Sonia is a new child in the author's program who has Spina Bifida and uses a wheelchair. She is bilingual in English and French. Her family is new to Toronto and is interested in sports and recreation programs. They asked the author for advice on services available in the area to help Sonia and children with special needs.
Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic multisystemic disease characterized by muscle wasting, myotonia, cataracts and heart defects. There are two main types: DM1 caused by CTG repeats on chromosome 19, and DM2 caused by CCTG repeats on chromosome 21. Symptoms range from mild myotonia to severe congenital weakness. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy, EMG, ECG and MRI. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on symptom relief using medications, physical therapy and surgery.
Spina bifida overview Clinical Neuro by Dr Krishna NS (M.O.Th-Neuro)
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital condition where two or more cervical vertebrae are fused. It is caused by mutations in genes GDF6 and GDF3 which regulate bone growth. People with Klippel-Feil syndrome have a short neck, limited neck movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRIs showing fused vertebrae. Treatment focuses on pain management through medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct spinal abnormalities.
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. It causes delays in mental and physical development. Common physical signs include a flattened nose, upward slanting eyes, and separated skull bones. While there is no cure, treatments focus on managing medical conditions like heart defects. People with Down syndrome can live independently into middle age but have an increased risk of dementia. Advocacy groups like the National Down Syndrome Society provide support and raise funds for research.
The document discusses various movement disorders, classifying them as either hypokinetic-hypertonic (such as Parkinson's disease) or hyperkinetic-hypotonic (including tremors, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and ballism). Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dopamine loss in the basal ganglia. Its treatment involves levodopa drugs and dopamine agonists. Tremors can be essential, physiological, or pathological, and are treated with beta-blockers or anti-epileptics. Dystonia causes abnormal muscle contractions and is treated with medications, botulinum toxin, or surgery. Chorea involves irregular movements and its causes include Huntington's disease and
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual disability and developmental delays, a distinct facial appearance, and weak muscle tone. There are three main types - trisomy 21, translocation, and mosaicism. While people with Down syndrome experience cognitive delays, the intellectual disability is usually mild to moderate. With proper support and care, people with Down syndrome can learn skills, go to school, work, and live independently or within a supportive community.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The document presents a case study of a 70-year old male farmer diagnosed with Parkinson's based on symptoms of mild tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The patient was started on levodopa treatment to control his symptoms as there is no cure for Parkinson's, and treatment aims to prevent progression and delay motor complications.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term for physical disabilities caused by damage to the brain before or at birth. It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and other disabilities. The prevalence is about 4 per 1000 live births. There are several types classified by motor deficit, including spastic (the most common), dyskinetic, atonic, and mixed forms. Management involves medical treatment to alleviate symptoms, physical and occupational therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct issues like scoliosis.
Torticollis is a condition where the head is tilted to one side and the chin points to the opposite side, causing the neck to twist in an asymmetrical appearance. It is caused by an imbalance in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Symptoms include a stiff neck, limited range of motion, and for infants, tilting of the chin. Treatments include physical therapy like stretching and massage to improve range of motion, NSAIDs or muscle relaxants for pain relief, and in severe cases, Botox injections or surgery may be used. The goal of physical therapy is to improve head and neck mobility and positioning.
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive movements and postures. It is caused by excessive force in the primary muscles used for movement along with overflow activation of additional muscles. Dystonia can have various etiologies and is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action. Treatment may involve botulinum toxin injections to reduce muscle overactivity.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyelocele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
This document discusses diseases of the spinal cord, including spinal cord compression and myelopathy. It provides details on:
1. The clinical presentation of spinal cord compression, including pain, weakness, and sphincter disturbances. Brown-Sequard syndrome is described.
2. Causes and examples of myelopathy, including transverse myelitis and multiple sclerosis.
3. Specific spinal cord syndromes like paraplegia are outlined, detailing stages like spinal shock. Cervical disc herniation is also summarized.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and possible paralysis. It often follows a viral or bacterial infection. The body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the myelin sheath surrounding nerves. This damages nerve impulses and causes muscle weakness. Symptoms include progressive muscle weakness, numbness, pain, and difficulty walking or breathing. It can range from mild to life-threatening. The cause is unknown but molecular mimicry between infectious agents and nerve tissues may play a role.
Nathan was born with cardiac arrest and needed heart surgery. He is now 10 months old but is behind in developmental milestones. His parents are planning a move and want to understand available services and support in their new area. Nathan's mother also wants to find a new job. The document provides information on cardiac arrest and surgery, developmental delays in children with heart issues, and resources available to support Nathan and his family in Durham Region.
This document discusses a case study about an 11-month-old girl named Najia who is exhibiting atypical development. Specifically, she is not babbling or pointing to objects, which are milestones she should have reached by her age. The document analyzes Najia's special needs and proposes modifications to her environment, teaching strategies, inclusion approaches, and referrals to support services to help address her delays. Recommendations include labeling, visual schedules, sign language, speech therapy, and involving family. The goal is to provide intervention and see if Najia's atypical development improves over time.
This document discusses neural tube defects, specifically spina bifida. It defines spina bifida as a birth defect involving incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. There are two main types - spina bifida occulta, which is usually asymptomatic, and spina bifida manifesta, which includes meningocele (protrusion of meninges) and myelomeningocele (protrusion of meninges and spinal cord). Causes include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Symptoms depend on the type but may include bladder/bowel issues or developmental delays. Treatment involves surgery to repair the defect and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection, managing elimination
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur when the neural tube fails to close properly in utero. It describes the development of the central nervous system from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Common NTDs include spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Location of the defect determines motor and sensory impairments. Management includes counseling, surgery, and UTI prevention. The document also discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome, describing their features and management.
Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the bones of the spine do not form properly, leaving the spinal cord exposed or causing a gap in the spine. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 births and there are three main types that vary in severity from mild to severe. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors like obesity and diabetes in the mother may play a role. Symptoms depend on the type and severity but can include dimples or swelling on the back as well as nerve damage and paralysis in more severe cases. Treatment options vary from observation for mild cases to surgery to repair the spine for more severe types with spinal cord or nerve involvement.
Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the vertebrae do not fully close around the spinal cord. It can cause neurological problems depending on the location and severity. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (dura protrusion), and myelomeningocele (spinal cord protrusion). Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including orthotics, surgery to address foot/spine issues, and management of associated conditions like hydrocephalus. The goal of orthopedic management is to achieve a stable, plantigrade position through bracing and surgery when needed.
The document discusses Spinal Bifida, beginning with the group members presenting and objectives of the presentation. It defines Spinal Bifida as a birth defect involving failure of vertebral arch fusion. It describes the types (Occulta, Cystica with Meningocele and Myelomeningocele forms) and discusses etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and nursing management, and complications of Spinal Bifida. The presentation aims to provide knowledge on Spinal Bifida and its characteristics to students.
This document summarizes the development of the central nervous system during the 4th week of gestation. It describes how the neural groove deepens and closes to form the neural tube. Cells within the neural tube then differentiate into neuroblasts and neurons. The meninges develop from surrounding mesenchyme. Vertebral bodies form around the notochord and projections extend around the neural canal to form the vertebral arches. Failure of these arches to fuse can result in spina bifida. The document further describes the types and causes of spina bifida and approaches to management.
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder caused by the absence of the dystrophin protein. It is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Symptoms begin in early childhood and worsen over time, often resulting in the need for a wheelchair in the early teens. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications to improve quality of life. Research is ongoing to develop new treatments such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy.
Tabes dorsalis is a degeneration of the sensory neurons in the dorsal column of the spinal cord caused by untreated syphilis. It primarily affects males during mid-life. Clinical features include sensory disturbances like lightning pains, root pain, and tabetic crises. Objective findings include loss of position and vibration sense in the lower limbs and sensory ataxia. Deep reflexes like ankle jerks are lost. Treatment involves penicillin injections to treat the underlying syphilis infection along with medications for pain management and physiotherapy.
This ppt describes various movement disorders found commonly in elderly persons. It also describes hyper and hypokinetic disorder categorization with cause and pathophysiology of movement disorders.
Myotonic dystrophy is a genetic multisystemic disease characterized by muscle wasting, myotonia, cataracts and heart defects. There are two main types: DM1 caused by CTG repeats on chromosome 19, and DM2 caused by CCTG repeats on chromosome 21. Symptoms range from mild myotonia to severe congenital weakness. Diagnosis involves muscle biopsy, EMG, ECG and MRI. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on symptom relief using medications, physical therapy and surgery.
Spina bifida overview Clinical Neuro by Dr Krishna NS (M.O.Th-Neuro)Dr Krishna NSK
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital condition where two or more cervical vertebrae are fused. It is caused by mutations in genes GDF6 and GDF3 which regulate bone growth. People with Klippel-Feil syndrome have a short neck, limited neck movement, and sometimes scoliosis. Diagnosis involves x-rays and MRIs showing fused vertebrae. Treatment focuses on pain management through medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct spinal abnormalities.
Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. It causes delays in mental and physical development. Common physical signs include a flattened nose, upward slanting eyes, and separated skull bones. While there is no cure, treatments focus on managing medical conditions like heart defects. People with Down syndrome can live independently into middle age but have an increased risk of dementia. Advocacy groups like the National Down Syndrome Society provide support and raise funds for research.
The document discusses various movement disorders, classifying them as either hypokinetic-hypertonic (such as Parkinson's disease) or hyperkinetic-hypotonic (including tremors, chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and ballism). Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dopamine loss in the basal ganglia. Its treatment involves levodopa drugs and dopamine agonists. Tremors can be essential, physiological, or pathological, and are treated with beta-blockers or anti-epileptics. Dystonia causes abnormal muscle contractions and is treated with medications, botulinum toxin, or surgery. Chorea involves irregular movements and its causes include Huntington's disease and
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is characterized by intellectual disability and developmental delays, a distinct facial appearance, and weak muscle tone. There are three main types - trisomy 21, translocation, and mosaicism. While people with Down syndrome experience cognitive delays, the intellectual disability is usually mild to moderate. With proper support and care, people with Down syndrome can learn skills, go to school, work, and live independently or within a supportive community.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The document presents a case study of a 70-year old male farmer diagnosed with Parkinson's based on symptoms of mild tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The patient was started on levodopa treatment to control his symptoms as there is no cure for Parkinson's, and treatment aims to prevent progression and delay motor complications.
Dystonia
Dystonia is a movement disorder in which your muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements.
The condition can affect one part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). The muscle spasms can range from mild to severe. They may be painful, and they can interfere with your performance of day-to-day tasks.
Dystonia: Causes, Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term for physical disabilities caused by damage to the brain before or at birth. It is characterized by impaired muscle coordination and other disabilities. The prevalence is about 4 per 1000 live births. There are several types classified by motor deficit, including spastic (the most common), dyskinetic, atonic, and mixed forms. Management involves medical treatment to alleviate symptoms, physical and occupational therapy, and sometimes surgery to correct issues like scoliosis.
Torticollis is a condition where the head is tilted to one side and the chin points to the opposite side, causing the neck to twist in an asymmetrical appearance. It is caused by an imbalance in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Symptoms include a stiff neck, limited range of motion, and for infants, tilting of the chin. Treatments include physical therapy like stretching and massage to improve range of motion, NSAIDs or muscle relaxants for pain relief, and in severe cases, Botox injections or surgery may be used. The goal of physical therapy is to improve head and neck mobility and positioning.
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive movements and postures. It is caused by excessive force in the primary muscles used for movement along with overflow activation of additional muscles. Dystonia can have various etiologies and is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action. Treatment may involve botulinum toxin injections to reduce muscle overactivity.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
This document discusses diseases of the spinal cord, including spinal cord compression and myelopathy. It provides details on:
1. The clinical presentation of spinal cord compression, including pain, weakness, and sphincter disturbances. Brown-Sequard syndrome is described.
2. Causes and examples of myelopathy, including transverse myelitis and multiple sclerosis.
3. Specific spinal cord syndromes like paraplegia are outlined, detailing stages like spinal shock. Cervical disc herniation is also summarized.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and possible paralysis. It often follows a viral or bacterial infection. The body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the myelin sheath surrounding nerves. This damages nerve impulses and causes muscle weakness. Symptoms include progressive muscle weakness, numbness, pain, and difficulty walking or breathing. It can range from mild to life-threatening. The cause is unknown but molecular mimicry between infectious agents and nerve tissues may play a role.
Meeting the needs of children and familiesChi Nguyen
Nathan was born with cardiac arrest and needed heart surgery. He is now 10 months old but is behind in developmental milestones. His parents are planning a move and want to understand available services and support in their new area. Nathan's mother also wants to find a new job. The document provides information on cardiac arrest and surgery, developmental delays in children with heart issues, and resources available to support Nathan and his family in Durham Region.
Meeting the needs of children and families1Nafezia
This document discusses a case study about an 11-month-old girl named Najia who is exhibiting atypical development. Specifically, she is not babbling or pointing to objects, which are milestones she should have reached by her age. The document analyzes Najia's special needs and proposes modifications to her environment, teaching strategies, inclusion approaches, and referrals to support services to help address her delays. Recommendations include labeling, visual schedules, sign language, speech therapy, and involving family. The goal is to provide intervention and see if Najia's atypical development improves over time.
This document discusses neural tube defects, specifically spina bifida. It defines spina bifida as a birth defect involving incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings. There are two main types - spina bifida occulta, which is usually asymptomatic, and spina bifida manifesta, which includes meningocele (protrusion of meninges) and myelomeningocele (protrusion of meninges and spinal cord). Causes include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Symptoms depend on the type but may include bladder/bowel issues or developmental delays. Treatment involves surgery to repair the defect and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection, managing elimination
The document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur when the neural tube fails to close properly in utero. It describes the development of the central nervous system from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Common NTDs include spina bifida occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, encephalocele, and anencephaly. Location of the defect determines motor and sensory impairments. Management includes counseling, surgery, and UTI prevention. The document also discusses several neurocutaneous syndromes like neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Sturge-Weber syndrome, describing their features and management.
Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the bones of the spine do not form properly, leaving the spinal cord exposed or causing a gap in the spine. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 births and there are three main types that vary in severity from mild to severe. While the exact cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors like obesity and diabetes in the mother may play a role. Symptoms depend on the type and severity but can include dimples or swelling on the back as well as nerve damage and paralysis in more severe cases. Treatment options vary from observation for mild cases to surgery to repair the spine for more severe types with spinal cord or nerve involvement.
Spina bifida is a neural tube defect where the vertebrae do not fully close around the spinal cord. It can cause neurological problems depending on the location and severity. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (dura protrusion), and myelomeningocele (spinal cord protrusion). Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach including orthotics, surgery to address foot/spine issues, and management of associated conditions like hydrocephalus. The goal of orthopedic management is to achieve a stable, plantigrade position through bracing and surgery when needed.
The document discusses Spinal Bifida, beginning with the group members presenting and objectives of the presentation. It defines Spinal Bifida as a birth defect involving failure of vertebral arch fusion. It describes the types (Occulta, Cystica with Meningocele and Myelomeningocele forms) and discusses etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical and nursing management, and complications of Spinal Bifida. The presentation aims to provide knowledge on Spinal Bifida and its characteristics to students.
This document summarizes the development of the central nervous system during the 4th week of gestation. It describes how the neural groove deepens and closes to form the neural tube. Cells within the neural tube then differentiate into neuroblasts and neurons. The meninges develop from surrounding mesenchyme. Vertebral bodies form around the notochord and projections extend around the neural canal to form the vertebral arches. Failure of these arches to fuse can result in spina bifida. The document further describes the types and causes of spina bifida and approaches to management.
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth, causing part of the spinal cord to protrude out of the back. It affects around 1 in 800 infants and can range from a mild condition where the spine does not fully close to more severe cases where parts of the spinal cord and membranes protrude out. Symptoms include issues with bladder/bowel control, paralysis, and hydrocephalus in many cases. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation can help reduce risks, while surgery after birth and lifelong treatment can address symptoms and complications.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close around the spinal cord. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (meninges protrude through opening), and myelomeningocele (most severe where spinal cord and membranes protrude). Symptoms range from minor skin marks to paralysis depending on location and severity of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to cover the exposed tissues and may include shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, prevention of infections and complications, and addressing mobility, bladder, and bowel issues.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy uses the principle that free atoms generated from a sample can absorb radiation at specific frequencies, allowing the technique to quantify the concentration of various metals and metalloids present. The sample is atomized using a flame or graphite furnace and exposed to light from a hollow cathode lamp, with absorption measured to generate calibration curves and determine unknown concentrations. AAS is a common analytical technique used across various fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and pharmaceutical applications.
(1) Spina bifida is a birth defect where part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through an opening in the backbone. (2) It results from the neural tube failing to close properly during early pregnancy. (3) Spina bifida can range from mild to severe depending on factors like the size and location of the defect and presence of complications such as hydrocephalus or Chiari malformation.
Spina bifida is a congenital abnormality arising due to defects in the process of neural tube closure. It also occurs due to folic acid deficiency during pregnancy. Here we describe the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, types, treatments and preventions of spina bifida.
Spina bifida is a birth disorder that involves the incomplete development of the spine. In the first month of pregnancy, a special set of cells forms the “neural tube;” the top of the tube becomes the brain, and the remainder becomes the spinal cord and structures around it. In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close completely and some of the bones of the spine do not close in the back. This can result in an opening anywhere along the spine and may cause damage to the spinal cord and nerves.There are four types of spina bifida: occulta, closed neural tube defects, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. The symptoms of spina bifida vary from person to person, depending on the type and level of involvement. Most cases are mild and do not require special treatment. The more serious cases involve nerve damage.
Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which one or more bones of the spinal column (vertebrae) are malformed. The name “occulta,” which means “hidden,” indicates that a layer of skin covers the opening in the bones of the spine. It usually shows no symptoms and is often found by accident on an x-ray or similar test.
Closed neural tube defects are a diverse group of disorders in which the spine may have malformations of fat, bone, or the membranes (the meninges) that cover the spinal cord. Many of these neural tube defects require surgery in childhood. People with this type of spina bifida may have weakness of the legs and trouble with bowel and bladder control. These issues may change or progress as children grow. It is important to have close communication with doctors to minimize these changes as much as possible.
Meningocele occurs when the meninges protrude through the spine and cause a sac of spinal fluid on the back. This fluid is typically only around the brain and spine, but a problem with the bony covering over the spine allows it to poke out. The malformation contains no nerves and may or may not be covered by a layer of skin. Individuals with meningocele may have minor symptoms.Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. A portion of the spinal cord or nerves are exposed in a sac through an opening in the spine that may or may not be covered by the meninges. The opening can be closed surgically while the baby is in utero or shortly after the baby is born. Most people with myelomeningocele experience changes in brain structure, leg weakness, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.
Myelomeningocele is often called a "snowflake condition" because no two people with the condition are the same. Typically, if the opening in the spine is lower down the back, the person will experience less symptoms. People with myelomeningocele require close follow-up with physicians throughout their childhood and lifespan to maximize their function and prevent complications like kidney failure.Complications of spina bifida may include:
Abnormal sensation or paralysis, which mostly occurs with closed neural tube defects and myelomenin
MYELOMENINGOCELE copy.pptx a slide describing the conditionAjisafeZainab
Myelomeningocele is a disorder of the nervous system particularly the spine and spinal cord, before we go further in this presentation there are some terms to know to aid understanding.
➢Neural tube; The neural tube forms the early brain and spine, As development progresses, the top of the neural tube becomes the brain, and the rest of the tube becomes the spinal cord. An NTD happens when this tube doesn't close completely somewhere along its length. Neural tube closure is completed 28 days (four weeks) from conception.
➢Alpha fetoprotein; AFP is a protein that the liver makes when its cells are growing and dividing to make new cells. AFP is normally high in unborn babies. After birth, AFP levels drop very low. Healthy children and adults who aren't pregnant have very little AFP in their blood. Maternal AFP serum level is used to screen for Down syndrome, neural tube defects, and other chromosomal abnormalities.
➢Spinal bifida; Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD).
Nursing management of myelomeningocele
Types of spinal Bifida
Pathophysiology of myelomeningocele
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, leaving an opening in the vertebrae. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form and often results in paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the defect. Risk factors include family history, obesity, fever during early pregnancy, and folic acid deficiency. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening and address any related issues like hydrocephalus. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, preventing infections and complications, and addressing issues with mobility,
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly between the 17th and 30th day after conception. The two most common neural tube defects are anencephaly and spina bifida. Spina bifida is a malformation of the spine where the posterior portion of the vertebrae fail to close, sometimes with an associated defect of the spinal cord. It most commonly occurs in the lumbosacral region. Spina bifida can range from occulta, which has no external symptoms, to myelomeningocele, the most severe form where the spinal canal remains open along several vertebrae, exposing the spinal cord and membranes in a sac
The neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system. During development, the neural tube forms as the neural folds lift and fuse together. Improper closure of openings in the neural tube can cause neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. Anencephaly involves failure of the brain and skull to develop properly. Spina bifida occurs when the spinal cord, brain, or their protective coverings do not fully develop, and can range from mild to severe depending on the type and extent of involvement. Treatment options depend on the specific type and symptoms of each defect.
Spina bifida is a birth defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord don't form properly. It falls under the broader category of NTD (Neural Tube Defects).
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, leaving a gap in the vertebrae. It is one of the most common severe birth defects, affecting around 1,500-2,000 babies each year in the US. There are three main types ranging from mild to severe. The most severe type is myelomeningocele which can cause paralysis and neurological problems. The exact causes are unknown but risk factors include family history, folic acid deficiency, obesity, diabetes, and certain medications. Detection methods include blood tests, ultrasound, and amniocentesis. Management involves early surgery, antibiotics to prevent infection, physical therapy, and assistive devices. Taking 400 micrograms
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which are birth defects where an opening remains in the spine or skull early in development. The main types are open defects like spina bifida and anencephaly, and closed defects. NTDs can be caused by folic acid deficiency, genetics, medications, and other factors. Symptoms vary depending on the specific defect. Diagnosis may involve ultrasounds and alpha-fetoprotein testing. Treatment ranges from surgery to palliative care, while prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy.
Neural tube defects are the most common congenital abnormality in India which can be easily prevented with due information and better nursing practices. Neural Tube Defects can be prevented with intake of folic acid.
All about Spina Bifida:
Definition
7 Types
Causes
Health Status
Incidence and epidemiology
Prevention
Social impact
Management
Detection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotics
Careful observation
Physical therapy
73807 usx-2104 bowel conditions in children webinarIdespiran
This document discusses various conditions in children that can lead to bowel dysfunction, including spinal cord injuries, sacral agenesis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS), and spina bifida. It provides details on the symptoms and impacts of each condition, such as neurogenic bowel from spinal cord injuries depending on the level of injury. It also discusses challenges children face in managing bowel issues, like negative quality of life impacts and potential lack of treatment due to lack of knowledge.
Neural tube defects: Importance of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 intakeVijaya Sawant,PMP, OCP
Birth defects are a global problem, but their impact is particularly severe in middle and low income countries where more than 94 percent of the births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur. Serious birth defect can be lethal. For those who survive, these disorders can cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory or visual disability. The report shows that at least 3.3 million children under five years of age die from birth defects each years. More than 70% of birth defects can be prevented. Educate the community about the birth defects and the opportunities for effective care and prevention.
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
Congenital disorders, also known as birth defects, occur during fetal development and result in structural or functional anomalies. An estimated 6% of babies worldwide are born with a congenital disorder. Spina bifida is a birth defect that causes the backbone to not form properly, potentially damaging the spinal cord and nerves. It ranges in severity from spina bifida occulta, which has a hidden spine defect but normal nerves, to myelomeningocele, the most severe type in which the meninges and spinal nerves protrude out of the back through an opening in the spine. Prevention focuses on adequate prenatal folic acid intake by the mother. Treatment involves surgical repair and multidisciplinary care.
Unit 5 Child with Congenital Disorders.pptxRenitaRichard
Congenital anomalies refer to structural or functional abnormalities present at birth. This document discusses several common congenital anomalies including spina bifida, meningocele, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and cleft lip and cleft palate. For each condition, the document defines it, discusses causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications. Surgeries are often needed to repair defects, while other treatments may include shunts, braces, physical therapy, or speech therapy depending on the condition. Managing congenital anomalies requires a multidisciplinary care approach.
Drug Repurposing for Parasitic Diseases.pptxdrebrahiim
, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of parasitic diseases. Drug repurposing, or drug repositioning, involves identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs. This approach leverages the known safety profiles, established manufacturing processes, and previously conducted clinical trials of existing drugs, thereby significantly reducing the time and cost associated with bringing new treatments to market.
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
Mainstreaming #CleanLanguage in healthcare.pptxJudy Rees
In healthcare, every day, millions of conversations fail. They fail to cover what’s really important, fail to resolve key issues, miss the point and lead to misunderstandings and disagreements.
Clean Language is one approach that can improve things. It’s a set of precise questions – and a way of asking them – which help us all get clear on what matters, what we’d like to have happen, and what’s needed.
Around 1000 people working in healthcare have trained in Clean Language skills over the past 20+ years. People are using what they’ve learnt, in their own spheres, and share anecdotes of significant successes. But the various local initiatives have not scaled, nor connected with each other, and learning has not been widely shared.
This project, which emerged from work done by the NHS England South-West End-Of-Life Network, with help from the Q Community and especially Hesham Abdalla, aims to fix that.
Why Does Seminal Vesiculitis Causes Jelly-like Sperm.pptxAmandaChou9
Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.
Westgard's rules and LJ (Levey Jennings) Charts.Reenaz Shaik
Quality Control is a process used to monitor and evaluate the analytical process that produces patients results. Planning, documenting and agreeing on a set of guidelines ensures quality.
vaginal thrush presentation by Dr. Rewas AliRewAs ALI
in these slides you know what is vaginal thrush, symptoms, and treatments with special population(pregnancy and lactation). you can see the explanation in my youtube channel in this link below:
https://youtu.be/ov5WqVwdHkE?si=iaF5MHC9Vv_6udzR
vaginal thrush is one of the most common gynecological complication that can be treated easily if diagnosed in a correct way.
Welcome to the third issue of the second volume of NutriConnect, a bi-monthly newsletter brought to you by the Makerere University Human Nutrition Students Association. This edition focuses on the critical link between nutrition and mental health, exploring how what we eat impacts our mood, cognitive function, and overall mental well-being. Join us as we delve into the latest research, practical tips, and inspiring stories to help you nourish both your body and mind.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the types of hypoxia.
Learning objectives:
1. Define hypoxia
2. Describe the causes and features of different types of hypoxia
3. Define cyanosis
4. Enumerate the causes of cyanosis
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 35, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Central and Peripheral Cyanosis - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559167/
1. Meeting the Needs of Children and Families
Dajeong Kim
ECEP 233 – 063
Lisa McCaie-Watters
April 4th 2013
2. • Sonia
is
new
child
in
my
program
• Sonia
has
Spina
Bifida
and
she
need
to
use
a
wheel
c
hair
• “She
also
has
a
shunt
to
lessen
fluid
on
the
brain”
• She
is
brilliant,
and
extrovert
• Her
parents
are
bilingual,
so
Sonia
can
speak
English
and
French
• Her
family
is
new
in
Toronto,
and
they
want
to
get
so
me
advice
from
me
about
services
in
this
area
• They
are
interested
in
sports
and
recreation
program
s
(Meeting
the
Needs
of
Children
with
Special
Needs
Assignment-‐Case
Studies)
3. • Identifying
Sonia’s
specific
symptom
with
her
parents
• Changing
the
environment
(Setting)
for
Sonia’s
convenience
(Wheel
Chair)
• Giving
help
Sonia
to
adapt
to
new
environment,
and
get
along
with
the
children
• Planning
some
activities
for
Sonia
• Providing
some
agencies
to
help
new
comers
• Providing
some
agencies
that
can
help
child
with
Spina
Bifida
• Providing
some
agencies
that
Sonia’s
family
can
do
sports
and
recreation
4. Normally
embryo’s
b
oth
side
of
spine
bon
es
close
within
the
fir
st
four
weeks
of
preg
nancy.
However,
if
d
uring
this
period,
the
spine
does
not
close
completely,
it
is
caus
e
of
birth
defect.
(Spina
Bifida
Information
)
5.
Spina
Bifida
Segment(Video)
6. “Infants
born
with
spina
bifida
may
have
an
open
lesion
on
their
spine
where
significant
damage
to
the
nerves
and
spinal
cord
occurs.
Although
the
spinal
opening
is
surgically
repaired
shortly
after
birth,
the
nerve
damage
is
permanent.
This
results
in
varying
degrees
of
paralysis
of
the
lower
limbs,
depending
largely
on
the
location
and
severity
of
the
lesion.
Even
with
no
visible
lesion,
there
may
be
improperly
formed
or
missing
vertebrae,
and
accompanying
nerve
damage.”
(Spina
Bifida
Information)
7. “Spina
bifida
is
the
most
common
of
a
group
of
birth
defects
kno
wn
as
newuraltube
defects,
which
affect
the
central
nervous
syst
m(brain
and
spinal
cord).”
(Spina
Bifida)
There
are
three
most
common
types
of
Spina
Bifida,
which
are
O
cculta,
meningocele,
and
myelomeningocele.
Each
type
has
differ
ent
level
of
severity,
and
symptoms.
8. Occulta
means
“hidden”
in
Latin,
and
Spina
B
ifida
Occulta
is
the
mildest
form
and
the
mos
t
common
form
of
spina
bifida.
“In
spina
bifid
a
occlta,
one
or
more
vertebrae
are
malform
ed.”
(Types
of
Spina
Bifida)
The
skin
on
the
s
urface
may
be
normal.
Otherwise,
There
are
some
hair
growing
or
dimple
on
the
skin.
(Spi
na
Bifida
Information)
“SBO
is
common;
10
to
20
percent
of
healthy
people
have
it.
Normal
ly
is
safe
and
people
often
find
out
they
have
it
through
an
X-‐ray.
Spina
Bifida
Occulta
usual
ly
doesn’t
ause
nervous
system
problems.”
(
Spina
Bifida
Occulta)
9. Even
though
there
is
nothing
wrong
with
the
spine,
people
can
ha
ve
Spina
Bifida
Occulta.
People
could
have
neurological
complicati
on
relate
to
SBO.
There
are
some
possible
symptoms
of
neurologi
cal
complication.
(Spina
Bifida
Occulta)
“
•
Pain
in
the
back
or
legs;
•
Weakness
in
the
legs;
•
Numbness
or
other
changes
in
feeling
in
the
legs
or
backs;
•
Deformed
legs,
feet
and
back;
and
•
Change
in
bladder
or
bowel
function.
People
who
could
have
a
spinal
cord
problem
should
see
a
health
care
provider
right
away.”
(Spina
Bifida
Occulta)
10. Meningocele
spinal
cords
develop
normally,
but
o
nly
problem
is
that
meninges
juts
out
from
the
op
ening.
It
is
created
by
damaged
or
missing
vertebr
ae
and
perhaps
can
be
exposed.
(Spina
Bifida
Infor
mation)
“The
membrane
that
surrounds
the
spinal
cord
may
enlarge,
creating
a
lump
or
“<cyst.”
This
is
often
invisible
through
the
skin
and
causes
no
p
roblems.
If
the
spinal
canal
is
cleft,
or
“bifid,”
the
c
yst
may
expand
and
come
to
the
surface.
In
such
c
ases,
since
the
cys
does
not
enclose
the
spinal
cor
d,
the
cord
is
not
exposed.
The
cyst
varies
in
size,
but
it
can
almost
always
be
removed
surgically
if
n
ecessary,
leaving
no
permanent
disability.
This
is
a
n
uncommon
type
of
spina
bifida.”
(Spina
Bifida)
11. “In
this
rare
form,
the
p
rotective
membranes
a
round
the
spinal
cord
(
meninges)
push
out
thr
ough
the
opening
in
th
e
vertebrae.
Because
th
e
spical
cord
develops
normally,
these
membr
anes
can
be
removed
b
y
surgery
with
little
or
no
damage
to
nerve
pa
thways.”
(Symptoms)
12. “A
section
of
the
spinal
cord
and
the
nerves
that
stem
from
the
c
ord
are
exposed
and
visible
on
the
outside
of
the
body.
Or,
if
ther
e
is
a
cyst,
it
encloses
part
of
the
cord
and
the
nerves.
This
conditi
on,
which
was
documented
4000
years
ago,
accounts
for
94%
of
cases
of
true
spina
bifida.”
(Spina
Bifida)
Myelomeningocele
is
the
m
ost
omplex
and
intense
for
m
of
spina
bifida.
Its
protect
ive
covering
and
the
menin
ges
protrude
from
the
spilt
spine.
(Spina
Bifida
Informa
tion)
13. “A
new
born
may
have
a
sac
sticking
out
of
the
mid
to
lower
back.
Th
e
doctor
cannot
see
through
the
sac
when
shining
a
light
behind
it.
Sy
mptoms
include:
•
Loss
of
bladder
or
bowel
control
•
Partial
or
complete
lack
of
sensation
•
Partial
or
complete
paralysis
of
the
legs
•
Weakness
of
the
hips,
legs,
or
feet
of
a
newborn
Other
symptoms
may
include:
•
Abnormal
feet
or
legs,
such
as
club
foot
•
Build
up
of
fluid
inside
the
scull
(hydrocephalus)
•
Hair
at
the
back
part
of
the
pelvis
called
the
sacral
area
•
Dimpling
of
the
sacral
area”
(Myelomeningocele)
14. Researchers
said
that
there
are
effe
cts
of
heredity,
lack
of
folic
acid,
an
d
environment
could
influence
to
S
pina
Bifida.
However,
it
is
not
been
i
dentified
yet
exactly.
(Spina
Bifida
I
nformation)
“Having
a
child
with
Sp
ina
bifida
increases
the
chance
that
another
child
will
also
have
Spina
bi
fida
by
8
times.
In
about
95%
of
case
s
of
Spina
bifida,
however,
there
is
no
family
history
of
neural
tube
def
ects.”(emedicinehealth)
15. Spina
Bifida
is
able
to
diagnosed
during
pregn
ancy
or
after
the
baby
is
born.
However,
Spin
a
bifida
occulta
could
not
be
diagnosed
even
after
the
baby
grows
up,
or
might
never
be
di
agnosed.
(Fact)
16. During
pregnancy
there
are
screening
te
st
(
prenatal
tests)
to
check
for
spina
bifi
da
and
other
birth
defects.
“
•
AFP
–
AFP
stands
for
alpha-‐fetoprotein,
a
protein
the
unborn
baby
produces.
This
is
a
simple
blood
test
that
measures
how
much
AFP
has
passed
into
the
mother’s
bloo
dstream
from
the
baby.
A
high
level
of
AFP
might
mean
that
the
baby
has
spina
bifid
a.
An
AFP
test
might
be
part
of
a
test
called
the
“triple
screen”
that
looks
for
neural
t
ube
defects
and
other
issues.
•
Ultrasound
–
An
ultrasound
is
a
type
of
picture
of
the
baby.
In
some
cases,
the
doct
or
can
see
if
the
baby
has
spina
bifida
or
find
other
reasons
that
there
might
be
a
hig
h
level
of
AFP.
Frequently,
spina
bifida
can
be
seen
with
this
test.
•
Amniocentesis
–
For
this
test,
the
doctor
takes
a
small
sample
of
the
amniotic
fluid
surrounding
the
baby
in
the
womb.
Higher
than
average
levels
of
AFP
in
the
fluid
mig
ht
mean
that
the
baby
has
spina
bifida.”
(Fact)
17. “In
some
cases,
spina
bifida
might
not
be
diagnosed
until
after
the
ba
by
is
born.
Sometimes
there
is
a
hai
ry
patch
of
skin
or
dimple
on
the
ba
by’s
back
that
is
first
seen
after
the
baby
is
born.
A
doctor
can
use
an
i
mage
scan,
such
as
an,
X-‐ray,
MRI,
or
CT,
to
get
a
clearer
view
of
the
b
aby’s
spine
and
the
bones
in
the
ba
ck.
Sometimes
spina
bifida
is
not
diagnosed
until
after
the
baby
is
born
b
ecause
the
mother
did
not
receive
prenatal
care
or
an
ultrasound
did
not
show
clear
pictures
of
the
affected
part
of
the
spine.”
(Fine)
18. There
is
not
treatment
exactly.
However,
medical
care
or
surg
ical
treatments
will
help
to
prevent
occurring
secondary
condi
tions
throughout
an
individual’s
life.
Through
the
surgery,
the
opening
in
the
spine
can
be
closed
and
this
will
reduce
its
effe
cts
on
the
body.
(Spina
Bifida)
“Since
spina
bifida
causes
injur
y
to
the
spinal
cord,
treatment
consists
of
managing
the
symp
toms
that
the
person
has,
such
as
difficulty
standing,
walking,
or
urinating.
Some
people
will
be
able
to
walk
with
crutches
o
r
leg
braces;
others
may
need
a
wheelchair
to
get
around.
Chil
dren
and
adults
with
myelomeningocele
will
have
the
most
m
edical
complications
and
need
the
most
medical
care.”
(Spina
Bifida)
“Just
fifty
years
ago,
only
10%
of
babies
born
with
spina
bifida
survived
their
first
year.
Today,
with
research
and
adva
nces
in
medical
technology,
90%
survive
and
thrive!”
(Spina
Bi
fida
Information)
19. 1. Physical
Space
/
Removal
of
Barriers
• Providing
free
space
Sonia
needs
to
use
wheelchair,
so
she
needs
free
space
to
use
wheelchair
freely.
• Tables
that
have
an
openly
for
children
in
wheelc
hair
By
setting
open
tables,
Sonia
can
easy
to
access
t
he
tables
and
do
a
variety
activities
at
the
table.
• Easy
access
I
need
to
set
wheelchair
accessible
facilities
for
S
onia.
She
will
be
able
to
come
to
classroom
or
m
ove
in
the
classroom
easily.
Table
height
should
b
e
suitable
level
for
the
child.
• Child’s
eye-‐level
When
Sonia
uses
wheelchair,
I
have
to
change
th
e
environment
that
she
can
access
with
wheelch
air.
(ECEP
223)
20. 2. Adaptive
Devices
for
greater
independence
“Children
with
spina
bifida
may
need
to
use
assisted
devices
for
walking.”
(E
CEP223,
W3)
Because
their
spinal
cords
are
damaged,
and
it
influences
on
the
ir
body.
Mobility
device
can
help
a
child
to
crawl,
stand,
or
walk.
“
• Crawling:
Scooter
boards
can
be
propelled
by
the
child’s
arms
as
he
lies
across
the
board.
• Standing:
Many
children
with
balance
issues
are
unable
to
stand
indepe
ndently
but
can
lay
if
they
are
supported
in
a
standing
position.
Sometim
es
children
who
cannot
hold
their
heads
up
while
lying
down
are
able
to
hold
their
heads
up
when
they
are
in
a
sitting
or
standing
position.
• Walking:
A
child
with
weak
leg
muscles
may
require
braces
to
help
supp
ort
the
joints.
Even
with
bracing,
a
child
may
require
a
walker
for
trunk
b
alance.
Young
children
usually
require
walkers
with
front
wheels
as
they
require
less
energy
to
use
than
walkers
without
wheels.”
(ECEP223,
Rea
ding
Package)
21. • Providing
adaptive
devices
such
as
poisoning
systems,
fidget
kits,
walker
s,
canes,
and
crutches.
Poisoning
systems
can
help
to
foster
exercise
the
rapy
and
general
positioning.
It
will
help
Sonia
to
move
and
use
her
bod
y.
Also,
she
needs
to
balance
when
she
practices
walking,
so
walkers,
ca
nes,
and
crutches
can
be
additional
support
to
maintain
balance
or
stabil
ity
while
Sonia
is
walking.
One
of
Sonia’s
weaknesses
is
attention,
and
fi
dget
kits
will
help
her
to
focus
and
maintain
attention
during
learning
in
the
class.
These
kits
contains
sensory
items
that
help
Sonia
to
focus
on
h
er
work.
(ECEP
223,
W8)
The Importance of Physical Activity (Video)
22. Children
with
Spina
Bifida
have
some
wea
knesses
such
as
perceptual
motor
proble
ms,
comprehension,
attention,
hyperactivi
ty/impulsivity,
memory,
organization,
sequ
encing,
and
decision
making/problem
solvi
ng.
(Learning
Among
Children
with
Spina
Bifida)
Based
on
the
child’s
weaknesses,
I
can
change
some
teaching
strategies.
(ECEP
223
Reading
Package)
1. Work
from
where
you
are,
not
from
where
you
want
to
be
As
an
ECE,
I
should
consider
six
developmental
areas
such
as
cognitive,
social
and
e
motional,
gross
motor,
fine
motor,
language
and
communication,
and
self-‐help
skil
ls.
-‐
Cognitive
skills:
The
child
with
spina
bifida
feels
hard
to
decision
making/problem
solving.
I
will
help
Sonia
to
understand
cause
and
effect
through
brainstorming
an
d
give
her
opportunity
to
practice
problem
solving.
-‐
Social
and
emotional
skills:
Sonia
is
new
child
in
my
program,
so
she
might
feel
str
ange.
I
need
to
help
her
to
get
along
with
other
children.
I
will
ask
her
about
her
fe
eling
,
and
teach
her
how
to
express
her
feeling.
23. (ECEP
223
Reading
Package)
-‐
Gross
motor
skills:
Sonia
has
problem
to
walk,
so
I
will
provide
some
physical
acti
vities
to
use
her
body.
Before
nap
time,
I
can
help
her
to
crawl
over
a
pillow.
-‐
Fine
motor
skills:
Sonia
needs
to
use
her
body
with
balance.
I
will
provide
her
cra
yon
to
hold
and
write
down
something.
Or
she
can
practice
to
squeeze
a
sponge.
-‐
Language
and
communication
skills:
Sonia
can
speak
both
English
and
French.
I
will
ask
her
frequently
about
objects,
and
provide
visual
things
that
she
could
ma
tch
pictures
and
languages.
It
will
be
provided
in
both
English
and
French.
-‐
Self-‐help
skills:
I
will
give
opportunities
to
try
something
by
herself.
For
example
,
she
can
put
on
her
clothes,
and
she
can
eat
by
herself
with
tools.
2.
Choose
a
single
area
to
focus
on
By
observing
Sonia,
I
need
to
decide
what
she
needs
now.
Then,
I
will
focus
on
one
area
such
as
physical
development,
and
help
her
to
complete
new
skills.
After
she
will
be
able
to
do
it,
I
will
find
out
another
area
that
she
needs
to
improve.
24. 3.
Break
the
skill
into
smaller
steps
-‐
Every
skill
has
steps,
but
I
should
break
the
skill
into
smaller
steps
until
she
can
underst
and
and
complete
by
herself.
I
will
combine
this
strategy
with
‘chaining’,
so
when
I
teac
h
new
skill,
I
repeat
the
steps
until
she
can
do
it
on
her
own.
4.
Decide
how
to
teach
-‐ All
learners
are
different,
and
I
should
provi
de
different
teaching
strategies.
Before
tea
ching
the
child,
I
should
think
what
I
want
t
o
teach
to
her
and
what
she
needs
to
know.
Sonia
is
bight
and
outgoing
person,
so
I
will
help
her
to
learn
in
interesting
way
such
as
combining
vision
and
movement.
She
can
s
ee
the
visual
objects,
and
express
what
she
saw
by
making
objects
with
clay.
(ECEP
223
Reading
Package)
25.
4.
Decide
how
to
teach
-‐ All
learners
are
different,
and
I
should
provide
di
fferent
teaching
strategies.
Before
teaching
the
c
hild,
I
should
think
what
I
want
to
teach
to
her
an
d
what
she
needs
to
know.
Sonia
is
bight
and
out
going
person,
so
I
will
help
her
to
learn
in
interest
ing
way
such
as
combining
vision
and
movement.
She
can
see
the
visual
objects,
and
express
what
she
saw
by
making
objects
with
clay.
5.
Build
your
child’s
confidence
-‐ She
is
new
child
in
my
program,
and
she
needs
to
know
other
children.
Maybe
it
is
hard
to
play
wit
h
other
children
at
first
time.
I
will
encourage
her
to
interact
with
one
other
child
first,
and
help
her
to
join
in
large
group
gradually.
Then,
I
will
prepar
e
some
activities
that
Sonia
and
other
children
ca
n
play
together.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)
26.
6.
Motivate
and
reinforce
-‐ I
will
observe
Sonia
and
try
to
find
her
interests.
And
I
should
consider
how
to
give
appropriate
reinforcement.
When
I
give
her
more
natural
forms
of
reinfor
cement,
Sonia
could
better
success
learning
new
skills.
I
should
consider
her
c
omprehension
skill,
so
it
will
be
helpful
to
teach
her
based
on
her
personal
exp
eriences
or
special
interests.
7.
Set
short
deadlines
-‐
When
I
give
a
new
skill
to
Sonia,
I
need
to
set
the
time.
I
will
check
the
time
h
ow
long
does
it
take
that
Sonia
gets
new
skills,
and
I
will
work
with
other
teach
ers
together.
Setting
time
is
important
because
I
will
be
able
to
observe
her
de
velopment
process
based
on
how
long
she
needs
to
get
the
new
skills.
8.
Keep
track
-‐ Whenever
I
give
to
Sonia
new
skill,
I
need
to
write
down
her
status.
Then,
I
ca
n
see
that
she
can
follow
the
instruction
well
or
not.
If
Sonia
is
struggling,
it
m
eans
that
she
feels
difficult
to
learn
it
at
this
time.
Then,
I
can
find
other
skills
f
or
her.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)
27.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)
9.
Generalize
the
skill
-‐ When
I
teach
new
skills
to
Sonia,
I
should
encourage
her
to
use
that
skills
in
m
any
different
places,
with
many
people,
and
many
situations.
“To
encourage
the
use
of
new
skills
in
as
many
ways
and
places
as
possible,
a
f
ew
tips
include:
•
Use
similar
but
different
items
to
teach
the
same
skills
•
Have
other
caregivers
teach
the
same
skill
BUT
be
certain
that
they
kno
w
what
steps
are
being
taught
and
how
you
are
teaching
them
• Teach
the
skill
in
several
different
locations
• Teach
the
skill
during
different
times
of
the
day,
if
possible.”
(ECEP233,
R
eading
Package)
Generalize
the
skill
is
important
because
one
of
their
major
difficulties
is
transf
erring
skills
to
a
new
environment.
(Teaching
Strategies
to
improve
Classroom
Performance)
28.
10.
Include
others
-‐
Working
with
others
is
important.
Every
teacher
has
different
thought,
and
I
c
annot
tell
that
which
one
is
the
best.
I
will
ask
to
other
teachers
to
join
to
teac
h
Sonia
a
new
skill.
Then,
they
could
help
her
in
their
best
way.
Also,
I
can
get
s
ome
advices
from
her
if
I
am
not
sure
of
my
strategies
and
next
steps.
(ECEP
223,
Reading
Package)
29. Sprit
Breakthrough
&
Hope
“The
mission
of
the
Spina
Bifida
and
Hydro
cephalus
Association
is
to
build
awareness
and
drive
research,
support
and
advocacy
t
o
help
find
a
cure
while
continuing
to
impr
ove
the
quality
of
life
of
all
individuals
with
spina
bifida
and/or
hydrocephalus.
The
association
is
also
committed
to
educa
ting
the
public
about
the
important
role
fol
ic
acid
plays
in
the
prevention
of
neural
tub
e
defects,
which
includes
spina
bifida.
SB&
H
receives
no
government
funding.
Its
ope
rating
budget
comes
directly
from
fundraisi
ng
and
donations.”
(Spina
Bifida
and
Hydro
cephalus
Association
SB&H)
30. Sprit
Breakthrough
&
Hope
http://www.sbhao.on.ca/
P.O.
Box
103,
Suite
1006
555
Richmond
Street
West
Toronto,
Ontario
M5V
3B1
Toronto
&
GTA:
416-‐214-‐1056
Toll
Free:
800-‐387-‐1575
(Ontario
Only)
Fax:
416-‐214-‐1446
Email:
provincial@sbhao.on.ca
31. Holland
Bloorview
Holland
Bloorview
Kids
Rehabilitation
H
ospital
(formerly
Bloorview
Kids
Rehab)
is
Canada’s
the
biggest
children’s
rehabil
itation
hospital.
They
provides
treatmen
ts,
technologies,
therapies
and
real-‐worl
d
programs
to
children
with
special
nee
ds.
They
help
children’s
development,
s
upport
children
participation,
and
compl
ex
continuing
care.
Also,
they
provide
s
ome
special
programs
for
children
with
special
need.
(Holland
Bloorview
Kids
R
ehabilitation
Hospital
–
An
Overview)
32. Holland
Bloorview
http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/index.php
Holland
Bloorview
Kids
Rehabilitation
Hospital
150
Kilgour
Road
Toronto,
Ontario,
Canada
M4G
1R
Tel:
416-‐425-‐6220
Toll
Free:
1-‐800-‐363-‐2440
Child
Development
Program
Tel:
416-‐425-‐6220
ext.
7050
33. Our
Kids
http://www.ourkids.net/disability-‐camps.php
This
website
helps
to
find
camps
for
kids
with
special
needs.
“Di
sability
Camps
provide
summer
recreation
for
children
with
vari
ous
types
of
disabilities.
Camps
are
conducted
for
a
variety
of
di
sabilities
that
may
include
cerebral
palsy,
muscular
dystrophy,
s
pina
bifida,
brain
injury,
autism,
multiple
sclerosis,
epilepsy,
qua
driplegia,
paraplegia,
arthritis,
hearing
and/or
visual
impairment
s,
Down's
syndrome,
schizophrenia,
heart
problems,
strokes,
at
tention
deficit
disorders,
fetal
alcohol
syndrome,
diabetes
and
A
lzheimer’s
disorder.
Some
camps
are
especially
for
children
with
learning
disabilities
like
dyslexia.
There
are
also
many
disability
camps
covering
only
a
specific
type
of
disability.”
(Disability
Ca
mps)
This
website
is
designed
to
find
the
camp
easily.
Parents
c
an
find
camp
by
region,
and
purpose.
Also,
they
can
compare
th
em
easily.
Each
camp
includes
contact
information,
and
parents
can
contact
with
them
after
deciding.
34. Toronto
Community
Foundation
Helps individual or family who
want to live, work, and get ed
ucation in Toronto. This comm
unity is one of largest Canada
's community foundations. "Th
e Toronto Community Founda
tion connects philanthropy wit
h community needs and oppo
rtunities in order to make Toro
nto the best place to live, wor
k, learn, and grow." (About To
ronto Community Foundation)
They provides a professional
advisor for helping people.
35. Toronto
Community
Foundation
http://www.tcf.ca/
Toronto Community Foundation
Xerox Centre
33 Bloor Street East, Suite 1603
Toronto ON M4W 3H1
Tel: 416-921-2035
Fax: 416-921-1026
General Inquiries: info@tcf.ca
36. • "Spina Bifida." emedicinehealth. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <www.emedicinehealth.com/spina_b
ifida_causes>
• "Spina Bifida Information | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Associati
on of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www
.sbhao.on.ca/spina-bifida>.
• "Types of Spina Bifida." Nervous System Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://nervou
s-system.emedtv.com/spina-bifida/types-of-spina-bifida.html>.
• "Spina Bifida Occulta." Spina Bifida Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <www.spinabifidaass
ociation.org/site/c.evKRI7OXIoJ8H/b.8277205/>
• "Spina bifida: Symptoms - MayoClinic.com." Mayo Clinic. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://ww
w.mayoclinic.com/health/spina-bifida/DS00417/DSECTION=symptoms>.
• "Myelomeningocele: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Insti
tutes of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/0
01558.htm>
• "CDC - Spina Bifida, Facts - NCBDDD."Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 2
0 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/ spinabifida/facts.html>
• "Spina Bifida." About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. <spinabifida/facts.html>.
• "Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus Association SB&H :: Toronto Charity Events." Toronto Charity Even
ts 2013 | Fundraising & Volunteer in Toronto, ON. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.toron
to-charities.ca/page.aspx?dt=259>.
• "Disability Camps." Our Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <www.ourkids.net/disability-camps.php
>.
• "Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital." Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. N.p.
, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/index.php>.
• "Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Sp
ina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.
d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.sbhao.on.ca/>.
• "Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus." Sp
ina Bifida & Hydrocephalus Association of Ontario (SB&H) | Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus. N.p., n.
d. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. <http://www.sbhao.on.ca/>.