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Barriers that Influence Minnesota
Agricultural Science Faculty
in Creating Online Classes in Higher
Education
Maria Kalyvaki
Chair: Dr. David L. Doerfert
Initiatives for this research
Earning a post-secondary degree or
credential is a prerequisite for 21st century
jobs, and one that everyone should be able
to afford. (President Obama, 2014)
Colleges and universities that offer online
degree programs typically will be cheaper
than going to a traditional university for a
variety reasons:
• They usually do not have land, property
and buildings to manage.
• They do not have thousands of support
staff and personnel to pay each month.
• Students do not have costs associated
with commuting to a college campus.
Additional benefits of distance
education
 Distance learning offers a wide choice of
learning models for both formal and
informal teaching & learning.
 Students can be full-time employed.
 Allows and enables creativity in teaching
and learning.
 Stimulates higher thinking through social
constructivists paradigm (collaboration in
learning – learners & peers etc. (Mbati,
2012)
 Bridge the geographical distance between
teacher & learner, learner & learner,
learner & study material and learner &
institution.
History of Distance Education
1st
Correspondence
(1728)
2nd Broadcast
radio & television
(1932)
3rd Open
Universities
(1969)
4th
Teleconferencing
(Early 1980s)
5th Internet/ Web
(Late 1980s)
6th Social media
and Virtual
Worlds (2003)

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Course Delivery Methods
Proportion of Content
Delivered Online
Type of Course Typical Description
0%
Traditional or
Face-to-Face
Teachers instructing students in a traditional
classroom (Stansfield, Mclellan, & Connolly,
2004).
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Considered to be a face-to-face course that
makes very basic use of the web management
system (Allen & Seaman, 2006).
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The course blends traditional face-to-face
delivery with proportions of online delivered
content (Allen & Seaman, 2006).
80+% Online
The majority of the instruction is delivered
through the Internet and accessible by a
computer twenty-four hours per day, seven days
per week (Allen & Seaman, 2006).
Blooms Digital Taxonomy
Learning
outcomes
Verbs Technology-related activities Technological tools.
Remembering:
Recognizing,
retrieving, recalling,
recognizing, listing,
naming, describing,
identifying, locating,
finding.
Bookmarking using the browser,
searching using search engines
and keywords, social networking,
listing and labeling using word-
processing tools.
Google, Facebook,
Word Documents,
PDFs.
Understanding
Constructing meaning,
interpreting,
summarizing,
classifying, comparing,
explaining.
Advanced searches, Blog
journaling, categorizing and
tagging, commenting in an online
forum set up in Moodle,
Subscribing to RSS feeds for
personal interests, showing and
explaining online and desktop-
based graphic, video and audio
tools.
Blogs, LMS discussion
board, Moodle,
Blackboard,
Brightspace (by D2L),
Youtube, Kaltura,
MyMedia
Applying
Implementing, running,
uploading,
sharing, editing
Illustrating with graphics,
simulation, organizing photos,
video and sound clips, creating
presentations, video
conferencing.
Paint, Second Life,
InWorldz, Oculus,
HoloLens, Skype,
Ultra Collaborate,
Adobe Connect,
PowerPoint,
SlideShare, Prezi,
Keynote, Wiki, Face
Time.
Learning
outcomes
Verbs Technology-related activities Technological tools.
Analyzing
Differentiating,
organizing, attributing,
comparing, finding,
and integrating.
Mind-mapping using open source
tools, using reference managers.
Mendeley, Endnote.
Evaluating
Making judgments
based on criteria,
critiquing work of peer
Posting and moderating comments
in blogs and Moodle forums.
reflecting, critiquing lesson plans
and peers’ presentations
according to set
rubrics, collaborating in shared
wikis, bookmarking sites and
social networking sites
Investigating and reviewing.
LMS forums, Blogs
comments, Facebook,
Twitter, Google Docs,
OneDrive, DropBox.
Creating
Designing,
constructing,
programming,
inventing, mixing,
producing, animating.
Publishing digital books using
online tools, creating flash cards,
creating lesson plans using digital
media, writing reports, creating
spreadsheets, charts and surveys.
Microsoft Office,
Google Sheets, SPSS,
STATA, Qualtrics,
QuestionPro, D2L
Surveys.

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 Describe the attitudes that agricultural faculty members have towards
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 Describe agricultural faculty members’ beliefs related to the impact of
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 Describe agricultural faculty members’ awareness of, current competence
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 Describe the barriers that agricultural faculty members perceived related to
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n
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rs
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7%
Instructor
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Assistant Professor
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Asynchronous
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Conclusions
 The demographics of this survey show that the 2 year
colleges’ faculty did not have as much experience on
creating online classes as the faculty in the 4 year
institutions.
 Additionally the faculty that works in the 2 year
institutions did not have a Doctorate degree.
 In general the faculty show that they do not use the
instructional technology offered to its extend but they
just limit the use to the Productivity Software and
doing basic use of the LMS.
 According to the findings the most significant barrier
for the faculty is the lack of time and the lack of
funding something that aligns with the results from
previous studies.
Limitations
 This study involved colleges and universities from the state of Minnesota using
a researcher-developed questionnaire, which limits the generalizability of the
results.
 The low response rate on the survey threatens the accurate representativeness
of the sample but the questionnaire used was created after extend analysis of
the previous literature.
 The time period that the survey became available to the faculty may not have
been the best since it was towards the end of the academic year.
 The survey was send by e-mails only and some of the faculty may have received
the e-mail on their junk folder because it included a link.
 The Minnesota state Colleges and Universities is a central controlled
organization.
 Despite the above limitations, the findings from this study are compatible with
the recent literature.
Future Recommendations
 Further research should be done in the future about the
instructional technology that 2 years colleges and 4 years
institutions use.
 Future study could try to determine if there is association
of the online instructional technology used with the
degree level that is offered from the institution.
 It would be interesting to know the amount of training
that the faculty of has received inside the institution they
work.
 A future study could examine the perceptions of the
perceived barriers of the faculty after a training that has
just been provided.
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Presentation given for the 13th Conference on Social Science at University of Vienna, October 6th/7th. Paper published on the EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH September-December 2017, Volume 11, Nr. 2, pg 39-51 “Many Universities manage billions in research funding, but there is usually no R&D budget for their own product, namely delivering education to willing buyers” (Michael Stanton, 2014) Education are missing on an explosive growth sector: Their Own. (Harvard Business Review) Education has undoubtedly been commoditised and as a good. As suggested by American entrepreneur Peter Theil (Cited in Hellweg, 2013), it may function as both learning and insurance access platform. Another aspect of HE is that, in contrast to most other industries that have faced disruption, the top 10 providers are still the same for the last 40 decades or so. The question is how much longer will they be there? Not even Coursera’s founder Daphne Koller could anticipate the scale and impact of the MOOCs. Udacity, Coursera and edX, aka ‘The Big Three’ have crossed the barrier of 40 million active students. What does it mean for traditional universities? MIT’s president Raphael Reif struggles to see how his institution can carry on justifying charging $50,0000 for tuition much longer and that is a big problem not only for them for many other universities that are starting to see their numbers dwindling. This paper is the first in a series of five papers looking at the future of higher education and learning

learninghigher educationacademic
DATA CENTRIC EDUCATION & LEARNING
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This document discusses data-centric education and learning. It begins by outlining past and present technologies used in education. It then discusses how data-centric learning is enabled by devices that connect to the cloud and collect real-time student data. This data can provide adaptive instruction, feedback, and insights into learning processes. Examples are given of social network analysis and predictive analytics projects using large educational datasets. Finally, frameworks for designing data-driven learning environments and strategies to improve performance are presented. The conclusion emphasizes using data and analytics responsibly and strategically to improve education.

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This document discusses recommendations for driving change in digital education. It recommends identifying student needs through communication, feedback and data. Social media should be used to engage students but not drive the entire strategy. Technology should facilitate pedagogical goals rather than be the sole focus. Flexible learning options and support for instructors and students can help manage change.

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Barriers that influence Minnesota agricultural science faculty

  • 1. Barriers that Influence Minnesota Agricultural Science Faculty in Creating Online Classes in Higher Education Maria Kalyvaki Chair: Dr. David L. Doerfert
  • 2. Initiatives for this research Earning a post-secondary degree or credential is a prerequisite for 21st century jobs, and one that everyone should be able to afford. (President Obama, 2014) Colleges and universities that offer online degree programs typically will be cheaper than going to a traditional university for a variety reasons: • They usually do not have land, property and buildings to manage. • They do not have thousands of support staff and personnel to pay each month. • Students do not have costs associated with commuting to a college campus.
  • 3. Additional benefits of distance education  Distance learning offers a wide choice of learning models for both formal and informal teaching & learning.  Students can be full-time employed.  Allows and enables creativity in teaching and learning.  Stimulates higher thinking through social constructivists paradigm (collaboration in learning – learners & peers etc. (Mbati, 2012)  Bridge the geographical distance between teacher & learner, learner & learner, learner & study material and learner & institution.
  • 4. History of Distance Education 1st Correspondence (1728) 2nd Broadcast radio & television (1932) 3rd Open Universities (1969) 4th Teleconferencing (Early 1980s) 5th Internet/ Web (Late 1980s) 6th Social media and Virtual Worlds (2003)
  • 5. Course Delivery Methods Proportion of Content Delivered Online Type of Course Typical Description 0% Traditional or Face-to-Face Teachers instructing students in a traditional classroom (Stansfield, Mclellan, & Connolly, 2004). 1 to 29% Web Facilitated Considered to be a face-to-face course that makes very basic use of the web management system (Allen & Seaman, 2006). 30 to 79% Blended / Hybrid The course blends traditional face-to-face delivery with proportions of online delivered content (Allen & Seaman, 2006). 80+% Online The majority of the instruction is delivered through the Internet and accessible by a computer twenty-four hours per day, seven days per week (Allen & Seaman, 2006).
  • 7. Learning outcomes Verbs Technology-related activities Technological tools. Remembering: Recognizing, retrieving, recalling, recognizing, listing, naming, describing, identifying, locating, finding. Bookmarking using the browser, searching using search engines and keywords, social networking, listing and labeling using word- processing tools. Google, Facebook, Word Documents, PDFs. Understanding Constructing meaning, interpreting, summarizing, classifying, comparing, explaining. Advanced searches, Blog journaling, categorizing and tagging, commenting in an online forum set up in Moodle, Subscribing to RSS feeds for personal interests, showing and explaining online and desktop- based graphic, video and audio tools. Blogs, LMS discussion board, Moodle, Blackboard, Brightspace (by D2L), Youtube, Kaltura, MyMedia Applying Implementing, running, uploading, sharing, editing Illustrating with graphics, simulation, organizing photos, video and sound clips, creating presentations, video conferencing. Paint, Second Life, InWorldz, Oculus, HoloLens, Skype, Ultra Collaborate, Adobe Connect, PowerPoint, SlideShare, Prezi, Keynote, Wiki, Face Time.
  • 8. Learning outcomes Verbs Technology-related activities Technological tools. Analyzing Differentiating, organizing, attributing, comparing, finding, and integrating. Mind-mapping using open source tools, using reference managers. Mendeley, Endnote. Evaluating Making judgments based on criteria, critiquing work of peer Posting and moderating comments in blogs and Moodle forums. reflecting, critiquing lesson plans and peers’ presentations according to set rubrics, collaborating in shared wikis, bookmarking sites and social networking sites Investigating and reviewing. LMS forums, Blogs comments, Facebook, Twitter, Google Docs, OneDrive, DropBox. Creating Designing, constructing, programming, inventing, mixing, producing, animating. Publishing digital books using online tools, creating flash cards, creating lesson plans using digital media, writing reports, creating spreadsheets, charts and surveys. Microsoft Office, Google Sheets, SPSS, STATA, Qualtrics, QuestionPro, D2L Surveys.
  • 10. A model of five stages in the Innovation- Decision Process
  • 11. Summary of Research on Barriers to Technology Adoption (P. L. Rogers, 2000)
  • 12. Summary descriptive statistics for the survey questions (Lloyd et al., 2012). 1. Increased workload. 2. Time commitment. 3. Lack of personal relationship with students. 4. Frequent technology failures. 5. Inadequate compensation for instruction.
  • 13. Fishbone diagram of barriers to adoption of instructional technology (Reid, 2014).
  • 15. Objectives  Describe the professional and personal experiences that agricultural faculty members have had with distance education instruction.  Describe the attitudes that agricultural faculty members have towards developing online courses.  Describe agricultural faculty members’ beliefs related to the impact of technology on their instructional effectiveness.  Describe agricultural faculty members’ awareness of, current competence with, and extent of use with new education-related technologies.  Describe agricultural faculty members’ perceptions towards the technology- related support and training that they receive.  Describe the barriers that agricultural faculty members perceived related to online teaching and technology adoption.
  • 16. Research design  Using the aforementioned objectives, the design chosen for this study was descriptive research.  Gall, Gall and Borg (2010) defined descriptive research as “a type of quantitative investigation that seeks to portray characteristics of a sample or population by measuring pre-specified variables” (p. 552).  This study sought to described perceived facilitator and barriers to online teaching and related technology adoption by higher education agricultural faculty in Minnesota.
  • 18. Sample http://www.mnscu.edu/colleges/campuses.html 279 faculty from 27 agricultural programs/colleges at two- and four-year colleges and universities in the State of Minnesota.
  • 19. Instrument Development  A 30-question data collection instrument.  The instrument was constructed based to previous research on the field (Butler & Sellbom, 2002; Hillesheim, 1998; Lloyd et al., 2012; Mills et al., 2009; Nelson & Thompson, 2005; Reid, 2014; Shea, 2007).  Was approved by the IRB committee of TTU.  Basic demographic information about faculty gender, rank, and age were included.  Statements were assessed by asking the respondent to indicate their level of agreement using a Likert-type scale.
  • 20. Data collection  Use of Qualtrics.  The instrument was emailed, along with a cover letter.  The email contained two Internet links: (a) a questionnaire with the 30-item survey instrument that was created for this particular research study; and (b) a link to opt-out from the survey and to not receive any further emails in the future.  The initially day that the first email was sent is the 29th of April and the last email was sent 20th of May 2015.  The Qualtrics link remained active until the 1st of June 2015.
  • 21. Data analysis procedures  Once the data collection process was completed, the collected data were exported from Qualitrics to be analyzed using Excel and SPSS software.  Incomplete responses were not included in data analysis procedures.  Results were reported in aggregate comparisons being made using the five demographic factors.  All data storage, transfer and collection were in compliance with Texas Tech University IT Security Policies.
  • 22. Findings  Of the 289 faculty invited,  13 were undeliverable,  48 (16.6%) responded and participated in the survey.
  • 25. Academic Ranking Lecturer 7% Instructor 33% Assistant Professor 9%Associate Professor 7% Professor 40% Faculty wih other titles 4%
  • 26. Types of Post-Secondary Institution and Highest Educational Degree of the Respondents. Type of post- secondary institution Doctor’s (Ed.D., Ph.D.) Master’s (M.A., M.S.) Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S.) Less than a Bachelor’s degree Total 4-year institution 25 (92.60%) 1 (3.70%) 1 (3.70%) 0 (0%) 27 (100%) 2-year public institution 0 (0%) 8 (44.44%) 5 (27.78%) 5 (27.78%) 18 (100%) Total 25 (55.56%) 9 (20%) 6 (13.33%) 5 (11.11%) 45 (100%)
  • 27. 1st Objective  The first objective sought to describe the professional and personal experiences that agricultural faculty members have had with distance education instruction. Respondents participation in an online class as a student.
  • 28. Experience With Distance Education Type of Post- Secondary Institution None Synchronous (Live) Asynchronous (Recorded/ web- based) Total 2-year public institution 15 (83.33%) 2 (11.11%) 1 (5.56%) 18 (100%) 4-year private institution not-for- profit institution 16 (59.26%) 6 (22.22%) 5 (18.52%) 27 (100%) Total 31 (68.89%) 8 (17.78%) 6 (13.33%) 45 (100%) Respondent Experience with Distance education by Type of Institution Employment.
  • 29. 2nd and 3rd Objectives  The second objective sought to describe the attitudes that agricultural faculty members have towards developing online courses and the third is sought to describe the agricultural faculty members’ beliefs related to the impact of technology on their instructional effectiveness. Attitudes and beliefs on Instructional Technology.
  • 30. 4th Objective  The fourth objective sought to describe agricultural faculty members’ awareness of, current competence with, and extent of use with new education-related technologies. Distribution of Internet Access. Distribution of Technology Literacy.
  • 31. Distribution of Familiarity with Technology-Based Services or Tools Listed.
  • 32. 5th Objective  The fifth objective sought to describe agricultural faculty members’ perceptions towards the technology-related support and training that they receive. Distribution of Important Information Resources of New Technology.
  • 34. Distribution of Effectiveness of Technologies/Tools in Enhancing Teaching.
  • 35. Distribution of Most Effective Sources of Training for Developing the Skills Needed to Incorporate Technology into College Teaching.
  • 36. 6th Objective  The sixth objective sought to describe the barriers that agricultural faculty members perceived related to online teaching and technology adoption. Distribution of Potential Barriers Impacting Instructional Technology.
  • 37. Conclusions  The demographics of this survey show that the 2 year colleges’ faculty did not have as much experience on creating online classes as the faculty in the 4 year institutions.  Additionally the faculty that works in the 2 year institutions did not have a Doctorate degree.  In general the faculty show that they do not use the instructional technology offered to its extend but they just limit the use to the Productivity Software and doing basic use of the LMS.  According to the findings the most significant barrier for the faculty is the lack of time and the lack of funding something that aligns with the results from previous studies.
  • 38. Limitations  This study involved colleges and universities from the state of Minnesota using a researcher-developed questionnaire, which limits the generalizability of the results.  The low response rate on the survey threatens the accurate representativeness of the sample but the questionnaire used was created after extend analysis of the previous literature.  The time period that the survey became available to the faculty may not have been the best since it was towards the end of the academic year.  The survey was send by e-mails only and some of the faculty may have received the e-mail on their junk folder because it included a link.  The Minnesota state Colleges and Universities is a central controlled organization.  Despite the above limitations, the findings from this study are compatible with the recent literature.
  • 39. Future Recommendations  Further research should be done in the future about the instructional technology that 2 years colleges and 4 years institutions use.  Future study could try to determine if there is association of the online instructional technology used with the degree level that is offered from the institution.  It would be interesting to know the amount of training that the faculty of has received inside the institution they work.  A future study could examine the perceptions of the perceived barriers of the faculty after a training that has just been provided.