These are the parts of the sentence:
Die im vorangehenden Kapitel behandelten Regeln und Sätze über Grenzwerte
This whole phrase is the subject of the sentence. It is a nominal group (aka "nominal phrase") and it is in nominative case.
haben ... vorausgesetzt
This is the predicate (as defined in German grammar, which is another definition as in English grammar where is it just called "the verb", but a German predicate can have multiple verbs on different places in the sentence, but the bigger difference is, that objects do belong to the predicate in English grammar, while objects are not considered to be part of the predicate in German)
alle
This indefinite pronoun is a determiner that semantically also belongs to the subject, but stands here at position 3 of the sentence, which is the alternative place for subjects (if they are not at position 1). You could include it into the nominal group that is the subject, but then if replaces the already existing determiner die which is the topic of your question:
Alle im vorangehenden Kapitel behandelten Regeln und Sätze über Grenzwerte
dass wir die jeweiligen Grenzwerte schon “besitzen"
This is a subjunctive object clause. The whole clause is here instead of the accusative object that the verb "voraussetzen" normally requires.
Let's dive deeper into the nominal group that is the subject. Each nominal group has a core (usually a noun, this is where the term nominal comes from) and some accompanists which can be determiners and attributes.
The core of the nominal group in your sentence is not a single noun but an enumeration:
Regeln und Sätze
To have enumerations where the textbook requires a noun is always possible
But nominal groups also need a determiner. This is very often an article (definite or indefinite)
der Kern, ein Kern
the core, a core
But it can also be a demonstrative pronoun, ...
dieser Kern, jener Kern
this core, that core
... a possessive pronoun, ...
mein Kern, sein Kern
my core, his core
... or other kinds of words (numerals, indefinite pronouns, etc.)
drei Kerne, einige Kerne, wessen Kern?, ...
three cores, some cores, who's core?, ...
In you sentence it is a definite article:
die Regeln und Sätze
the rules and clauses
But the core can also have attributes. Attributes are often adjectives:
der rote Apfel
the red apple
but also very often objects that can contain other nominal groups. (Here we have prepositional objects, but also genitive objects are very common.)
der Apfel in meiner linken Hand
the apple in my left hand
die Regeln und Sätze über Grenzwerte
the rules and clauses about limit values
Rule of thumb: Adjectives are left of the core (between determiner and core), objects that are used as attributes are right of the core. Of course you can have both of them:
der rote Apfel in meiner linken Hand
the red apple in my left hand
Instead of adjectives you also can have participles:
der gefärbte Apfel
the colored apple
die behandelten Regeln und Sätze
the treated rules and clauses = the rules and clauses treated
But adjectives and particles can have their own attributes:
der rot gefärbte Apfel
the red colored apple
die neulich behandelten Regeln und Sätze
the recently treated rules and clauses = the rules and clauses treated recently
In the two examples above the words rot/red and neulich/recently describe properties of the participles gefärbt/colored and behandelt/treated which by themselves describe properties of the cores. So they are attributes of attributes.
But attributes of attributes are just attributes and can also be something else but adjectives, for example another prepositional object, consisting of a preposition and a nominal group:
der von der Sonne gefärbte Apfel
the by the sun colored apple = the apple colored by the sun
die im vorangehenden Kapitel behandelten Regeln und Sätze
the in the previous chapter treated rules and clauses = the rules and clauses treated in the previous chapter
(Note, that in German attributes of adjectives and participles are always left of them, even if they are objects.)
And you can put this all together to a very nice and elaborated nominal group:
der von der Sonne gefärbte Apfel in meiner linken Hand
the by the sun colored apple in my left hand = the apple colored by the sun in my left hand
die im vorangehenden Kapitel behandelten Regeln und Sätze über Grenzwerte
the in the previous chapter treated rules and clauses about limit values = the rules and clauses about limit values treated in the previous chapter
And of course you can use this nice nominal phrase as a subject or object in a sentence: