A belief common among Christians and very ancient is the descensus ad inferos, Christ's descent to Hell between his death and resurrection. It is found in the Apostle's Creed:
I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit
and born of the virgin Mary.
He suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended to hell.
The third day he rose again from the dead.
He ascended to heaven
and is seated at the right hand of God the Father almighty.
From there he will come to judge the living and the dead.
1 Peter 3 says something that people associate with this event:
18 For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the
unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the
flesh but made alive in the spirit, 19 in which he went and proclaimed
to the spirits in prison, 20 because they formerly did not obey, when
God's patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being
prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely
through water.
Either Jesus preached doom to the victims of the flood, or even set some free.
Ephesians 4 says this:
Therefore it says,
“When he ascended on high he led a host of captives,
and he gave gifts to men.”
It is thought by many that Jesus led prisoners out of Hell and up to Heaven following his resurrection.
The most ancient source for such ideas is in Job. Job asks God if there is anyone who can follow him down to the grave to rescue him:
My days have passed, my plans are shattered.
Yet the desires of my heart
12 turn night into day;
in the face of the darkness light is near.
13 If the only home I hope for is the grave,
if I spread out my bed in the realm of darkness,
14 if I say to corruption, ‘You are my father,’
and to the worm, ‘My mother’ or ‘My sister,’
15 where then is my hope—
who can see any hope for me?
16 Will it go down to the gates of death?
Will we descend together into the dust?” (Job 17:11-16)
In God's long answer, He supplies a travelogue. The Lord begins by describing the heavens and the angels, then the sky with its birds, then the land with its animals. On land he follows the horse into battle, joined near the carcasses of the fallen by the eagle and hawk, who fly in to consume their flesh. Hiding in the rushes is Behemoth. One theologian compares Behemoth to the Canaanite God Mot, god of death who guards the entrance to the underworld. Plunging into the underworld, the Lord moves on to Leviathan, Satan's champion. If you compare every good thing that Leviathan will not do for you, it describes what Christ will do. The passage about Leviathan has many prophetic details about the crucifixion of Jesus.
The upshot is that God describes his journey from Heaven to the grave to rescue his fallen champion. God is telling Job that He will descend to the grave to rescue him.
I could continue with an analysis of the story of the Rich Man and Lazarus, but the whole idea that Hell was once divided into compartments for the righteous and wicked, with the righteous held in suspense until Christ should gain his victory, is a large topic with many views among different denominations.