For novice programmers, it is difficult to decide on which programming language to learn first, or which one to try out next? The choice is vast and the complexities many. The author analyses various programming languages, and suggests making a choice based on the programmers’ interests and current software trends.
A Research Study of Data Collection and Analysis of Semantics of Programming ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on data collection and analysis of programming language semantics. It discusses several key programming languages like C++, C, Pascal, Fortran, Java, Perl, PHP, and Scheme. It analyzes the features and usage of these languages. It also compares Python and R as good options for beginners in data science and discusses why Python may have a lower learning curve. Finally, it discusses the importance of incorporating semantic results into practical systems to help language designers and programmers better understand languages.
The document discusses several key aspects of programming languages including:
1) There is amazing variety across languages with over 2300 published languages grouped into four main families: imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented.
2) Programming languages are the subject of ongoing debates around their relative merits and definitions.
3) Languages are constantly evolving as new ideas are introduced and older languages develop new dialects.
4) Languages influence programming practices but programmers can also work against a language's favored style.
This document discusses different types of programming languages:
1) Procedural languages like C and Pascal use explicit commands to control program flow. Tasks are broken into procedures.
2) Object-oriented languages like Java break programs into interacting objects rather than instruction lists. Objects encapsulate data and methods.
3) Event-driven languages like VB.NET are used for graphical user interfaces. They have procedural and object features and respond to user events.
4) Markup languages like HTML and XML use tags to control formatting and structure rather than program flow. They are not true programming languages.
5) Scripting languages like JavaScript add functionality to applications and allow commands to be executed directly from a keyboard. The language
The document provides information about high level and low level programming languages. It defines low level languages as assembly language and machine language, which computers can directly understand as binary code. High level languages are closer to human language and include C++, SQL, Java, C#, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, JavaScript, PHP, and HTML. Each high level language is then briefly described in terms of its history, purpose, and basic syntax structure.
This will be the final paper hosted under Slideshare. Visit doppl.org to access newest iterations and other relevant information.
Doppl is a new programming language that aims providing a natural syntax for implementing parallel algorithms, designing data structures for shared memory applications and automated message passing among multiple tasks. The name is an abbreviation of `data oriented parallel programming language`.
This document lists programming languages alphabetically from A to Z, along with a brief 1-2 sentence description of each language. It also notes that the letter H is intentionally missing from the list for fun. The document was created by PracticalCoding.in as an instructor-led coding learning resource.
Lect 1. introduction to programming languagesVarun Garg
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to communicate instructions to computers. There are many programming languages because they have evolved over time as better ways to design them have been developed. Programming languages can be categorized based on their generation or programming paradigm such as imperative, object-oriented, logic-based, and functional. Characteristics like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability are important qualities for programming languages.
Hard to figure out which one is better between Julia & Python? Here's a detailed comparison between #JuliaLang vs #Python
#programming #Coding #Software #developer #technology #tech
C is a relatively low-level programming language that operates close to hardware. It was designed to be portable across various computer systems. C has small keywords, extensive library functions, and allows for low-level programming. It has become widely used due to its ability to handle both high-level and low-level activities efficiently across different computer systems. C was developed in the early 1970s at Bell Labs and the publication of The C Programming Language book popularized it further.
Programming languages and concepts by vivek pariharVivek Parihar
This presentation is concerned with the study of programming language paradigms, that is the various systems of ideas that have been used to guide the design of programming languages. These paradigms are realized to a greater or lesser extent in various computer languages, although the design of a given language may reflect the influence of more than one paradigm.
This document provides information on various programming language concepts like object-oriented programming, data types, loops, and control flow statements in C++. It defines key OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also explains C++ data types, common loop structures like for, while, and do-while loops, and control statements like break and continue.
C# is a multi-paradigm programming language that was developed by Microsoft to be used with its .NET Framework. It was originally named "Cool" but was renamed to C# before release. C# is widely used for applications ranging from simple console programs to complex enterprise systems. Developers use integrated development environments like Visual Studio and SharpDevelop to write and test C# code, which compiles to an executable that runs on the Common Language Runtime.
Programming involves writing instructions for a computer in a coded language. Some of the earliest programming languages included FORTRAN from 1954 for scientific computing, Pascal from 1970 for teaching, and C from 1978 which is still widely used today. Programming languages can be classified as machine language, assembly language, or high-level languages. C is a powerful general-purpose language that is fast, portable, and available on all platforms. It uses header files, functions like printf and scanf, and data types like integers, floats, and characters. Programs written in C can produce logical errors with incorrect outputs or crash due to syntax errors in the code.
The document discusses the evolution of computer programming languages from the earliest languages like Fortran and ALGOL in the 1950s to more modern languages like JavaScript, Python, and C#. It notes that in the evolution of computer languages, older species/languages do not necessarily die out, branches can converge, and mutations are not purely random. The document asks questions about the reader's favorite or current language and programming in general.
This document discusses several legacy programming languages including Fortran, COBOL, PL/1, C, and Ada. It provides a brief history of each language, how they originated, their usage over time, and their current status. The key points are:
- Fortran was one of the earliest programming languages and remains widely used in scientific and engineering fields. It originated in the 1950s and has evolved through several standards but retains its popularity for numerical applications.
- COBOL was created in the 1960s for business applications and remains enormously widespread, with some estimates of the total lines of COBOL code in use being in the billions. It remains entrenched in many legacy systems.
- PL
Programming language is the most important part of the computer science world. so if want to make your carrier in the world of computer science you must have to learn programming languages.
By this slide m providing you some guidelines about top programming languages that are mostly used these time.
the advantages and disadvantages of that programming languages
and the applications of it.
if you want learn programming language then visit the no. 1 website for programming language.
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All the Applications, Web pages, Programming Codes are written in a specific computer language. It’s interesting to see where computer languages on track and how they have evolved over time. There are now a series of computer languages to choose from and billions lines of code. Check out the Slides to see the computer language timeline and about code along the way.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Swift programming language. It discusses the background and origins of Swift, describing how it was developed by Apple as a modern programming language building upon C and Objective-C. The document outlines the objectives and significance of studying Swift, covering some of its key features that have contributed to its success such as safety, readability, and performance. It also describes the scope and limitations of the material presented.
C is a general purpose, procedural programming language developed in the 1970s. It was designed to be compiled using a relatively straightforward compiler, for efficiency and wide availability. C has become extremely widely used, serving as the basis for many other languages like C++, Java, and others. It is commonly used to write operating systems, as UNIX, Windows, Linux and MacOS were all originally written in C. Some key features of C include dynamic memory allocation, portability, efficiency, and support for structured programming with functions.
Unit 4 Assignment 1 Comparative Study Of Programming...Carmen Sanborn
- The goal is to design a new programming language by combining common qualities from two existing languages.
- When designing a new language, it is important to consider aspects like syntax, semantics, data types, control structures, modularity, and libraries/frameworks.
- The language design should aim to take useful features from other languages while avoiding their shortcomings to create a language that is efficient, readable, and meets modern programming needs.
The document discusses several popular programming languages including Java, Ruby, Python, C/C++, and JavaScript. It provides brief descriptions of the origins, uses, strengths, and weaknesses of each language. Java is described as one of the longest-standing web languages that is portable across platforms. Ruby is highlighted as being designed for readability and ease of use. Python is discussed as a scripting language that allows for rapid development. C/C++ had a significant historical influence and are still widely used. JavaScript is emphasized as fundamental to web development.
Let’s take a look at some of the most popular programming languages of 2018 according to GitHub, the start-up center of open-source software development.
The document discusses intermediate languages, which are languages used internally by compilers to represent code in a platform-independent way. Intermediate languages allow code to be compiled once and run on multiple platforms, improving portability. Popular intermediate languages include p-code for Pascal compilers and Java bytecodes. The document explores the history and approaches to intermediate languages, including stack-based representations and using high-level languages like C as intermediates.
The top programming languages for mobile app development in 2024Simublade Technology
Step into the dynamic world of mobile app development, where innovation knows no bounds. From blockchain to generative AI, and even the mind-bending metaverse, the digital landscape is evolving at lightning speed.
These groundbreaking technologies redefine what’s possible in 2024, and to support them, some programming languages are emerging as key players in building dynamic, user-friendly apps.
Different programming languages are used for various purposes, with Java, PHP, and JavaScript being some of the most popular and widely used languages. Java can be used for mobile, enterprise, and desktop applications as well as Android apps. PHP is useful for quickly building web apps and is the foundation of content management systems like WordPress. JavaScript allows developers to add interactivity and animations to web pages. Some other common languages mentioned are Python, Objective-C, Ruby, Perl, C/C++/C#, SQL, and Swift. Each language has its own strengths and uses.
With more than 700 programming languages available, it can take time to determine which one you should study first. As it all comes to the idea, you're trying to create using it, this list will provide the top seven programming languages you can learn. https://www.clickittech.com/developer/programming-languages-to-learn/
Which Programming Languages To Choose For Android App Development_.pdfOZONESOFT Solutions
Are you aware of the fact that how many million times you view your mobile phone in a day?
And what is the reason for spending so much time on mobile phones? Its the amazing features you get on the phone and thus the day by day improvement in the user experience make it more and more useful and handy. And thus apps play a very important role in our day to day life and have become an integral part of our lives. Most people from the age group of 13 to 40 are the ones who can’t spend a day without using Instagram, Facebook etc.
Computer Science Is The Study Of Principals And How The...Laura Martin
Computer science is the study of principles of how computers work, which leads to computer programming. Computer programming is the process of formulating a computing problem and developing executable programs to solve it. It is important because many everyday devices like Microsoft Word had to be programmed to function. Common programming languages include Java, Python, C, C++, Ruby, and JavaScript. As a computer programmer, there are always new languages to learn and existing ones to refresh skills in due to constantly evolving technologies.
Procedural Programming Of Programming LanguagesTammy Moncrief
Here is a summary of the key points about the specification of the Java programming language:
Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Some of the main specifications of the Java programming language include:
- Platform independence: Java code can run on any platform that has a Java virtual machine (JVM) without needing to be recompiled. This allows Java programs to run on various operating systems like Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.
- Object-oriented: Java follows the OOP paradigm with concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, etc. Everything in Java is an object.
- Simple, familiar and general-purpose: Java syntax is based on C and C++ but
What is the best programming language to learn if you want to work on the blo...BlockchainX
At BlockchainX tech, we help startups, medium-sized enterprises, and large-sized businesses by providing end-to-end blockchain development services such as token creation, token sale distribution, landing page design, whitepaper writing, and smart contract creation. As your business idea is unique your cryptocurrency launch process will also be one of a kind. Our blockchain experts help you analyze your concept to make sure that your idea is effective enough to motivate people for funding. Our experience so far in ICO and blockchain development is unmatched and it allows us to provide stable cryptocurrency solutions that are tailor-made to match your business requirements. Raise your Initial Coin Offering with minimal steps and get professional guidance from our team of blockchain and cryptocurrency experts.
There are hundreds of programming languages, and new ones are being created all the time. The first programming languages were invented in the 1950s, and since then, the field of computer science has seen the creation and development of many different programming languages, each with its own unique features and purposes.
Some of the earliest programming languages include:
• Fortran (1957): Developed by IBM, Fortran (short for FORmula TRANslation) was originally designed for scientific and engineering applications. It is still in use today, particularly for scientific computing and data analysis.
• Lisp (1958): Lisp is a high-level programming language that is known for its use of symbolic expressions and its flexibility. It is often used in artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.
• COBOL (1959): COBOL (short for COmmon Business-Oriented Language) was developed to be used in business applications. It is still in use today, particularly in government and financial systems.
• ALGOL (1960): ALGOL (short for ALgorithmic Language) was developed as a general-purpose programming language and was widely used in the 1960s and 1970s.
Other important programming languages that have been developed over the years include C, C++, Java, Python, and many others. Each of these languages has its own set of features and capabilities, and they are used in a variety of different applications.
Here are a few more examples of programming languages and their key features:
20210417-cppRelevancy-DataStructures.pptxSuman Garai
This PowerPoint presentation discusses the relevance of C programming language in today's technological landscape. It covers the history, unique features, challenges, and limitations of C programming language, and examines why it is still used despite newer languages. The presentation concludes by offering insights on the future of C programming language and is aimed at programmers, developers, and technology enthusiasts seeking to understand more about its current state and future prospects.
Programming languages helped us reach the moon and helped us invent new things in computer science, making our lives easier. Over the years, programming languages evolved with the help of open-source projects, companies, and the contributions of developers. Today there are plenty of programming languages for web apps development and ecommerce apps development.
11 Reasons Why C# is the Right Choice for Your Next ProjectSofiaCarter4
If you’re looking to build a website with standard functions like user management or dynamic content integration, C# might be right for you.
https://bit.ly/3b5Q1re
Let's Go: Introduction to Google's Go Programming LanguageGanesh Samarthyam
This document introduces the Go programming language, which was announced by Google in 2009. It summarizes Go's key features, including being a concurrent, garbage-collected systems programming language. It also provides instructions on installing Go and a simple "Hello World" program example. The document highlights some of Go's novel features like interfaces and goroutines and concludes that Go shows promise as a useful systems language.
Lets Go - An introduction to Google's Go Programming Language Ganesh Samarthyam
This document introduces the Go programming language, which was announced by Google in 2009. It summarizes Go's key features, including being a concurrent, garbage-collected systems programming language. It also provides instructions on installing Go and a simple "Hello World" program example. The document argues that Go has substantial features for systems programming in today's networked, multi-core world.
The top programming languages for mobile app development in 2024Simublade Technology
The mobile application development domain is constantly changing. The technologies like blockchain, generative AI, and mixed reality which were once unheard have today become a critical part of the digital landscape.
The document discusses various popular programming languages that will be in high demand in 2023. It provides descriptions of 18 programming languages including JavaScript, Python, Go, Java, Kotlin, PHP, C#, Swift, and others. For each language, it outlines the level of difficulty, needed skills, platforms used, popularity among programmers, benefits, and typical degree of use. The document serves as a guide for programmers to choose languages to learn based on their goals and industry demand.
MomentumSI Programming Language RecommendationsJeff Schneider
This document provides programming language recommendations from MomentumSI, a consulting and engineering firm. It categorizes languages as Avoid, Risk Averse, Recommended or Special Case. Java and Go are moved to different categories. Java becomes Risk Averse due to success limiting innovation. Go becomes Recommended as a modern, high performance language popular for cloud projects. JavaScript also becomes Recommended for compelling client experiences and mature server technologies like Node.js. The document concludes with contact information for MomentumSI services.
Similar to Which programming language should you learn next? (20)
The document provides an overview of various sea life found underwater, including creatures with fins and tails that feed on seaweed or prey, colorful coral reefs and plants on the ocean floor, sea turtles that lay eggs on beaches, schools of fish that swim together, colorful but sometimes poisonous fish like lionfish, giant whales larger than ships, pink krill that swarm in great numbers, glow in the dark plankton and fish, and sea horses where males give birth to about 150 babies that emerge from their stomachs. The concluding message is that the ocean is vast and should be protected from pollution to celebrate its freedom.
Technical debt refers to design decisions that are suboptimal or incorrect, accruing debt that must be paid back later. It includes code debt from violations of coding standards and design debt from design smells or violations of architecture rules. Refactoring is restructuring code without changing behavior to improve design quality and make future changes easier. A variety of tools can help explore code structure and detect technical debt to prioritize refactoring.
Please check out the workshop "AI meets Blockchain" at HIPC 2018, in Bangalore: http://hipc.org/ai-blockchain/
HIPC is a premier conference and hence getting a paper accepted in HIPC workshop would be quite an accomplishment for any blockchain/AI enthusiast. Check out the details in this poster on submissions.
I have been fortunate to have worked with some geeks with incredible coding skills. I felt amazed at how they can play games with compilers, perform magic with their incantations on the shell, and solve some insanely complex algorithm problems with ease. I naively assumed that they are going to achieve greatness in near future. Alas, I was wrong. Really wrong. [Read the rest of the article ... ]
Many students reach out to me asking for project ideas they can do as a summer project for learning. Here is an interesting project idea - implement your own java disassembler (and expand it to a VM later).
The document discusses various techniques for writing clean code, including formatting code consistently, using meaningful names, writing comments to explain intent, keeping functions focused on single tasks, limiting class and method complexity, and avoiding hardcoded values. It emphasizes habits like adhering to coding standards as a team and writing unit tests. Specific techniques mentioned include consistent formatting, searchable names, avoiding comments as a crutch, limiting function parameters and nesting depth, and preferring classes with cohesive responsibilities. The document recommends several coding standards and style guides.
Design Patterns - Compiler Case Study - Hands-on ExamplesGanesh Samarthyam
This presentation takes a case-study based approach to design patterns. A purposefully simplified example of expression trees is used to explain how different design patterns can be used in practice. Examples are in C#, but is relevant for anyone who is from object oriented background.
This presentation provides an overview of recently concluded Bangalore Container Conference (07-April-2017). See www.containerconf.in for more details.
Bangalore Container Conference 2017 (BCC '17) is the first conference on container technologies in India happening on 07th April. Organizations are increasingly adopting containers and related technologies in production.Hence, the main focus of this conference is “Containers in Production”. This one-day conference sets the perfect stage for container enthusiasts, developers, users and experts to meet together and learn from each others experiences.
Presented in Bangalore Open Java User Group on 21st Jan 2017
Awareness of design smells - Design comes before code. A care at design level can solve lot of problems.
Indicators of common design problems - helps developers or software engineers understand mistakes made while designing and apply design principles for creating high-quality designs. This presentation provides insights gained from performing refactoring in real-world projects to improve refactoring and reduce the time and costs of managing software projects. The talk also presents insightful anecdotes and case studies drawn from the trenches of real-world projects. By attending this talk, you will know pragmatic techniques for refactoring design smells to manage technical debt and to create and maintain high-quality software in practice. All the examples in this talk are in Java.
Bangalore Container Conference 2017 (BCC '17) is the first conference on container technologies in India. Organizations are increasingly adopting containers and related technologies in production. Hence, the main focus of this conference is “Containers in Production”. This one-day conference sets the perfect stage for container enthusiasts, developers, users and experts to meet together and learn from each others experiences.
This document contains 5 quiz questions about Java generics with the corresponding answers. It was created by Ganesh Samarthyam from CodeOps to test knowledge of Java generics. Additional contact information for Ganesh and CodeOps is provided at the bottom, including email, social media profiles, phone number and website links.
This document provides an overview of Java generics through examples. It begins with simple examples demonstrating how generics can be used to define container classes (BoxPrinter) and pair classes (Pair). It discusses benefits like type safety and avoiding duplication. Further examples show generics with methods and limitations like erasure. Wildcard types are presented as a way to address subtyping issues. In general, generics provide flexibility in coding but their syntax can sometimes be complex to read.
The document describes an application with a pipe-and-filter architecture pattern where sensor data flows through multiple components that each transform the data before passing it to the next component and finally to a modeling and visualization unit. It then asks questions about software architecture patterns and styles like pipe-and-filter, lambda architecture, decorator pattern, Conway's law, architecture drift, REST, event sourcing, and recommends architecture refactoring when dependency analysis finds numerous cycles and tangles.
This presentation covers quiz questions prepared for the Core Java meetup on 1st October in Accion Labs. It has questions from "Java best practices", "bytecodes", and "elastic search".
This document discusses advanced Java debugging using bytecode. It explains that bytecode is the low-level representation of Java programs that is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). It shows examples of decompiling Java source code to bytecode instructions and evaluating bytecode on a stack. Various bytecode visualization and debugging tools are demonstrated. Key topics like object-oriented aspects of bytecode and the ".class" file format are also covered at a high-level.
Discover the Power of ONEMONITAR: The Ultimate Mobile Spy App for Android Dev...onemonitarsoftware
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Break data silos with real-time connectivity using Confluent Cloud Connectorsconfluent
Connectors integrate Apache Kafka® with external data systems, enabling you to move away from a brittle spaghetti architecture to one that is more streamlined, secure, and future-proof. However, if your team still spends multiple dev cycles building and managing connectors using just open source Kafka Connect, it’s time to consider a faster and cost-effective alternative.
Cultural Shifts: Embracing DevOps for Organizational TransformationMindfire Solution
Mindfire Solutions specializes in DevOps services, facilitating digital transformation through streamlined software development and operational efficiency. Their expertise enhances collaboration, accelerates delivery cycles, and ensures scalability using cloud-native technologies. Mindfire Solutions empowers businesses to innovate rapidly and maintain competitive advantage in dynamic market landscapes.
Software development... for all? (keynote at ICSOFT'2024)miso_uam
Our world runs on software. It governs all major aspects of our life. It is an enabler for research and innovation, and is critical for business competitivity. Traditional software engineering techniques have achieved high effectiveness, but still may fall short on delivering software at the accelerated pace and with the increasing quality that future scenarios will require.
To attack this issue, some software paradigms raise the automation of software development via higher levels of abstraction through domain-specific languages (e.g., in model-driven engineering) and empowering non-professional developers with the possibility to build their own software (e.g., in low-code development approaches). In a software-demanding world, this is an attractive possibility, and perhaps -- paraphrasing Andy Warhol -- "in the future, everyone will be a developer for 15 minutes". However, to make this possible, methods are required to tweak languages to their context of use (crucial given the diversity of backgrounds and purposes), and the assistance to developers throughout the development process (especially critical for non-professionals).
In this keynote talk at ICSOFT'2024 I presented enabling techniques for this vision, supporting the creation of families of domain-specific languages, their adaptation to the usage context; and the augmentation of low-code environments with assistants and recommender systems to guide developers (professional or not) in the development process.
Seamless PostgreSQL to Snowflake Data Transfer in 8 Simple StepsEstuary Flow
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Discover how to seamlessly transfer your PostgreSQL data to Snowflake, leveraging Estuary Flow's intuitive interface and powerful real-time replication capabilities. Harness the power of both platforms to create a robust data ecosystem that drives business intelligence, analytics, and data-driven decision-making.
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In this talk, we will explore strategies to optimize the success rate of storing and retaining new information. We will discuss scientifically proven ideal learning intervals and content structures. Additionally, we will examine how to create an environment that improves our focus while you remain in the “flow”. Lastly we will also address the influence of AI on learning capabilities.
In the dynamic field of software development, this knowledge will empower you to accelerate your learning curve and support others in their learning journeys.
Lots of bloggers are using Google AdSense now. It’s getting really popular. With AdSense, bloggers can make money by showing ads on their websites. Read this important article written by the experienced designers of the best website designing company in Delhi –
NBFC Software: Optimize Your Non-Banking Financial CompanyNBFC Softwares
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Responsibilities of Fleet Managers and How TrackoBit Can Assist.pdfTrackobit
What do fleet managers do? What are their duties, responsibilities, and challenges? And what makes a fleet manager effective and successful? This blog answers all these questions.
1. For novice programmers,it is difficult to decide on which programming language to learn
first,or which one to try out next? The choice is vast and the complexities many.The author
analyses various programming languages,and suggests making a choice based on the
programmers’interests and current software trends.
A
s developers and engineers, our day-to-day work
involves writing code and we use a particular
language to express our solutions (whether it is
adding features or fixing defects). When new languages come
up, or there is a new release of a major language, we are eager
to know more about them.
A lot is happening in the world of programming languages
and I avidly watch the changes in it. As a language aficionado,
I have tried spotting major trends that are emerging in the
programming languages space. Naturally, my views are biased
in favour of languages like C, which is one of my favourites.
Without much ado, here are the major trends I have found
in the languages landscape:
ƒƒ JavaScript is becoming the de facto platform for the Web.
ƒƒ Java and .NET are becoming two major target platforms
for a large number of languages.
ƒƒ Dynamic languages are on the rise.
ƒƒ Functional languages are becoming popular.
ƒƒ Open source languages are on the rise.
ƒƒ Old languages are reborn in new forms.
ƒƒ C continues to be a dominant language.
Let us discuss these trends in greater detail. And the
question, “Which language should I learn next?” will be
answered towards the end of the article.
For U & MeInsight
www.OpenSourceForU.com | OPEN SOURCE For You | January 2015 | 29
2. the Windows platform. With Microsoft making the platform
available for Linux and Mac OS, it can now be deployed in
powerful Linux servers. And with Microsoft collaborating
with Xamarin, .NET will be available for building mobile
applications as well. With this development, the Java platform
now has a serious competitor.
Dynamic languages are on the rise
Statically typed languages have ruled the language world for
many decades (e.g., Fortran, C, C++, etc) but dynamically
typed languages are slowly and steadily becoming more
popular (Python, Ruby, Objective-C, etc). Dynamically
typed languages have their own appeal and advantages.
The quicker edit-run-debug cycle helps to develop code
faster. Historically, dynamically typed languages are mostly
scripting languages. However, there is no doubt that these
languages are suitable for developing general-purpose
applications. Dynamically typed languages also support meta-
programming features (e.g., introspection) more easily than
statically typed languages. Such benefits of dynamic typing
have resulted in even statically typed languages acquiring
some form of dynamism. For example, C# 4.0 introduced the
‘dynamic’ keyword. Languages like Groovy were inspired by
the productivity offered by dynamic languages like Python
and Ruby. Note that static typing has its own benefits - for
instance, finding type conversions-related defects early in the
development cycle. For this reason, even Groovy supports
optional static type checking and static compilation. Given all
this, the underlying general trend is clear - dynamically typed
languages are on the rise.
Functional languages are becoming popular
From early languages like LISP to languages like Scheme
and Haskell that appeared later, functional languages aren’t
new to the programming language community. However,
what is surprising is the growing popularity of functional
languages in the last 10 years. The main reason for this is
concurrency. Writing correct concurrent code in the presence
of mutable state is incredibly hard using libraries or language
features in object-oriented as well as procedural languages.
Functional programs don’t change state. This characteristic
makes the functional paradigm a suitable approach for writing
concurrent programs. These days, even smartphones have
multi-cores; so concurrency is here to say.
New functional languages like Clojure have attracted
wide attention in the programming community. Clojure
is used extensively in Big Data circles, and its code can
be compiled to run in JVM, .NET, or JavaScript. Other
mainstream languages like C++, Java and C# have adopted
functional programming features (mainly ‘closures’/
‘lambda functions’). Many new languages (e.g., Elm) are
functional programming languages. These developments
indicate a clear trend - functional programming languages
are becoming popular.
JavaScript is becoming the de facto
platform for the Web
I remember a time in the late 90s when JavaScript
developers wouldn’t be taken seriously. If you developed
in C or C++ (or better, if you programmed in Assembler),
you were considered a serious developer. But if you were
developing in PHP or JavaScript, you were ignored! Times
have changed with the widespread adoption of the Web and
the rising popularity of JavaScript’s powerful frameworks
and libraries. JavaScript is now used even in non-Web
contexts—for example, in PDF documents. Its rising
popularity, combined with its weaknesses, has prompted
companies such as Google (with Dart) and Microsoft (with
TypeScript) to attempt replacing JavaScript, but JavaScript
continues to rule the roost.
Recently, I visited a company that develops software
for set-top boxes and TVs, and was surprised at the extent
that JavaScript code runs in these devices. There is a large
list of languages that compile to JavaScript. There are also
translators or adapted languages for major languages such
as Java, C#, Ruby and Python that compile to JavaScript. I
attended a talk on the Elm language and came to know that
it compiles to JavaScript. I was amazed by what you can
do with Elm, and I’ll leave it to you to go and discover the
magic of these new languages. I’ve also come across the Hack
language, created by Facebook in an attempt to replace PHP.
But it is too early to gauge whether this attempt has been
successful or not. However, generally speaking, it is clear that
JavaScript is here to stay.
Java and .NET: Emerging as target platforms for
innumerable languages
Most language experts believe that compiled and statically
typed languages have an edge over interpreted and
dynamically typed languages when it comes to building
large-scale enterprise applications. Statically typed languages
such as Java, C# and C++ have long been used for creating
commercial as well as open source applications. Though the
Java platform was originally designed to run code written
in the Java language, because of its all-pervasiveness, it has
become a target platform for numerous other languages too.
For instance, Scala compiles to the Java platform. Groovy
extends Java and compiles to the Java platform. Languages
such as Jython and JRuby are ports of Python and Ruby
languages that target the Java platform. With its support for
invokedynamic byte code and other features, it is easier for
dynamic languages to compile to the Java platform.
Unlike the Java platform, the .NET platform was designed
from the ground up to serve as a platform for a large number
of languages. Other than C#, some important languages that
translate to .NET are VisualBasic.NET, C++/CLI and F#.
Older languages and other languages have ports to .NET as
well — for example, Eiffel, IronPython and IronRuby. One
of the disadvantages of .NET is that it primarily supports
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3. Open source languages are on the rise
Microsoft’s announcement last year that .NET was going
open source attracted considerable attention. This was not
a one-off event, but what I see as a general trend in the
programming languages community. Java was initially a
proprietary language; later, Sun released most of it to the open
source community. Languages designed from the ground up,
such as Go and Dart (both from Google), TypeScript and F#
(both from Microsoft) are also open source. A large number of
languages developed in the last two decades are open source.
In other words, languages going open source is a clear trend
that is here to stay.
Old languages are reborn in new forms
Just like living beings, languages are born, grow up, age and
die. What is surprising is the rebirth or rejuvenation of old
languages in a new form. The relationship between these new
and old language pairs is unmistakable—Elixir and Erlang,
Clojure and LISP, Swift and Objective-C, etc. In other words,
newer languages such as Elixir, Clojure and Swift render
corresponding older languages such as Erlang, LISP and
Objective-C in a form that is compatible to the new realities.
I won’t be surprised if older languages such as APL, Simula,
SNOBOL, or even Fortran, are reborn as newer languages.
C continues to be a dominant language
So far we have discussed factors that are changing or
emerging. This is a new world with emerging fields like Big
Data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT). The
computing world is moving towards increased concurrency
and ever shrinking devices. With all these changes, one
constant surprises me - C continues to stay relevant in this
ever-changing world! With the exploding number of mobile
devices that are getting connected to the Internet, the devices
are still programmed in embedded C. Low-level utilities such
as protocols and device drivers are still written in C. There
aren’t many rivals for C though Go appears to be an attractive
alternative - so if you develop low-level code (e.g., device
drivers, virtual machines, protocols, etc), it is better to learn
Go. However, the underlying trend is clear—C continues to
be relevant and popular.
Other languages to watch out for
The programming languages world is one where so many
things are happening that I have FOMO (Fear Of Missing
Out). You may be interested in many other languages that
I haven’t covered here. Some important ones are D from
Digital Mars, Ceylon from Red Hat, Chapel from Cray, and
Opa from MLState.
So, what language should you learn next?
With this, we have completed our quick safari in the language
jungle. It is time to answer the question: “What language
should I learn next?”
This question is as difficult to answer as these two
questions: “Which book should I read next?” or “Which
movie should I watch next?” Why is it difficult to give
specific answers to these questions? Because the answer
depends on your interests as well as personal preferences!
So, here is my answer based on your likely preferences
and the overall trends we have discussed so far.
ƒƒ If you have programmed only in statically typed
languages (such as C++ or Java), learn Ruby or Python.
ƒƒ If you do not know Web programming yet want to learn
how to program for the Web, learn JavaScript.
ƒƒ If you develop systems software and have programmed
mostly in C or Assembler, learn Go.
ƒƒ If you don’t know C, learn it!
No matter what kind of programming you do, learn a
functional programming language (or at least learn to use
closures if the programming language you regularly use
allows that).
Also, try using a new language (it’s important that
it is not a mainstream language) to solve problems you
encounter on a day-to-day basis. For example, if you
are a game developer and use languages like C++, try
using Elm. If your work involves lots of mathematics
and you use Fortran, try using languages like Julia or
J. If your work involves querying information to find
answers using regular expressions, try using Prolog or
R. By trying out unusually effective solutions to the
problems that you try to solve on a day-to-day basis,
you’ll be surprised by an ‘Aha!’ moment that could
permanently change the way you think about problem
solving!
By: Anil Kumar PugaliaThe author is a corporate trainer and independent consultant
based in Bengaluru. He is a co-author of the book
‘Refactoring for Software Design Smells: Managing Technical
Debt’ published by Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2014. You can
reach him through his website www.designsmells.com.
By: Ganesh Samarthyam
By: Anil Kumar Pugalia[1] List of languages that compile to JavaScript:
https://github.com/jashkenas/coffeescript/
wiki/List-of-languages-that-compile-to-JS
[2] The Elm language home page: http://elm-lang.org
[3] The Hack language home page: http://hacklang.org
[4] Java Virtual Machine Support for Non-Java Languages:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/
vm/multiple-language-support.html
[5] Microsoft Open Sources .NET, saying it will run on Linux
and Mac: http://www.wired.com/2014/11/microsoft-open-
sources-net-says-will-run-linux-mac/
[6] Go language home page: https://golang.org/
References
By: Anil Kumar PugaliaI thank Raghu Kalyan Anna for his thoughtful and detailed
feedback on an earlier draft of this article.
Acknowledgement:
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