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Sumit Lahiri – Product Line Manager
STO1479BU
STO1479BU
vSAN Beyond the Basics
Eric Knauft – Staff Engineer
• This presentation may contain product features that are currently under development.
• This overview of new technology represents no commitment from VMware to deliver these
features in any generally available product.
• Features are subject to change, and must not be included in contracts, purchase orders, or
sales agreements of any kind.
• Technical feasibility and market demand will affect final delivery.
• Pricing and packaging for any new technologies or features discussed or presented have not
been determined.
Disclaimer
2
Agenda
1 The world of Objects
2 Life of vSAN Component
3 The 4 Rs of vSAN
4 Multi-Level Fault Domains
5 All Flash I/O Flow
CONFIDENTIAL
3
The world of Objects

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Disk groups contribute to single vSAN datastore in vSphere cluster
Cache
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§ Max 64 nodes
§ Min 2 nodes (ROBO)
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host
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Group
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(VMDK)
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FTT=1 FTT=2 FTT=3
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1. Failures to Tolerate (FTT)
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…........ …........
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…........ …........
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(VMDK)
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…........ …........
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…........ …........
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…........ …........
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Examples
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Quorum with stripe width =2
41
2 2 2 3 2
(2 votes)
Availability but no Quorum (Availability) && (Quorum)
Partition - 1
Partition – 2 proceeds
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(VMDK)
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Availability = False
It is possible to have Quorum but no Availability
43
1 1
1 3
1 1 1
2
(votes)
C1 C1 C1
C2 C2 C2
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W
W
R1
R0 R0 R0
Partition - 1
Partition - 2
Quorum
ü Quorum
RAID-5

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esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 esxi-04
1 1
…...... …...... …......
Each component on a separate host
(VMDK)
R5
C2 C3
12
Assigned higher vote to break tie
C0 C1
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esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 esxi-04
1 1
…...... …...... …......
(VMDK)
R5
C2 C3
12
D1 D2 D3P1
Each component is divided into data and parity blocks
The Life of vSAN Component
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esxi-01 esxi-02
esxi-03
C1 C2 C1 C2
R1
R0
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W
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R0
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W
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Begin: All components / elements are in active state
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2 3 2
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A A
C2C2
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Cluster partitions with unknown cause, components go ”Absent”
54
A
B
2
A
B
3 2
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Cluster partition, cause unknown, do not repair immediately
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A
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2
A
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Partition is resolved, component is Resynced
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AS
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vSAN Beyond The Basics

  • 1. Sumit Lahiri – Product Line Manager STO1479BU STO1479BU vSAN Beyond the Basics Eric Knauft – Staff Engineer
  • 2. • This presentation may contain product features that are currently under development. • This overview of new technology represents no commitment from VMware to deliver these features in any generally available product. • Features are subject to change, and must not be included in contracts, purchase orders, or sales agreements of any kind. • Technical feasibility and market demand will affect final delivery. • Pricing and packaging for any new technologies or features discussed or presented have not been determined. Disclaimer 2
  • 3. Agenda 1 The world of Objects 2 Life of vSAN Component 3 The 4 Rs of vSAN 4 Multi-Level Fault Domains 5 All Flash I/O Flow CONFIDENTIAL 3
  • 4. The world of Objects
  • 5. Disk layout in host disk groupdisk group disk group disk group disk group Disk groups contribute to single vSAN datastore in vSphere cluster Cache Capacity vSAN Datastore § Max 64 nodes § Min 2 nodes (ROBO) § Max 5 Disk Groups per host § 2 – Tiers per Disk Group
  • 6. Creating vm, creates several objects in the background 6 (VMDK) Virtual Disk VM home namespace: VMX, log files Virtual memory swap objects
  • 7. From VM to components 7 Component Component Component Component (Object) (components) (blocks) (Max Size: 255 GB) (in low MBs)
  • 9. CONFIDENTIAL 9 Failures to Tolerate (FTT) vSphere vSAN Host Racks Sites Always in context to fault domains Failures to Tolerate Failures to Tolerate Failures to Tolerate
  • 10. CONFIDENTIAL 10 Failures to Tolerate (FTT) vSphere vSAN FTT implies host failures to tolerate if fault domain is not mentioned vSphere vSAN vSphere vSAN FTT=1 FTT=2 FTT=3
  • 11. CONFIDENTIAL 11 Failures to Tolerate (FTT) can be Nested vSphere vSAN Host Racks Sites Survive one site failure and one host failure on the other site
  • 13. CONFIDENTIAL 13 Failures Tolerate Method (FTM) vSphere vSAN vSphere vSAN vSphere vSAN FTT=1 FTT=2 FTT=3 RAID-1 ü. ü. ü. RAID-5 ü. RAID-6 ü. 2bytes/byte 1.3 bytes/byte 1.5 bytes/byte X X X X 3bytes/byte 4bytes/byte
  • 14. FTT = Failures to Tolerate FTM = Fault Tolerance Method
  • 16. Object is associated with underlying policy 16 1. Failures to Tolerate 2. Fault Tolerance Method (VMDK) Policy:
  • 17. Policy dictates how objects are managed 17 1. Failures to Tolerate (FTT) 2. Fault Tolerance Method (FTM) (VMDK) Policy: Replica Replica (VMDK) C1 C2 …. (components) (stripes) C1 C2 …. (components) (stripes) FTT =1, FTM = RAID-1, Stripe Width >2
  • 18. RAID Abstraction Model 18 Replica Replica (VMDK) C1 C2 …. (components) (stripes) C1 C2 …. (components) (stripes) (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 …. (components) C1 C2 …. (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) FTT =1, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width >2 No witness
  • 19. FTT=1,FTM=RAID-1, comparison with stripe and without stripes 19 (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 …. (components) C1 C2 …. (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) (VMDK) R1 C C (RAID-1) (no striping) (no striping) (component) (component) No witness 250GB 250 GB No witness 250GB 250GB 1TB 1 TB
  • 20. vSAN managed as bunch of components vSAN Datastore components C C CCCC
  • 21. Each replica on different Fault Domain (e.g. host) 21 (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) R0 (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) FTT =2, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width = 2
  • 22. Each component is commonly placed on a different host 22 (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) R0 (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) FTT =2, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width = 2
  • 23. Can we survive 2 host failures with 3 hosts? 23 (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) R0 (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) FTT =2, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width = 2
  • 25. Quorum: In the event of cluster partition, which partition shall proceed? 25 …........ …........ partition-01 partition-02 M hostsN hosts
  • 26. Quorum: The partition with the higher Votes proceed 26 …........ …........ partition-01 partition-02 M hostsN hosts N votes M votes Cluster members participate in voting
  • 27. If M > N, Partition-2 proceeds 27 …........ …........ partition-01 partition-02 M hostsN hosts N votes M votes partition-02 proceeds Cluster members participate in voting
  • 29. Quorum is calculated on a per object basis 29 (VMDK) R1 C C (RAID-1) (component) (component) No witness 1 1 • Each component participates in voting • With two components, this sums to even number of votes
  • 30. Add witness for Tier breaker vote 30 (VMDK) R1 C C (RAID-1) (component) (component) W (witness) 1 11 (votes) (votes) (votes) • Witness is added as Tier breaker vote • Acts as an observer which component has latest data
  • 31. For VMDK-A , partition-2 has higher votes 31 …........ …........ partition-01 partition-02 proceeds M hostsN hosts (VMDK-A) R1 C C (RAID-1) (component) (component) W (witness) 1 11 (votes) C C W 1 1 1 (votes) (votes) (votes) (votes)
  • 32. General Case: Different objects proceed on different partition 32 …........ …........ partition-01 proceeds for VMDK-B partition-02 proceeds for VMDK-A M hostsN hosts C C W 1 1 1 (VMDK-A) R1 C C (RAID-1) (component) (component) W (witness) 1 11 (votes) (votes) (votes) (votes) (votes) (VMDK-B) R1 C C (RAID-1) (component) (component) W (witness) 1 11 (votes) (votes) C W C 1 1 1
  • 33. Components can be classified as data component and witness component (VMDK) R1 D D (RAID-1) (no striping) (no striping) (data component) (data component) W (witness component) 1 1 1 (1 vote) (1 vote)(1 vote)
  • 34. Min count of hosts required for survive N host failures?
  • 35. Minimum 2N+1 hosts required to survive N host failures 35 …........ …........ partition-01 partition-02 is winning partition (N +1) hosts = (N+1) shares of vote • If each host represents same share of vote • Wining partition would require a minimum of N+1 hosts • Minimum size of cluster = 2N+1 hosts to survive N host failures N hosts = N shares of votes 1 1 1 1 1
  • 36. CONFIDENTIAL 36 Min cluster size is determined by meeting Liveness requirement • Liveness = (Quorum) && (Availability) • Min of hosts in cluster = Max (Min hosts for Quorum, Min hosts for Availability)
  • 37. CONFIDENTIAL 37 Examples • FTT =1 , FTM = RAID-1 • Min host for availability = 2 • Min host of Quorum = 2N+1 = 3 • Min cluster size =3 • FTT=2, FTM = RAID-1 • Min host for availability = 3 • Min host for Quorum = 2N+1 =5 • Min cluster size =5
  • 38. Examples of Liveness (Quorum + Availability)
  • 39. Quorum (FTT:2, FTM: RAID-1 ) = 5 Hosts, no stripe 39 (VMDK) R1 D D (RAID-1) D (data component) (data component) (data component) W W (witness component) 1 1 1 1 1 3 data components = 3 votes 2 witness components = 2 votes FTT =2, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width = 1
  • 40. Votes Re-assigned / Re-balanced as stripe width is changed 40 (VMDK) R1 R0 R0 C1 C2 (components) (RAID-1) (RAID-0) (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) R0 (RAID-0) C1 C2 (components) FTT =2, FTM = RAID-1 , Stripe Width = 2 W W 11 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 Assign higher votes to break tie
  • 41. C2 C1 Quorum with stripe width =2 41 2 2 2 3 2 (2 votes) Availability but no Quorum (Availability) && (Quorum) Partition - 1 Partition – 2 proceeds (2 votes) (2 votes) (1 vote) (1 vote) C2 C1 C2 C1W W (VMDK)
  • 43. It is possible to have Quorum but no Availability 43 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 (votes) C1 C1 C1 C2 C2 C2 (VMDK) W W R1 R0 R0 R0 Partition - 1 Partition - 2 Quorum ü Quorum
  • 45. C0 C1 RAID – 5 protection against 1 host failure 45 esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 esxi-04 1 1 …...... …...... …...... Each component on a separate host (VMDK) R5 C2 C3 12 Assigned higher vote to break tie
  • 46. C0 C1 RAID – 5 protection against 1 host failure 46 esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 esxi-04 1 1 …...... …...... …...... (VMDK) R5 C2 C3 12 D1 D2 D3P1 Each component is divided into data and parity blocks
  • 47. The Life of vSAN Component
  • 48. Object States: can be “not compliant” but accessible 48 esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 C1 C2 C1 C2 R1 R0 R0 W (VMDK) • Compliance status: Are all replicas good? • Operational status: Is Accessible? 3 22 (votes) (votes)(votes)
  • 49. Object States: can be “not compliant” but accessible 49 esxi-01 esxi-02 esxi-03 C1 C2 C1 C2 R1 R0 R0 W (VMDK) • Active = known good • Degraded = known bad, rebuild now • Absent = known bad, cause not known, repair after 60 mins • Stale = Active however needs update • Compliance status: Are all replicas good? • Operational status: Is Accessible? 3 22 (votes) (votes)(votes) • Accessible implies Liveness
  • 50. 4 Rs – Resync , Rebuild, Repair and Reconfiguration 50 C1 ….. C4 R1 (components) (blocks) (VMDK) • VMDK is divided into components • Components comprise of data blocks • Each component on different host • Each data block of fixed size C1 ….. C4 R1 (resync blocks) (VMDK) C1 ….. C4 R1 (VMDK) Partial Resync • Copy data to stale components • When a component comes back from being absent Repair / Reconfigure • Build fresh component • Full Resync (build out the component) (Host-4)(Host-1) (state: degraded)(state: active-stale)
  • 51. CONFIDENTIAL 51 Resync / Reconfiguration Triggers disk group disk group Cache Capacity § Components in Active-Stale § Some blocks are resynced / rebuild C1 ….. C4 (resync blocks) (state: active-stale) (Partition resolves) (Change storage policies) Components are rebuilt C1 ….. C4 (build out the component) (state: degraded)
  • 53. W Begin: All components / elements are in active state 53 2 3 2 (2 votes) Tolerate 1 host failure with RAID-1 (Active) (2 votes) (2 votes) C1 C1 A A C2C2 A AA (Active) (Active)(Active) (Active)
  • 54. W C1 C2C1 C2 Cluster partitions with unknown cause, components go ”Absent” 54 A B 2 A B 3 2 (2 votes) Cluster partition, cause unknown, do not repair immediately Partition - 1 A A A Partition – 2 (Absent) (2 votes) (2 votes) (Active) (Active) Object is not compliant but accessible Absent: Known bad, but cause not known
  • 55. C1 C2C1 C2 Partition with both Availability and Quorum proceeds 55 A B 2 A B 3 2 (2 votes) vm HA to partition -2 , partition-2 has both quorum and availability Partition - 1 A A Partition – 2 - proceeds (2 votes) (2 votes) (Absent) Quorum && AvailabilityAvailability no Quorum W A
  • 56. C1 C2C1 C2 Partition is resolved, component is Resynced 56 AS 2 AS 3 2 (2 votes) Active-Stale Component is Resynced A A (Active-Stale) (2 votes) (2 votes) Resync Component marked as Active Stale, Object is not compliant W A
  • 57. W All components / elements are in active state 57 2 3 2 (2 votes) All components are Active (Active) (2 votes) (2 votes) C1 C1 A A C2C2 A AA (Active) (Active)(Active) (Active) Object is compliant and accessible
  • 59. WC1 C2 C1 C2 Absent Components Repair After 60 Min 59 A 2 A 3 2 (2 votes) Partition - 1 A A A Partition – 2 : most recent data (Absent) (2 votes) (2 votes) Resync after 60 min
  • 60. WC1 C2 C1 C2 Degraded Components Repair Immediately 60 D 2 D 3 2 (2 votes) Hardware Failure Causes Degraded A A A (2 votes) (2 votes) Known bad, Resync Now (Degraded)
  • 61. W C1 C2C1 C2 Fresh components Resynced From Existing Components 61 D 2 D 3 2 (2 votes) A A A (Degraded) (Reconfiguring) 2 Find another host to resync, Resync begins C1 C2 R R Resync Object state is not-compliant but accessible (Another Host)
  • 62. W C1 C2 Object is Compliant Again 62 D 2 D (2 votes) (Degraded) 2 3 2 (1 vote) (Active) (1 vote) (1 vote) C1 C1 A A C2C2 A AA (Active) (Active)(Active) (Active) Degraded component is marked for deletion (remove)
  • 63. Rebuild RAID schematics – Resync begins 63 (Degraded) Resync begins C1 C2 C1 C2 C2C1 W R1 R0 R0 R0 (VMDK)
  • 64. Rebuild RAID schematics – Resync ends 64 Resync Ends C2 C2C1 W R1 R0 R0 R0 (VMDK) (mark for removal) C1 C2 C1
  • 66. Reconfiguration – Increase FTT =2 to FTT =3 R1 R0 R0 R0 R1 R0 R0 R0 R0
  • 67. Reconfiguration – Increase Sripe Width R1 R0 R0 R0 R1 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
  • 69. CONFIDENTIAL 69 Failures to Tolerate (FTT) can be Nested vSphere vSAN Host Racks Sites Survive one site failure and one host failure on the other site
  • 70. Stretched Cluster deployment with local fault protection 70 • Prior examples, host is the fault domain • 2 Levels of fault domain – Site and host • Failures to tolerate at each level vSphere vSAN ClusterCluster 5ms RTT, 10GbE RAID-5 3rd site for witness RAID-5 RAID-1
  • 71. RAID tree for stretched cluster with local fault protection 71 (Site -1) (Site -2) D2 D1 D3 P1 R5 R5 R1 D2 D1 D3 P1
  • 72. Survive 1 site failure 72 (Site -1) (Site -2) D2 D1 D3 P1 R5 R5 R1 D2 D1 D3 P1
  • 73. Survive 1 site failure and 1 host failure 73 (Site -1) (Site -2) D2 D1 D3 P1 R5 R5 R1 D2 D1 D3 P1
  • 74. Anatomy of write: from site - 1 to site - 2 74 R1 R5 R5 1 Issue write (Site -1) D2 D1 D3 P1 (Site - 2) D2 D1 D3 P1 Remote Helper Raid Tree (proxy owner) R5 Dn Send only data across sites 2b 2a Update Local Data and Parity 3 Remote side calculates parity.
  • 76. W R5 5 Votes per site 76 3 voting entities for first level 4 components for second level (Site -1) D2 D1 D3 P1 (Site -2) D2 D1 D3 P1 Total of 5 votes (odd number of votes) Witness has equal share of votes as the other 2 entities (e.g. sites) R1 Site-1, Site-2 and the witness R5 5 5 1 1 2 1
  • 77. W R5 Witness is assigned same voting rights as the sites 77 5 3 voting entities for first level 5 4 components for second level (Site -1) D2 D1 D3 P1 (Site -2) D2 D1 D3 P1 Total of 5 votes (odd number of votes) Witness has equal share of votes as the other 2 entities (e.g. sites) R1 Site-1, Site-2 and the witness R5 5 5 5
  • 79. Anatomy of a All Flash Write Pretty much same as hybrid: § VM running on host H1 § H1 is owner of virtual disk object Number Of Failures To Tolerate = 1 § Object has 2 replicas on H1 and H2 1. Guest OS issues write op to virtual disk 2. Owner clones write op 3. In parallel: sends “prepare” op to H1 (locally) and H2 4. H1, H2 persist op to Flash (log) 5. H1, H2 ACK prepare op to owner 6. Owner waits for ACK from both ‘prepares’ and completes I/O 7. Later, owner commits batch of writes vSphere Virtual SAN H3H2H1 6 5 5 2 virtual disk 3 1 4 4 77
  • 80. vSphere Virtual SAN H3H2H1 virtual disk hot cold All-flash: Destaging Cache to Capacity § Data from committed writes accumulate on Flash Cache (Write Buffer) • From different VMs / virtual disks § In all-flash, blocks that are written most often (hot) stay in write cache. § In all-flash, blocks that are infrequently accessed (cold) are destaged to flash capacity layer.
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