher scores indicating greater risk. EWS can help prioritize patient care, streamline communication, and reduce human error by facilitating timely response directly at the point of care. However, EWS only work effectively when staff are properly trained and response systems are in place to deliver the necessary escalated clinical care.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the medication audit document:
The document outlines a medication audit checklist to evaluate medication storage and handling practices at a hospital department, with 15 questions addressing issues like availability of medications, storage conditions, inventory processes, high risk medications, medication errors, and corrective/preventive actions. Staff knowledge of policies is also assessed on topics such as verbal orders, patient self administration, medication recalls, and error reporting.
The document discusses emergency triage in a hospital emergency department. It describes triage as a process where a nurse rapidly evaluates patients upon arrival to determine the level of acuity and priority for care. The triage nurse assesses factors like chief complaint, appearance, vital signs, history and assigns the patient to one of five standardized triage levels, from level 1 being life-threatening to level 5 being non-urgent, with corresponding timeframes for clinician assessment. The primary role of the triage nurse is to make decisions about priority of care while monitoring for communicable diseases or violence.
The document describes a Rapid Response Team (RRT) and its purpose and functions. An RRT is a multidisciplinary team that provides critical care expertise to patients outside of ICU who show signs of deterioration. The key purposes of an RRT are to assess and stabilize deteriorating patients, provide support and early interventions to prevent further decline, and communicate with physicians. An effective RRT process includes detection of issues, team activation, response and assessment at the bedside, interventions and stabilization, and disposition/evaluation. The document outlines roles and responsibilities of the RRT, calling criteria, and how to structure, implement, and measure the effectiveness of an RRT.
Early warning scores (EWS) are used to facilitate early detection of patient deterioration. The EWS system assigns points to physiological parameters like respiration, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and temperature to determine a total score. This score dictates the frequency of monitoring and urgency of clinical review. Higher scores indicate more frequent monitoring and quicker medical review are needed. The system aims to standardize recognition of worsening conditions and ensure prompt treatment. Case studies are presented to demonstrate how EWS would be applied in clinical practice.
This presentation discusses high-alert medications, which are drugs that carry an increased risk of harming patients if used incorrectly. It identifies common classes of high-alert medications like opioids, insulin, and anticoagulants. Case scenarios are presented to demonstrate potential harms from improper use. Strategies are described for safely monitoring high-alert medications through standardization, redundancy checks, protocols, and patient monitoring to minimize risks and make errors visible.
Roles of the medical and nursing staff during emergency codesJoven Botin Bilbao
This document outlines the roles and responsibilities of medical and nursing staff during emergency codes and rapid response team activations. It describes:
1) The code blue team which performs resuscitations during cardiopulmonary arrests and includes doctors, nurses, respiratory therapists, and support personnel who must be certified in ACLS, PALS, or NRP.
2) The roles of team members during a code which includes the physician leading the code, nurses maintaining airway/ventilation and administering medications/defibrillation, and respiratory therapists assisting with airway procedures.
3) The rapid response team which provides early intervention to prevent cardiopulmonary arrests and includes ICU nurses, residents, respiratory therapists, and nursing super
A "bundle" is a
group of evidence-based care components
for a given disease that, when executed together, may result in better outcomes than if implemented individually.
This document discusses emergency medical service planning for disasters. It covers triage, which involves classifying patients based on who would benefit most from immediate medical attention. An advance medical post provides initial stabilization near the disaster site. Field hospitals can substitute for damaged hospitals but have challenges. Mass casualty management involves search and rescue, medical care, disease monitoring, and mortuary services. Temporary morgues are needed to identify victims and determine causes of death. Overall, effective EMS planning requires coordination across various emergency response plans and medical facilities.
The document discusses the Early Warning Score (EWS) system, which is a simple scoring method used to rapidly identify clinically deteriorating patients based on 5 physiological parameters. Studies have shown that implementing an EWS protocol can effectively reduce mortality and morbidity for deteriorating patients as well as prevent ICU admissions. The EWS allows for early detection of patients who need urgent medical review and intervention to avoid further physiological deterioration.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
Triage originated during World War I to prioritize treatment of wounded soldiers. It involves sorting patients into three categories based on need for immediate care. The goal of triage is to rapidly identify life-threatening conditions and determine the most appropriate treatment area, while decreasing congestion and providing ongoing assessment. The triage nurse greets patients, performs brief assessments, documents findings, assigns priority levels, and communicates with treatment staff. Triage is a dynamic process that involves reassessing patients, as conditions can improve or deteriorate during the wait for care.
The document provides an overview of code management for nurses. It describes what a code is, the roles of the code team including the physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist. It outlines the responsibilities during a code such as initiating CPR, intubation, defibrillation, and administering medications. It also discusses managing the family, criteria for stopping resuscitative efforts, and documentation requirements. The overall document serves as a training guide for nurses on their functions and skills needed during a medical emergency.
Triage is the process of sorting patients based on the urgency of their condition to provide the right care to the patients who need it most. It involves an initial assessment of patients upon arrival to identify life-threatening issues and prioritize patients into categories based on need. The document outlines the goals and categories of triage in both emergency and disaster situations, with categories ranked from resuscitation to non-urgent based on the threat to life, limb, or function. It also describes the key components of triage including an initial across-the-room assessment and ongoing re-assessments to adjust patient priority as needs change.
NABH 5th edition hospital std april 2020anjalatchi
A. National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (NABH) is a constituent board of Quality Council of India (QCI), set up to establish and operate accreditation programme for healthcare organizations.
This document outlines a hospital's disaster management plan and code protocols. It defines a disaster as an event exceeding normal recovery capabilities. The plan aims to efficiently respond to internal or external disasters through a multidisciplinary approach. It establishes various disaster codes (e.g. Code Blue for cardiac arrest) and divides the emergency room into color-coded areas for triaging patients by urgency - red for critical/emergent, yellow for urgent/minor injuries, and green for delayed/ambulatory cases. It also outlines staff roles and recommends regular disaster drills and training to ensure effective implementation of the plan.
code is emergency work to be carried out .Code Blue means someone is experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency, typically an adult. It often means cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. All staff members near the location of the code may need to go to the patient.
The document provides definitions for various emergency codes used at MCHS facilities. Codes include Code Blue for medical emergencies, Code Red for fire, Code Yellow for security issues, and Code Disaster to activate disaster plans. Each code has a specific procedure to follow that is detailed in the facility's emergency preparedness manual. The document also includes quick reference guides for some of the more common codes.
This document outlines emergency procedures for a dialysis unit. It provides guidelines for responding to various medical emergencies that may occur during dialysis treatment, including cardiac arrest, air embolism, anaphylactic reaction, seizure, shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias, and chest pain. For each emergency, it describes signs and symptoms to look for and steps staff should take to assess and stabilize the patient, such as notifying the charge nurse, administering oxygen, treating hypotension, and contacting the patient's physician.
This document provides guidelines for Chapin Area Rescue Squad members on treatment, communication, and documentation procedures. It outlines steps for dispatch response, response to medical emergencies, on-scene assessment and care, transporting patients to the hospital, communicating with ECRNs, arriving at the hospital, documentation, restocking supplies, and concluding responses. The document emphasizes the importance of proper communication, assessment, treatment, documentation, and signatures according to new Medicare guidelines.
The document discusses staff roles and responsibilities for COVID-19 vaccination clinics, including drive-through, fixed site, and mobile clinics. It outlines the various stations at drive-through clinics and the duties of staff at each station, such as checking patients in, administering vaccines, monitoring for side effects, and directing traffic flow. It also discusses integrating different scheduling systems and generating appointment check-in lists to facilitate the vaccination process. The goal is to efficiently vaccinate large patient populations while maintaining safety.
Safe transfer of unstable patient from hospital NABH ppt.pptxanjalatchi
Keep your body in a straight line, with a straight back and bent knees. Your head and chest should be up and straight. Keep your feet a little wider than your shoulder width. Keep the person's head, torso, and legs in line during the transfer.
Code Blue Protocol. pptx. Cardiac arrest management in hospitalGODWIN SUJIN
The document provides guidance on code blue management and response at Dr. Jayaharan Memorial Hospital, outlining the roles and responsibilities of the code blue team which includes a team leader, airway management, nurses, and others who will rush to the location of a cardiac or respiratory emergency to begin resuscitation efforts. The document also reviews code blue protocols, equipment, documentation, and termination of resuscitation efforts.
Safe transfer of unstable patient from hospital NABH ppt.pptxanjalatchi
Keep your body in a straight line, with a straight back and bent knees. Your head and chest should be up and straight. Keep your feet a little wider than your shoulder width. Keep the person's head, torso, and legs in line during the transfer.
The document discusses blood transfusion, blood products, and safety protocols. It covers the components of blood including red cells, plasma, and platelets. It outlines the shelf life of different blood products and storage considerations. The document details eligibility requirements for blood donors and transfusion rules. It explains blood typing, matching blood to patients, and monitoring patients during transfusions. Key safety protocols for administering blood components and managing potential transfusion reactions are also summarized.
performing a successful triage at the hospital level. triaging for infants, children, and adults.
nevertheless, the triage area must be well secured. the area must be signed. babies less than one-month-old must be seen immediately by a physician without delay in a queue. triaging must be carried out by an adequately trained caregiver.
This document provides guidelines for Chapin Area Rescue Squad personnel on dispatch, response, on-scene operations, transporting patients, and documentation for emergency medical calls. Key steps include acknowledging dispatch pages, notifying the hospital of response and arrival, obtaining patient information, notifying the hospital of transport and estimated time of arrival, following treatment protocols, obtaining required signatures, and properly documenting all aspects of patient care. Proper communication and documentation are emphasized as important for legal protection, quality improvement, and reimbursement.
A registered nurse will provide pre-procedure and post-procedure care for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The nurse is responsible for preparing the patient by obtaining consent, assessing vitals and health history, reviewing medications and lab results, and ensuring fasting status. After the procedure, the nurse monitors the patient's condition, assesses the access site, and watches for potential complications. The nurse educates the patient and family on post-procedure care before discharge.
The document provides guidance for patient registration and orientation at a hospital. It outlines how new patients will receive a brief orientation on hospital procedures like the token system and queue registration. It also describes handling patient complaints and grievances, registering new and existing patients in the outpatient department or as inpatients. Queries from phone calls are addressed, and ambulance services are coordinated for patient transport. Other responsibilities covered include supervising housekeeping and forms, generating monthly reports, transferring patients to other facilities, and addressing patient issues.
The document provides registry data from Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt for 2015, including:
- Total trauma admissions were 1117, with 19 deaths and 7 organ donors.
- The non-surgical admission rate was 3%, overtriage rate was 47%, and undertriage rate was 11%.
- Level I trauma activations made up 10% of total activations, with Level II at 34% and consult at 56%.
The document provides guidelines for nursing management of women undergoing obstetric operations. It outlines:
1) Equipment and monitoring required in recovery, including vital signs monitoring every 5 minutes for 30 minutes;
2) Criteria for safe transfer to the postnatal ward once stable, including pain level below 1;
3) Post-operative observations every 30 minutes for 2 hours then every 2 hours for 24 hours, including vital signs, pain, temperature and wound/loss monitoring.
Infection Control and Communicable Diseases.pptPrakash554699
Lecturer notes on infection control and prevention for health care professional . All medical , dental , AYUSH and allied health professional can read this for gaining knowledge regard to this .
This document provides guidelines for proper medical documentation. It emphasizes that documentation is essential for quality care, care coordination, and legal protection. It outlines the basic purposes of written records such as communication, permanent records, legal records, teaching, and research. Medical records should be complete, timely, concise, accurate, legible, clear and patient-centered. The document then details documentation guidelines and requirements for different areas of care like outpatient, inpatient, emergency department, operations and more. It stresses the importance of documentation for providing excellent medical services.
Safe blood transfusion practices and policy of hospitalLee Oi Wah
1) Blood transfusion is generally safe but risks include acute haemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury, allergic reactions, and bacterial contamination.
2) If a transfusion reaction is suspected, the transfusion must be stopped immediately and the patient closely monitored and treated depending on symptoms.
3) Investigations include blood and urine samples, and the transfusion reaction report form must be completed to document the event and aid investigation.
This document provides information on triage and EMTALA regulations. It discusses the following key points:
1. EMTALA requires hospitals to provide a medical screening exam and stabilizing treatment to anyone who presents with an emergency medical condition. Triage does not constitute a medical screening exam which must be done by an ED MD or PA.
2. EMTALA regulations apply to anyone seeking emergency care on hospital property, including areas within 250 yards. Hospitals can face penalties for violating EMTALA.
3. The ESI triage system categorizes patients into 5 levels based on acuity - from level 1 requiring resuscitation to level 5 for non-urgent conditions. It considers factors like life threats, resources needed
This document outlines the dress code policy for associates at a Medical Center. It states that a professional appearance is expected at all times, including neat, clean, well-groomed attire. Scrubs or business casual is permitted, with guidelines around colors and logos. Identification badges must be worn visibly. Shoes should be closed-toe and appropriate for the job. Piercings are limited and male associates cannot wear earrings. Nails and hair must also meet professional standards.
The document outlines suicide precaution protocols, including two levels of precautions - Level I and Level II. Level II precautions involve one-to-one observation and restrictions of potentially dangerous items. Level I allows for some independence but requires close staff monitoring. Nursing responsibilities are described for assessing and caring for suicidal patients, with the goal of ensuring safety and identifying support systems. Additional protocols are specified for involuntary 72-hour holds.
Upon admission, nursing staff assesses patients and families for needs. Social services receives automatic referrals for situations like suspected abuse, significant home care deficits, restraint use at home, psychiatric admissions, or readmissions within 30 days. Once the referral is made, social services sees the patient after completing current referrals. Financial concerns are referred to the business office rather than social services. Social worker notes are documented electronically and in patient charts. For psychiatric admissions, social services can refer patients to resources like HRA, Compass, or Clearview and assists with arranging transfers once patients are medically stable and agree to admission.
This document outlines an hourly rounding policy to provide excellent patient care and service. It states that all patients will be rounded on every hour from 6am to 10pm and every two hours from 10pm to 6am, with CSAs rounding on odd hours and nurses on even hours. During rounds, associates will check on patient well-being, monitor comfort and pain, assist with repositioning and bathroom needs, and ensure access to necessary items. The document provides examples of scripts for nurse and CSA introductions and emphasizes knocking, introductions, addressing needs, and reminding patients that someone will return within the hour.
The use of restraints at WCMC increased significantly over the previous year. Restraints are primarily used in the CCU and are only applied after alternative methods have been tried or considered. Only trained staff can apply restraints and they must be documented thoroughly. Alternative methods and guidelines for different types of restraints are also outlined.
The document provides instructions for preparing a patient and their chart for surgery. Key steps include obtaining consent forms, completing pre-operative assessments and checklists, ensuring test results and medications are documented, labeling the chart and sending labels to the operating room. Important patient preparations include hygiene, ID bands, NPO status if required, and removing personal items. A time out is conducted immediately before and after the procedure to verify patient, site, procedure, history and test results.
Instruct patients and families on taking home or keeping medications in the hospital pharmacy. Document which family member takes medications home. If medications go to the pharmacy, they are bagged, sealed, labeled and receipt placed in patient chart. Controlled medications are counted by two nurses and secured. Medications are documented on an inventory form with date, time and list. Standing orders may be used if specified by physician.
Peritoneal dialysis can be performed manually in the hospital or using cycler equipment at home as directed by a physician. Licensed nursing associates carry out peritoneal dialysis according to a physician's orders regarding fluid type and number of exchanges. Any changes to orders are immediately communicated to pharmacy. Nursing staff reinforce aseptic technique and infection prevention education. Intake and output are determined by weighing bags unless direct measurement is ordered.
This document provides guidelines for obtaining peak and trough levels for the antibiotics vancomycin and gentamicin. It states that vancomycin is time-dependent and doses should not be held for trough levels, while gentamicin is concentration-dependent and monitored by peak levels. Specific instructions are given for timing of peak and trough draws in relation to infusion times and doses. Blood should not be drawn from the line used for infusion.
This document provides instructions for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) medication administration and documentation. It lists common PCA medications and outlines requirements for verifying PCA syringe counts at shift changes and documenting amounts. It also describes PCA settings like the 4-hour medication limit and lockout time between doses. Procedures are provided for charting PCA medication as effective or ineffective, discontinuing orders, loading new syringes, and changing PCA medications.
This document outlines the pain management policy of WCMC. It states that all patients will have their pain assessed initially and frequently reassessed to ensure optimal pain relief. Patients will receive education on pain treatment and have their response to treatment assessed. Staff are responsible for informing patients of their right to pain management. Various pain assessment scales are used for different patient populations.
The Arkansas Regional Organ Recovery Agency (ARORA) determines if patients who die at the hospital are suitable for organ or tissue donation. For all patient deaths and imminent deaths, ARORA must be contacted within one hour to assess suitability. If deemed suitable, ARORA will discuss donation with the family following strict procedures to obtain consent and manage the donor according to federal law.
Medication reconciliation is the process of comparing a patient's medication list to a physician's orders to minimize errors. It occurs at admission, transfer, discharge, and after surgery. Nurses document the patient's home medications and ED medications. Physicians then reconcile all current and home medications within 24 hours, noting any changes. Discharge reconciliation reviews chronic, new, and active medications to prevent duplication or interactions and provide a complete list for continued care.
The document outlines the proper procedures for medication administration including verifying the right patient, right dose, right route and time as well as documenting appropriately, noting exceptions for medication scheduling, and steps to take in the event of a medication error including immediately notifying the attending physician and charge nurse.
This document provides guidelines for IV maintenance therapy and insertion. It outlines that IV bags should be changed every 24 hours, tubing every 96 hours, and sites every 96 hours. When choosing sites, start with hand veins and avoid interfering with blood draws. Lidocaine can be used with a doctor's order for difficult insertions or anxious patients. Proper documentation and disposal is also covered. Tips for successful insertion include slowing down, looking for flash instead of pop, and threading carefully after flash.
Documentation of isolation precautions is required for insurance reimbursement and includes the type of isolation initiated, patient education, and daily observation of precautions. Isolation can be documented in the problem list, nursing activities, MedAct, or education sections. Proper hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment are essential to prevent the spread of infection when a patient is in isolation.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe insulin deficiency that causes the body to break down fat instead of glucose for energy, putting patients at risk for complications without insulin replacement. The document outlines guidelines for monitoring and treating patients with diabetic ketoacidosis via insulin drips, including defining diagnostic criteria, assigning patients to units based on stability, and delineating responsibilities of physicians, nurses, and other staff in titrating insulin drips and monitoring patients' blood glucose and response to treatment.
This document outlines guidelines for providing hemodialysis treatment, including: only using the access arm for dialysis and applying direct pressure for bleeding; using catheters only for dialysis unless otherwise ordered; postponing routine meds before/after dialysis unless ordered; avoiding IM meds/IVs for 3 hours after; weighing patients daily and prohibiting access arm procedures; and observing patients during and after treatment for adverse reactions.
Haldol is an antipsychotic that can be administered intravenously via a controlled drip to treat acute delirium in emergency situations. The drip must be regulated using an IV pump and vital signs are closely monitored every 15 minutes during titration and then hourly. Only haloperidol lactate can be used intravenously and patients require daily ECGs while on the drip due to cardiac risks. Nurses follow standing orders for the usual starting dose of 4mg/hr, titrating up to 15mg/hr maximum based on response measured by the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale.
Anesthesiologists order epidural infusions which are prepared by pharmacy and administered by nurses trained in epidural infusion pumps. Nurses maintain and modify infusion rates as ordered, can administer bolus doses up to 10ml, and must change tubing every 72 hours and solutions every 24 hours. Blood thinners are not used or given when a patient has an epidural in place due to risk of bleeding. Nurses should address any side effects by following protocols before contacting anesthesia.
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shuntMedicoseAcademics
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
Westgard's rules and LJ (Levey Jennings) Charts.Reenaz Shaik
Quality Control is a process used to monitor and evaluate the analytical process that produces patients results. Planning, documenting and agreeing on a set of guidelines ensures quality.
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Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 8, Complications During Hemodialysis, Part 3 - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/pCU7Plqbo-E
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/kbDs1uaeyyo
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Causes Of Tooth Loss
PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS)
Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
6. Osteoporosis
7. Hypophosphatasia
8. Hypophosphatemia
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS
Consequence of tooth loss
Anatomic
Loss of ridge volume both height and width
Bone loss :
mandible > maxilla
Posteriorly > anteriorly
Anatomic consequences
Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch
Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized.
Anatomic consequences
Tipping of the adjacent teeth
Supraeruption of the teeth
Traumatic occlusion
Premature occlusal contact
Anatomic Consequences
Anatomic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Physiologic Consequences
Decreased lip support
Decreased lower facial height
Physiologic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Education of Patient
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements
Initial Placement Procedures
Periodic Recall
Education of Patient
Informing a patient about a health matter to
secure informed consent.
Patient education should begin at the initial
contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment.
The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture.
This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient.
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Begin with thorough medical and dental histories.
The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of:
caries
the condition of existing restorations
periodontal conditions
responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress
The vitality of remaining teeth
Continued…..
Occlusal plan evaluation
Arch form
Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast
The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures.
Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of
providing adequate support, stability,
retention, and
a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading.
The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
This provides support
POTENTIAL TARGET DISEASES FOR GENE THERAPY SOURAV.pptxsouravpaul769171
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vaginal thrush presentation by Dr. Rewas AliRewAs ALI
in these slides you know what is vaginal thrush, symptoms, and treatments with special population(pregnancy and lactation). you can see the explanation in my youtube channel in this link below:
https://youtu.be/ov5WqVwdHkE?si=iaF5MHC9Vv_6udzR
vaginal thrush is one of the most common gynecological complication that can be treated easily if diagnosed in a correct way.
1. Code Blue
American Heart Association Basic Life Support, Advanced
Cardiac Life Support, and Pediatric Advanced Life Support
protocols are implemented promptly upon recognition of
cardiopulmonary arrest unless a written physician order
states otherwise
Associates in areas where patient care is delivered complete a
BLS course or are trained in BLS every two years according to
AHA standards
Whenever a Code Blue is called, the attending physician is
notified as soon as possible
2. Code Blue (continued)
Nurses working in critical care,
emergency department, nursing
supervisors, and other key personnel
successfully complete a course in
Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)
according to AHA standards every two
years
The first associate to the arrest scene
assesses the situation, calls for help,
and begins CPR
3. Code Blue (continued)
The code for cardiopulmonary arrest is CODE BLUE
• Code Blue is also called for patients with acute respiratory
distress and/or severe hypotension
The emergency phone number is 5555
• This number provides a direct line to notify the switchboard
operator of the Code Blue
• When the operator answers, the caller indicates the location
of the arrest by stating Code Blue Room ___
The operator may also be notified of a Code Blue by activating
the Code Blue button, where present, in the patient room
4. Code Blue (continued)
On the South Campus the Emergency Code can be called by
activating the Code Blue button in the room or dialing 5555 or by
dialing 66 from the patient room
When dialing 66 you are automatically on the intercom and may
call the Code by saying “CODE BLUE”, Room ______” three times.
The operator will then continue to page every 10 seconds until
notified to discontinue the page
The Paramedic Service is notified by picking up the “Blue Phone”
on the station.
The closest exterior entrance doors for Paramedic arrival are
opened by a staff member.
The paramedic Service dispatch transports the patient to White
County Medical Center Emergency Department
5. Code Blue (continued)
Important: Let the operator know as soon as the code team is
assembled to discontinue the overhead page
• To do this, dial 5555 and state “STOP PAGING THE CODE”
• The operator will then stop announcing the location of the code
If a code is called mistakenly, let the operator know by dialing 5555
and state “CODE BLUE ALL CLEAR”
• The operator will then announce “CODE BLUE ALL CLEAR” and
there is no longer any need to respond
• Do not say “CODE BLUE ALL CLEAR” unless the situation has
been resolved or the code was called by mistake and help is not
needed
These are the only two phrases the operator will recognize relating
to Code Blue
6. Code Blue (continued)
Advanced Cardiac Life Support is provided by the Code Team
and is continued until:
• Effective spontaneous circulation and ventilation is restored
as determined by the team captain
• The physician makes the decision to terminate resuscitative
efforts based on the evaluation of the cerebral and
cardiovascular status of the patient
Respiratory Distress/Hypotension
• In the event a patient needs immediate medical attention as
a result of acute respiratory distress and/or severe
hypotension a Code Blue is called
7. Code Blue (continued)
The code team consists of:
• ER physician
• nurse supervisor
• ER nurse
• charge nurse
• primary nurse of the patient
• Cardiopulmonary
Any RN who has successfully completed ACLS may act as team
captain until the MD arrives
8. Code Blue (continued)
Immediate Interventions are as follows:
Whenever a patient is found to be pulseless a call for help is
made and BLS is initiated
The patient is ventilated with 100 % oxygen and high quality
compressions are performed
ECG monitoring is established
BLS is continued until a defibrillator arrives
If the patient has Ventricular Fibrillation or Pulseless Ventricular
Tachycardia the RN delivers appropriate defibrillation every 5th
cycle of CPR
Epinephrine 1:10,000 1mg IVP is given every 3 to 5 minutes.
The above therapy continues until the physician or an RN that
has completed ACLS is present to direct the team
9. Code Blue (continued)
The primary nurse is responsible for:
Establishing EKG monitoring if not already done
Assuring the patient's chart is in the room
Notifying patient's attending physician of Code Blue
Observing to determine when CPR team has arrived and
notifying operator to “Discontinue the Page”
Recording on resuscitation sheet
Directing CPR team members to appropriate room
Assisting in clearing room of unnecessary personnel and
equipment - assists with family members
Obtaining equipment/supplies as needed
After the code, the primary nurse is responsible for notifying
pharmacy to obtain an exchange cart
10. Code Blue (continued)
The information from the code must be transcribed onto the
resuscitation record if not already
Information on the resuscitation record need not be documented
again in CPSI
Rhythm monitoring is included and is mounted and identified with
patient's name, chart number, date, time, and then attached to
the appropriate form
A Code Review form is completed for every code by the shift
supervisor who then directs the form to the clinical manager of
the area
11. Code Blue (continued) - Pediatrics
In the event of a pediatric code:
The pediatric crash cart and the adult crash cart are both taken to
the scene
In the event of any delay in the arrival of a physician to the code
blue location, the following therapy is instituted by the
appropriate Code Blue team member:
An ACLS or PALS RN acts as team captain and is responsible for
evaluation of the patient's condition in regard to cardiac and respiratory
status
• Patient is ventilated with 100% oxygen and high quality
compressions are started as needed and pulse oximetry is applied
Interventions continued on next slide
12. Code Blue (continued) - Pediatrics
Interventions continued:
Patient is intubated, placement of ET tube is verified with ETCO2
device, and tube is secured as soon as possible
Defibrillate Ventricular Fibrillation or Pulseless Ventricular
Tachycardia
Defibrillate once if needed, using 2J/kg
Then defibrillate as needed after every 5 cycles of CPR using 4 J/kg
The above therapy continues until the physician is present to direct
the team
13. Code Blue (continued) – South Campus
On the South Campus – the Code Team consists of:
• Nurse supervisor
• Charge nurse
• Primary nurse of the patient
• Cardiopulmonary
• CSA/HUC
On the South Campus - BLS, use of the AED every two
minutes, starting an IV of normal saline, and giving epinephrine
1:10,000, 1mg IVP every 3 to 5 minutes while BLS is being
provided is performed by the code team until one of the following
occurs:
• Spontaneous circulation and ventilation is restored
• Decision is made to terminate resuscitative efforts
14. Code Blue (continued) – South Campus
Paramedics assume charge of the patient arrest
situation upon arrival to the patient room
The Code Team supports the paramedics with
care of the patient
The patient is prepared for emergency transport
to the WCMC emergency department.
Copies will need to be made of the
MAR, History, Face Sheet, and Progress Notes.
Report is then called to the Emergency
Department as soon as possible, once patient is
in ambulance
15. Code Blue (continued) – Crash Cart
Whenever the crash cart is opened, an exchange cart is obtained from
the Pharmacy
A Pharmacy requisition should be sent with the patient’s label on it
along with “replace crash cart”
Nursing transfers items on top of the cart such as the defibrillator and
suction machine to the new cart
Pharmacy takes the used cart and refills it
If the exchange cart is unavailable, the used drawers are replaced with
stocked, sealed drawers – the cart is then resealed with a seal obtained
from Pharmacy
Be sure to return the clear drawer covers and remove any used
equipment from the cart before calling pharmacy to obtain an
exchange cart
16. Code Blue (continued) – Crash Cart
All chargeable items used from the cart during a code are
charged in CPSI
Medications used are charged by the Pharmacy when
replaced
Other used items are charged to the patient with a
sticker or through the computer system by the area
where the supplies were used
Remember to charge all stickered items used from the
cart in CPSI
Each cart is checked monthly for outdated drugs and
other supplies by the Pharmacy
17. Code Blue (continued) – Crash Cart
Pediatric Crash Carts
Pediatric Cardiac arrests are most
often secondary to respiratory
arrest
All areas that care for pediatric
patients have age appropriate
equipment available for emergency
The adult crash cart (which contains
additional medications) is taken to
the emergency situation along with
the Broselow Pediatric cart –
Pediatric carts are color-coded with
the Broselow tape
18. Code Blue (continued) – Crash Cart
The Broselow Pediatric Emergency tape groups
children into colored-coded zones rather than
assigning individual kilogram weights
The system can be accessed by weight or length
• Length is used in emergencies only because
children cannot be weighed
If your patient’s length falls at the extremes
(upper or lower) of a respective color on the
Broselow’s tape, consider the next closest
color category and always follow clinical
guidelines
• Never use force to achieve it