Our data science approach will rely on several data sources. The primary source will be NYPD shooting incident reports, which include details about the shooting, such as the location, time, and victim demographics. We will also incorporate demographics data, weather data, and socioeconomic data to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that may contribute to shooting incident fatality. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
A mathematical model of access control in big data using confidence interval ...
Nowadays, the concept of big data grows incessantly
; recent researches proved that 90% of the
whole data existed on the web had been created in l
ast two years. However, this growing
bumped by many critical challenges resides generall
y in security level; the users care about
how could providers protect their privacy on their
data. Access control, cryptography, and de-
identification are the main search areas grouped un
der a specific domain known as Privacy
Preserving Data Publishing. In this paper, we bring
in suggestion a new model for access
control over big data using digital signature and c
onfidence interval; we first introduce our
work by presenting some general concepts used to bu
ild our approach then presenting the idea
of this report and finally we evaluate our system b
y conducting several experiments and
showing and discussing the results that we got
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This document discusses machine learning techniques for classifying medical datasets. It provides an overview of various artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms that have been applied for medical dataset classification, including artificial neural networks, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and decision trees. The document surveys works that have used these techniques for diseases like breast cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. It also describes common pre-processing steps for medical datasets like data normalization and feature selection methods like F-score and PCA that are used to select the most important features for classification. The classification algorithms are then evaluated based on accuracy metrics like sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.
Pattern recognition using context dependent memory model (cdmm) in multimodal...
Pattern recognition is one of the prime concepts in current technologies in both private and public sectors.
The analysis and recognition of two or more patterns is a complex task due to several factors. The
consideration of two or more patterns requires huge space for keeping the storage media as well as
computational aspect. Vector logic gives very good strategy for recognition of patterns. This paper
proposes pattern recognition in multimodal authentication system with the use of vector logic and makes
the computation model hard and less error rate. Using PCA two to three biometric patterns will be fusion
and then various key sizes will be extracted using LU factorization approach. The selected keys will be
combined using vector logic, which introduces a memory model often called Context Dependent Memory
Model (CDMM) as computational model in multimodal authentication system that gives very accurate and
very effective outcome for authentication as well as verification. In the verification step, Mean Square
Error (MSE) and Normalized Correlation (NC) as metrics to minimize the error rate for the proposed
model and the performance analysis will be presented.
Predictive Modeling for Topographical Analysis of Crime Rate
This document describes a proposed system to use machine learning methods to predict crime rates and types of crimes in specific areas based on historical crime data. The system would analyze crime data collected from websites including date, location, and crime type to identify patterns. Machine learning algorithms would be trained on the data to build predictive models. The goal is to help law enforcement agencies more quickly detect, resolve, and prevent crimes by predicting where and what types of crimes may occur based on the characteristics of past crimes.
4Data Mining Approach of Accident Occurrences Identification with Effective M...
Data mining is used in various domains of research to identify a new cause for tan effect in the society over the globe. This article includes the same reason for using the data mining to identify the Accident Occurrences in different regions and to identify the most valid reason for happening accidents over the globe. Data Mining and Advanced Machine Learning algorithms are used in this research approach and this article discusses about hyperline, classifications, pre-processing of the data, training the machine with the sample datasets which are collected from different regions in which we have structural and semi-structural data. We will dive into deep of machine learning and data mining classification algorithms to find or predict something novel about the accident occurrences over the globe. We majorly concentrate on two classification algorithms to minify the research and task and they are very basic and important classification algorithms. SVM (Support vector machine), CNB Classifier. This discussion will be quite interesting with WEKA tool for CNB classifier, Bag of Words Identification, Word Count and Frequency Calculation.
AN EFFICIENT FACE RECOGNITION EMPLOYING SVM AND BU-LDP
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Intrusion Detection for HealthCare Network using Machine Learning
1) The document discusses using machine learning techniques for intrusion detection in healthcare networks. It aims to build an effective intrusion detection system that can efficiently detect intrusions and provide safety for sensitive patient health information and medical data.
2) The methodology involves pre-processing the NSL-KDD dataset, training a decision tree classifier model, and using the trained model to predict intrusions. Accuracy of 90.3% was achieved using cross-validation.
3) Future work could include using all dataset features, immediately alerting administrators of attacks, and making the system multi-lingual. The system aims to provide secure access of healthcare data for authorized users and detect unauthorized access attempts.
Performance Comparison of Dimensionality Reduction Methods using MCDR
The recent blast of dataset size, in number of records and in addition of attributes, has set off the improvement of various big data platforms and in addition parallel data analytic algorithms. In the meantime however, it has pushed for the utilization of data dimensionality reduction systems. Mobile Telecom Industry competition has become more and more fierce. In order to improve their services and business in the competitive world, they are ready to analyse the stored data by several data mining technologies to retain customers and maintain their relationship with them. Mobile Call Detail Record (MCDR) comprises diversity and complexity information containing information like Voice Call, Text Message, Video Calls, and other Data Services usages. It is proposed to evaluate and compare the performance of different dimensionality reduction methods such as Chi-Square (Chi2) Method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Information Gain Attribute Evaluator, Gain-Ratio Attribute Evaluator (GRAE), Attribute Selected Classifier (ASC) and Quantile Regression (QR) Methods.
This white paper describes the analysis and models developed to predict crimes in Chicago city. Further, the models are compared and most effective and simple model is recommended with the conclusion.
ISSN 2395-650X
The "International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences journal appears to be a valuable resource for those interested in staying updated on the latest developments and research in these important scientific fields of Life and science journal.
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IRJET- Ad-Click Prediction using Prediction Algorithm: Machine Learning Approach
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict whether users will click on advertisements based on their characteristics and behavior. It tests several algorithms on a dataset containing information about users, including Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, and Support Vector Machines. The authors preprocess the data by removing identifying location information and expanding timestamp features. They then divide the data into training and test sets to evaluate the algorithms' performance at predicting click behavior. The goal is to identify users likely to click in order to improve targeted advertising.
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2) An experiment on two finger vein presentation attack databases and one palm vein database shows the TV-LBP method achieves 100% accuracy, outperforming other state-of-the-art methods.
3) The document introduces a new finger vein presentation attack database containing 7,200 images to evaluate finger vein presentation attack detection methods.
The document discusses using k-means clustering on a life insurance customer dataset to predict customer preferences. It first provides background on k-means clustering and its application in data mining. It then describes applying k-means to a dataset of 14,180 customer records with 10 attributes from an Albanian insurance company. This identified 5 clusters characterizing different customer segments based on attributes like gender, age, and preferred insurance product type and amount. The results help the insurance company better understand customer preferences to improve performance.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ACCESS CONTROL IN BIG DATA USING CONFIDENCE INTERVAL ...cscpconf
- The document proposes a new model for access control over big data using digital signatures and confidence intervals. It involves a multi-step process of 1) identifying users hierarchically, 2) normalizing identities, 3) computing confidence intervals for each group, 4) computing digital signatures for each user, and 5) defining an access control matrix based on these computations.
- The model utilizes mathematical concepts such as standard deviation, confidence intervals, and primitive roots. Standard deviations are used to compute confidence intervals for each group's identity range. Primitive roots are used to uniquely generate digital signatures for each user.
- The goal is to provide access control while preserving user privacy over large datasets where direct control is lost, by bas
A mathematical model of access control in big data using confidence interval ...csandit
Nowadays, the concept of big data grows incessantly
; recent researches proved that 90% of the
whole data existed on the web had been created in l
ast two years. However, this growing
bumped by many critical challenges resides generall
y in security level; the users care about
how could providers protect their privacy on their
data. Access control, cryptography, and de-
identification are the main search areas grouped un
der a specific domain known as Privacy
Preserving Data Publishing. In this paper, we bring
in suggestion a new model for access
control over big data using digital signature and c
onfidence interval; we first introduce our
work by presenting some general concepts used to bu
ild our approach then presenting the idea
of this report and finally we evaluate our system b
y conducting several experiments and
showing and discussing the results that we got
Visual Analytics: Traffic Collisions in ItalyRoberto Falconi
The document describes a visual analytics project analyzing traffic collision statistics in Italy. It uses an interactive dashboard with an Italy map, histograms, and sliders to filter data by year, region, and other factors. Principal component analysis is applied to reduce the dataset dimensions before representation. The dashboard allows users to gain insights through interactive exploration of quantitative relationships between variables like accident rates in different regions.
IRJET - A Survey on Machine Learning Intelligence Techniques for Medical ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses machine learning techniques for classifying medical datasets. It provides an overview of various artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms that have been applied for medical dataset classification, including artificial neural networks, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and decision trees. The document surveys works that have used these techniques for diseases like breast cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. It also describes common pre-processing steps for medical datasets like data normalization and feature selection methods like F-score and PCA that are used to select the most important features for classification. The classification algorithms are then evaluated based on accuracy metrics like sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.
Pattern recognition using context dependent memory model (cdmm) in multimodal...ijfcstjournal
Pattern recognition is one of the prime concepts in current technologies in both private and public sectors.
The analysis and recognition of two or more patterns is a complex task due to several factors. The
consideration of two or more patterns requires huge space for keeping the storage media as well as
computational aspect. Vector logic gives very good strategy for recognition of patterns. This paper
proposes pattern recognition in multimodal authentication system with the use of vector logic and makes
the computation model hard and less error rate. Using PCA two to three biometric patterns will be fusion
and then various key sizes will be extracted using LU factorization approach. The selected keys will be
combined using vector logic, which introduces a memory model often called Context Dependent Memory
Model (CDMM) as computational model in multimodal authentication system that gives very accurate and
very effective outcome for authentication as well as verification. In the verification step, Mean Square
Error (MSE) and Normalized Correlation (NC) as metrics to minimize the error rate for the proposed
model and the performance analysis will be presented.
Predictive Modeling for Topographical Analysis of Crime RateIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to use machine learning methods to predict crime rates and types of crimes in specific areas based on historical crime data. The system would analyze crime data collected from websites including date, location, and crime type to identify patterns. Machine learning algorithms would be trained on the data to build predictive models. The goal is to help law enforcement agencies more quickly detect, resolve, and prevent crimes by predicting where and what types of crimes may occur based on the characteristics of past crimes.
4Data Mining Approach of Accident Occurrences Identification with Effective M...IJECEIAES
Data mining is used in various domains of research to identify a new cause for tan effect in the society over the globe. This article includes the same reason for using the data mining to identify the Accident Occurrences in different regions and to identify the most valid reason for happening accidents over the globe. Data Mining and Advanced Machine Learning algorithms are used in this research approach and this article discusses about hyperline, classifications, pre-processing of the data, training the machine with the sample datasets which are collected from different regions in which we have structural and semi-structural data. We will dive into deep of machine learning and data mining classification algorithms to find or predict something novel about the accident occurrences over the globe. We majorly concentrate on two classification algorithms to minify the research and task and they are very basic and important classification algorithms. SVM (Support vector machine), CNB Classifier. This discussion will be quite interesting with WEKA tool for CNB classifier, Bag of Words Identification, Word Count and Frequency Calculation.
AN EFFICIENT FACE RECOGNITION EMPLOYING SVM AND BU-LDPIRJET Journal
The document presents a study on an efficient face recognition method employing support vector machines (SVM) and biomimetic uncorrelated local difference projection (BU-LDP). The study proposes using BU-LDP, which is based on uncorrelated local projection but uses a different neighborhood coefficient calculation approach inspired by human perception. Experimental results on several datasets show that BU-LDP and its kernel variant KBU-LDP outperform state-of-the-art methods for face recognition. Future work will focus on addressing the "one sample problem" and applying the approach to unlabeled data.
A Validation of Object-Oriented Design Metrics as Quality Indicatorsvie_dels
The document summarizes a research paper that empirically validated several object-oriented design metrics proposed by Chidamber and Kemerer as indicators of fault-prone classes. The study analyzed 6 metrics on 180 classes from a system. Univariate analysis found 5 metrics to be significantly correlated with fault probability. Multivariate analysis using these 5 metrics achieved better prediction of faulty classes than models using traditional code metrics. The research validated that these OO design metrics can help identify fault-prone classes early in the development lifecycle.
Intrusion Detection for HealthCare Network using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses using machine learning techniques for intrusion detection in healthcare networks. It aims to build an effective intrusion detection system that can efficiently detect intrusions and provide safety for sensitive patient health information and medical data.
2) The methodology involves pre-processing the NSL-KDD dataset, training a decision tree classifier model, and using the trained model to predict intrusions. Accuracy of 90.3% was achieved using cross-validation.
3) Future work could include using all dataset features, immediately alerting administrators of attacks, and making the system multi-lingual. The system aims to provide secure access of healthcare data for authorized users and detect unauthorized access attempts.
Performance Comparison of Dimensionality Reduction Methods using MCDRAM Publications
The recent blast of dataset size, in number of records and in addition of attributes, has set off the improvement of various big data platforms and in addition parallel data analytic algorithms. In the meantime however, it has pushed for the utilization of data dimensionality reduction systems. Mobile Telecom Industry competition has become more and more fierce. In order to improve their services and business in the competitive world, they are ready to analyse the stored data by several data mining technologies to retain customers and maintain their relationship with them. Mobile Call Detail Record (MCDR) comprises diversity and complexity information containing information like Voice Call, Text Message, Video Calls, and other Data Services usages. It is proposed to evaluate and compare the performance of different dimensionality reduction methods such as Chi-Square (Chi2) Method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Information Gain Attribute Evaluator, Gain-Ratio Attribute Evaluator (GRAE), Attribute Selected Classifier (ASC) and Quantile Regression (QR) Methods.
This white paper describes the analysis and models developed to predict crimes in Chicago city. Further, the models are compared and most effective and simple model is recommended with the conclusion.
ISSN 2395-650X
The "International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Sciences journal appears to be a valuable resource for those interested in staying updated on the latest developments and research in these important scientific fields of Life and science journal.
San Francisco Crime Analysis Classification Kaggle contestSameer Darekar
This document presents a project to analyze and predict crime in San Francisco using data mining techniques. The objectives are to analyze the spatial and temporal relationships of crime, predict the category of crime in a location based on variables like location and date, and suggest safest paths between places. The authors describe using naive Bayes, decision tree, random forest and support vector machine classifiers on a dataset of over 878,000 crime incidents to classify crimes and identify patterns. Cross-validation is used to evaluate the classifiers on the training data. The results are intended to help the police department understand crime patterns and deploy resources more efficiently.
IRJET- Ad-Click Prediction using Prediction Algorithm: Machine Learning ApproachIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to predict whether users will click on advertisements based on their characteristics and behavior. It tests several algorithms on a dataset containing information about users, including Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, and Support Vector Machines. The authors preprocess the data by removing identifying location information and expanding timestamp features. They then divide the data into training and test sets to evaluate the algorithms' performance at predicting click behavior. The goal is to identify users likely to click in order to improve targeted advertising.
IRJET - Random Data Perturbation Techniques in Privacy Preserving Data Mi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for privacy-preserving data mining, specifically geometric data perturbation techniques. It begins with an introduction to the need for privacy in data mining due to increased data collection. It then discusses different categories of data perturbation techniques, including additive noise perturbation, condensation-based perturbation, random projection perturbation, and geometric data perturbation. Geometric perturbation consists of random rotation, translation, and distance perturbations of data to preserve privacy while maintaining important geometric properties. The document concludes that geometric perturbation introduces challenges in evaluating privacy but can preserve data quality for classification models.
Outlier Detection in Data Mining An Essential Component of Semiconductor Manu...yieldWerx Semiconductor
Outlier detection is a critical research field within data mining due to its vast range of applications including fraud detection, cybersecurity, health diagnostics, and significantly for the semiconductor manufacturing industry. It refers to identifying data points that significantly deviate from expected patterns, providing crucial insights into different aspects of data. However, the ambiguity between outliers and normal behavior, evolving definitions of 'normal', application-specific techniques, and noisy data mimicking outliers, often complicate the outlier detection process. This review article offers an in-depth analysis of the most advanced outlier detection methods, presenting a thorough understanding of future research prospects.
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### Data Description and Analysis Summary for Presentation
#### 1. **Importing Libraries**
Libraries used:
- `pandas`, `numpy`: Data manipulation
- `matplotlib`, `seaborn`: Data visualization
- `scikit-learn`: Machine learning utilities
- `statsmodels`, `pmdarima`: Statistical modeling
- `keras`: Deep learning models
#### 2. **Loading and Exploring the Dataset**
**Dataset Overview:**
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- **Columns:**
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- `Jan` to `Dec`: Monthly rainfall data.
- `Total`: Total annual rainfall.
**Initial Data Checks:**
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**Visualizations:**
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- **Monthly Rainfall Over Years:** Patterns and variations in monthly rainfall.
- **Yearly Total Rainfall Distribution:** Distribution and frequency of annual rainfall.
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- **Correlation Matrix of Monthly Rainfall:** Relationships between different months' rainfall.
#### 3. **Data Transformation**
**Steps:**
- Ensured 'Year' column is of integer type.
- Created a datetime index.
- Converted monthly data to a time series format.
- Created lag features to capture past values.
- Generated rolling statistics (mean, standard deviation) for different window sizes.
- Added seasonal indicators (dummy variables for months).
- Dropped rows with NaN values.
**Result:**
- Transformed dataset with additional features ready for time series analysis.
#### 4. **Data Splitting**
**Procedure:**
- Split the data into features (`X`) and target (`y`).
- Further split into training (80%) and testing (20%) sets without shuffling to preserve time series order.
**Result:**
- Training set: `(X_train, y_train)`
- Testing set: `(X_test, y_test)`
#### 5. **Automated Hyperparameter Tuning**
**Tool Used:** `pmdarima`
- Automatically selected the best parameters for the SARIMA model.
- Evaluated using metrics such as AIC and BIC.
**Output:**
- Best SARIMA model parameters and statistical summary.
#### 6. **SARIMA Model**
**Steps:**
- Fit the SARIMA model using the training data.
- Evaluated on both training and testing sets using MAE and RMSE.
**Output:**
- **Train MAE:** Indicates accuracy on training data.
- **Test MAE:** Indicates accuracy on unseen data.
- **Train RMSE:** Measures average error magnitude on training data.
- **Test RMSE:** Measures average error magnitude on testing data.
#### 7. **LSTM Model**
**Preparation:**
- Reshaped data for LSTM input.
- Converted data to `float32`.
**Model Building and Training:**
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- Trained the model on the training data.
**Evaluation:**
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**Output:**
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- **T
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Classifying Shooting Incident Fatality in New York project presentation
2. Classifying Shooting
Incident Fatality in
New York City
leveraging machine learning for predicting shooting incident fatalities.
Presented by Indhu Reddy
3. Introduction
The public safety sector is evolving rapidly, influenced by technological advancements,
changing urban dynamics, and a growing need for data-driven decision-making.
Shooting incidents, particularly the fatal ones, pose significant challenges and
opportunities for law enforcement agencies. When a shooting incident results in a fatality,
it has a profound impact on community safety, public trust, and the strategic allocation of
police resources.
Machine learning, with its predictive capabilities, offers a transformative approach to
understanding and mitigating the challenges posed by shooting incidents.
Through data-driven insights and predictive modeling, this presentation aims to showcase my Machine
Learning Capstone Project focused on predicting shooting incident fatality in New York City.
4. Why Public Safety Domain?
The public safety sector is a unique blend of community well-being, technology, and regulatory
frameworks, presenting its own set of distinct challenges and opportunities. I chose the Public
Safety Domain for my Capstone Project because:
Community Impact: Public safety directly affects the quality of life in communities.
Understanding and predicting incidents can help save lives and enhance community trust.
Confidentiality: Handling sensitive incident data requires utmost care. Ensuring data privacy
and security while analyzing it is a complex but crucial task.
Diverse Incidents: Public safety incidents vary widely. Developing models to manage and
predict such a diverse range of incidents adds another layer of complexity.
5. Project’s Significance and Benefits to Law Enforcement
1 Enhanced Community Safety:
Anticipating fatal incidents allows for proactive strategies,
improving response times and community safety.
2 Resource Optimization:
Predicting and mitigating fatal incidents is cost-effective,
ensuring efficient allocation and utilization of police resources.
3 Risk Mitigation:
Identifying potential fatal incidents mitigates risks, enabling
preventive measures and strategic interventions.
4 Market Competitiveness:
Predictive incident management positions law enforcement
agencies as proactive and community-centric, offering a
competitive edge through improved public trust and safety.
5 Long-Term Community Trust:
By predicting and addressing fatal incidents, my project contributes
not only to public safety but also to the broader objectives of law
enforcement, fostering community trust and ensuring long-term
societal well-being.
6. Dataset Information
Column Name Description
INCIDENT_KEY Unique identifier for each incident
OCCUR_DATE Date of the incident
OCCUR_TIME Time of the incident
BORO Borough where the incident occurred
LOC_OF_OCCUR_DESC Description of the location of occurrence
PRECINCT
Police precinct where the incident was
reported
JURISDICTION_CODE Jurisdiction code for the incident
LOC_CLASSFCTN_DESC Location classification description
LOCATION_DESC Detailed location description
STATISTICAL_MURDER_FLAG Indicator if the incident was a murder
PERP_AGE_GROUP Age group of the perpetrator
PERP_SEX Sex of the perpetrator
PERP_RACE Race of the perpetrator
VIC_AGE_GROUP Age group of the victim
VIC_SEX Sex of the victim
VIC_RACE Race of the victim
X_COORD_CD X-coordinate of the incident location
Y_COORD_CD Y-coordinate of the incident location
Latitude Latitude of the incident location
Longitude Longitude of the incident location
Lon_Lat Combined longitude and latitude
Features/Columns: The dataset is
characterized by a diverse set of features,
each providing valuable insights into
shooting incidents, their locations, and
outcomes. In total, there are 21
features/columns that form the basis of our
predictive modeling.
Number of records: Our dataset
comprises a robust collection of data,
consisting of over 23,000 records. Each
record represents a unique shooting
incident, contributing to the richness and
depth of our analysis.
Source of the Data: The dataset is sourced
from the New York Police Department
(NYPD), provided by the institute, ensuring
reliability and relevance. The data's origin
plays a crucial role in shaping the context
and ensuring that our analysis is grounded
in real-world scenarios and industry
dynamics.
Here are the key details about the dataset used in this project:
7. 1. Initial Data Cleaning
First, we made sure there were no null values and duplicates in
the dataset
Null Values: Verified that there were no null values in the
dataset.
Duplicates: Ensured there were no duplicate records,
maintaining the integrity of our data.
2. Feature Evaluation
Column Relevance: We evaluated all columns to
determine their usefulness for our analysis.
Dropped Columns: Columns like “INCIDENT_KEY” and
“LOC_OF_OCCUR_DESC” weren't contributing much to
the predictions, so we decided to drop them during
preprocessing.
3. Handling Categorical Variables
Categorical to Numerical:
The " STATISTICAL_MURDER_FLAG" column was categorical
variables. We converted these categorical features into
numerical format using label encoding to make them
compatible with our model.
Preprocessing
8. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
EDA Insights: ( Visualizations)
Visualizations were essential in providing a clear representation of the data. They offered insights into patterns and helped identify
factors contributing to fatal shooting incidents.
• Feature Distribution: Analyzed the distribution of features to understand their characteristics.
• Correlation Analysis: Highlighted correlations between features using Heatmaps
• PCA Scatter Plot: Visualized the data before and after removal of outliers.
By performing a thorough EDA, we ensured our dataset was ready for predictive modeling, providing a solid foundation for developing
our machine learning model.
Columns Worked With:
PRECINCT, JURISDICTION_CODE, STATISTICAL_MURDER_FLAG, X_COORD_CD, Y_COORD_CD, Latitude, Longitude
9. Visualizations
• Feature Distribution: The histograms display the
distribution of key numerical columns in the dataset,
specifically 'PRECINCT', 'X_COORD_CD', and
'Y_COORD_CD'.
• PRECINCT: This histogram shows the distribution of
shooting incidents across different police precincts in New
York City. It helps in identifying precincts with higher or
lower frequencies of incidents.
• X_COORD_CD and Y_COORD_CD: These histograms
illustrate the distribution of the geographical coordinates of
shooting incidents. They provide insights into the spatial
spread and concentration of incidents based on their x and
y coordinates.
10. Visualizations
Boxplots are essential for visualizing the distribution of numerical features and identifying outliers within the dataset.
Outliers can significantly affect the performance of machine learning models, so it is crucial to detect and handle them
appropriately.
Observations
PRECINCT: The precinct column shows a fairly even distribution with no significant outliers.
JURISDICTION_CODE: The jurisdiction code column has a few noticeable outliers which could indicate special cases or
anomalies in the dataset.
X_COORD_CD and Y_COORD_CD: Both X coordinate column show a large number of outliers. This might indicate data
entry errors or rare but valid occurrences. where as in Y coordinate there aren’t outliers seen.
Latitude and Longitude: The longitude columns also display several outliers, which could be due to incorrect data entries
or actual rare geographical points. where as in latitude column there aren’t outliers seen.
11. Visualizations
By leveraging correlation analysis through a heatmap, we gain valuable insights into the interrelationships between
features, guiding us in building a more robust and accurate predictive model.
Observations
1. PRECINCT and Y_COORD_CD/Latitude: There is a strong negative correlation between PRECINCT and
Y_COORD_CD/Latitude, indicating that certain precincts are more associated with specific latitude positions.
2. X_COORD_CD and Longitude: These features have a perfect positive correlation, as expected, since they represent
the same spatial dimension.
3. Other Features: Most other features show low or moderate correlations with each other, suggesting that they
provide unique information to the model.
12. Visualizations
PCA (Principal Component Analysis): PCA was used to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset to two principal
components (PCA1 and PCA2) for easy visualization.
Visualization: The scatter plot visualizes the data points in the new PCA space, highlighting outliers in red and
inliers in blue.
Observations
Before Removal: The left plot shows the dataset with outliers included. blue points represent the outliers detected,
while red points represent the inliers.
-Outliers can be observed scattered around the inliers, indicating potential anomalies or errors in the data.
After Removal: The right plot shows the dataset after removing the outliers.
- The cleaned data (in blue) appears more compact and consistent, with fewer scattered points, indicating a more
reliable dataset for model training.
13. Train-Test Split
Splitting the Data into Training and Testing Sets In this step, we partitioned the dataset into two components: X and y.
Variable X: This includes all the independent variables or features that contribute to our predictions. It encapsulates the
input data for the model.
Variable y: This represents the dependent variable or target variable, which is the outcome we aim to predict. It
encapsulates the output data for the model.
Splitting the data into X and y
To evaluate the performance of our model, we split the dataset into training data and testing data.
Split Ratio: We used an 80:20 split, meaning 80% of our data is used as training data and 20% is used as testing
data. This means the test size was set to 0.2.
Random State: We used a random state of 42 to ensure the reproducibility of our results across different runs. This
means that every time we run the code, we get the same split, ensuring consistency in our evaluations.
Stratify: We used stratify=y to ensure that our target variable (y) is distributed proportionally in both the training
and testing sets.
14. Standard Scaler
Scaling Numerical Features:
To ensure consistent scales for numerical features, we employed Standard Scaler during
preprocessing.
This helped in normalizing the features, ensuring they contribute equally to the model's
predictions.
15. Applying Machine Learning Algorithms
This is a Binary Classification problem, the models used are:
Logistic Regression
When faced with binary classification problems, logistic regression can be used to model the probability of a binary
response depending on any number of explanatory variables. - For this dataset, it forecasts whether an occurrence is
statistically a homicidal based on certain features.
Decision Tree
Classification and regression tasks can be accomplished using decision trees which learn simple decision rule from data
features. - For this dataset, it lets one identify different rules and patterns that exist between outcomes in shooting
cases.
Random Forest
Random Forest is an ensemble method that combines multiple decision trees for better classification accuracy and to
avoid over fitting. - For this dataset, its results are more accurate compared to single decision tree alternatives as it
ensembles results from multiple random trees.
Support Vector Machine (SVM)
For classification purposes, SVM computes the best hyperplane that can separate classes within feature space. - For this
dataset, the goal is to have maximum difference from each other among various types of incidents.
Naive Bayes
Naive Bayes is a classification algorithm based on Bayes’ theorem with assumption of independence between predictors. -
This dataset contains a basic yet powerful classifier with probabilistic approach for determining class label
Gradient Boosting:
Gradient Boosting is an ensemble technique that builds models sequentially to correct the errors of the previous models,
enhancing accuracy. For this dataset, it incrementally improves the classification performance by focusing on difficult-to-
classify incidents
16. Evaluation Metrics
Before Removal of Outliers
Model Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score
Logistic Regression 0.814469 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Decision Tree 0.710623 0.170732 0.145114 0.156884
Random Forest 0.798535 0.219355 0.033564 0.058219
SVM 0.814469 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
KNN 0.775275 0.209239 0.076012 0.111513
Gradient Boosting 0.813919 0.200000 0.000987 0.001965
Naive Bayes 0.813370 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
17. Evaluation Metrics
After Removal of Outliers
Model Accuracy Precision Recall F1 Score
Logistic Regression 0.8175 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Decision Tree 0.7548 0.2496 0.1711 0.2030
Random Forest 0.7764 0.2956 0.1626 0.2098
Gradient Boosting 0.8177 1.0000 0.0011 0.0021
SVM 0.8175 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Naive Bayes 0.8175 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
KNN 0.7818 0.2559 0.1024 0.1463
18. Accuracy: The accuracy of most models decreased slightly after removing outliers, except for Gradient
Boosting which increased slightly.
Precision: The precision of most models remained the same or decreased slightly after removing outliers.
Gradient Boosting had a significant increase in precision.
Recall: The recall of most models increased after removing outliers, with Decision Tree and Random
Forest showing the largest improvements.
F1-Score: The F1-score of most models increased after removing outliers, with Decision Tree and Random
Forest showing the largest improvements.
changes in the metrics
19. Explanation of Model Selection
Why Not Use Accuracy Alone?
Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes:
Accuracy: 0.8175 Precision, Recall, F1 Score: 0.0000
The accuracy is high, but these models fail to predict the positive class at all, leading to zero
precision, recall, and F1 score. This suggests that these models might be predicting all instances
as the negative class, which can still yield high accuracy if the dataset is imbalanced (i.e., the
negative class is much more frequent than the positive class).
Gradient Boosting:
Accuracy: 0.8177
Precision: 1.0000 (likely due to predicting very few positives correctly)
Recall: 0.0011
F1 Score: 0.0021
Gradient Boosting has slightly higher accuracy, but it also has a very low F1 Score, indicating
that its predictions for the positive class are almost negligible.
Importance of the F1 Score
The F1 Score is particularly useful in the context of imbalanced datasets as it balances precision
and recall. A high F1 Score indicates that the model is performing well in predicting both the
positive and negative classes.
20. Explanation Model Considerations
Random Forest Selection
Random Forest:
Accuracy: 0.7764
Precision: 0.2956
Recall: 0.1626
F1 Score: 0.2098
Random Forest does not have the highest accuracy, but it has the highest F1 Score among the
models, indicating a better balance between precision and recall. This suggests that Random
Forest is more capable of identifying the positive class correctly compared to the other models,
making it more reliable for practical use.
a very low F1 Score, indicating that its predictions for the positive class are almost negligible.
Conclusion
The model selection is based on the F1 Score because it provides a more holistic view of the model's
performance in scenarios where the dataset is imbalanced. Random Forest was chosen as the best
model because it has the highest F1 Score, indicating better performance in predicting the positive
class compared to other models that might be overfitting to the majority class.
Choosing a model based solely on accuracy can be misleading in such scenarios, leading to models
that do not effectively address the problem of interest.
21. Technical Implementation
Model Inference Pipeline:
• The predict function loads the trained machine learning model and scales input data for
prediction.
• Predictions classify whether a shooting incident is a murder based on the provided
coordinates.
• Using Gradio, we created an accessible interface for users to input coordinates and receive
predictions.
• The interface includes inputs for X_COORD_CD, Y_COORD_CD, Latitude, and Longitude, and
outputs a text classification.
• The tool is designed to be shared and utilized easily, promoting wider adoption and usage.
User-Friendly Interface:
22. Conclusion
Prediction platform :
By integrating Machine Learning with user-friendly tools, we provide valuable insights and
proactive solutions for public safety. This project exemplifies the power of predictive analytics in
addressing complex societal issues and underscores the importance of data-driven strategies in
enhancing operational efficiency and public safety.
By implementing such a solution, we can significantly contribute to making our cities safer
through advanced analytics and innovative technology solutions