TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to connect devices on the internet. It includes lower level protocols like IP that handle basic transport of data and higher level protocols like TCP that ensure reliable delivery of data between applications. TCP establishes connections between clients and servers that allow for reliable transmission of data streams. UDP provides a simpler transmission model without ensuring delivery but is useful for applications like broadcasting.

The document proposes a solution for interconnecting connectionless and connection-oriented networks that allows gateways to set up connections through the connection-oriented network for certain traffic when data arrives before a connection is established. It describes using routing protocols to share routing information between gateways and holding up packets at the gateway until a connection is set up, either by triggering connection establishment from transport layer headers or using small provisioned connections. The solution aims to take advantage of shorter paths through the connection-oriented network when possible.

HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol) defines an active-standby router configuration using virtual IP and MAC addresses to provide default gateway redundancy. The router with the highest priority value becomes the active router and sends periodic hello messages to the standby router. The show standby command can be used to verify the HSRP state and priority values of routers.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an interior gateway protocol that uses link state routing and the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path to destinations within an autonomous system. It elects a Designated Router to generate network link advertisements and assist in database synchronization between routers. Routers run the Shortest Path First algorithm on their link state databases to determine the best routes and populate their routing tables.

The document discusses various IEEE 802 standards for networking technologies including Ethernet, wireless LAN (802.11), and their variants and evolutions over time. It provides details on Ethernet standards and implementations such as 802.3, 10BASE5, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, 10BASE-F, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet. It also summarizes key aspects of wireless networking standards such as 802.11 components, frame format, and physical layer specifications including FHSS, DSSS, OFDM, and associated data rates and frequencies.

This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It begins by explaining that the OSI model was developed in 1970 as a networking standard, while TCP/IP was developed prior as a stack of protocols. It then notes that TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model layers. The document proceeds to describe some of the key protocols in each TCP/IP layer: application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet; transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP; and internet layer protocols comprise IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. Finally, it states that the host to network layers do not specify any special protocols.

This presentation will give you a basic understanding of what ping is, how it works, DoS attack, traceroute, bandwidth speed, upload and download speed, how to use ping in cmd etc.

The document discusses several application layer protocols used in TCP/IP including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and Telnet. HTTP is used to access resources on the world wide web over port 80 and is stateless. HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts communications over port 443. FTP is used to transfer files between hosts but sends data and passwords in clear text. Telnet allows users to access programs on remote computers.

ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.

IP addressing provides a unique identifier for devices on a network. There are two main types - static and dynamic. IP addresses are 32-bit numbers divided into network and host portions. Classes A, B, and C determine the portions. Subnetting and CIDR allow flexible allocation. Special addresses like private and link-local are never used publicly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addressing. Tools like ping, tracert, and pathping test network connectivity. Mobile IP uses home and care-of addresses to maintain connectivity as devices move between networks, with home and foreign agents facilitating address changes. Inefficiency can occur via double crossing or triangle routing.

This document provides an overview of Network Address Translation (NAT) including: - Why NAT is used to connect networks with private IP addresses to the Internet and during network mergers. - NAT implementation considerations such as advantages of address conservation and flexibility but disadvantages of delays and incompatible applications. - Common NAT configurations like dynamic NAT, dynamic NAT with overloading, and static NAT.

This slide contains details about domain name servers (DNS). It also contains Resolution of the Name Servers with Domain Name Structure with statistics table. The process of Name resolution is also explained with Recursive and iterative resolution processes.

The document discusses three common network topologies: Bus topology uses a single cable with devices connected directly to it. If the backbone cable fails, the whole network fails. Ring topology forms a closed loop with devices connected along it. Data travels in one direction around the ring. If a device on the ring fails, those after it cannot communicate. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub. Data passes through the hub to travel between devices. If a device fails only it is affected, but if the hub fails the whole network fails.

The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.

it contains devices used in networking, companies manufactures of networking devices, routing protocols, etc ..