SHORT WAVE DIATHERMY (SWD)

Sinusoidal current produces a sine wave alternating current of 50 Hz, giving 100 pulses per second with durations of 10ms each, alternating direction 50 times in each direction. It is produced from mains power by reducing the voltage to 60-80v using a step down transformer. When passed through the body, sinusoidal current causes changes in ion concentrations at cell membranes, producing muscle contraction in nerves and ionic movement in other tissues. It is commonly used to cause rhythmic muscle contractions and relieve pain and reduce swelling by alternately changing cell membrane permeability. Indications include pain and pain/swelling, while contraindications include skin lesions, infections, and impaired sensation.

Shortwave diathermy (SWD) is a therapeutic modality that uses electromagnetic energy to generate deep heat in tissues. It can be delivered continuously or pulsed. The frequency used, type of SWD unit, and water content of tissues affect the pattern of heat produced. SWD has various therapeutic effects like increasing blood flow and accelerating wound healing. It is used to treat conditions like recent injuries, arthritis, and muscle pain and spasm. Proper application of SWD involves preparing the patient, machine, and electrodes to deliver controlled doses of energy to target tissues while avoiding risks like burns or electric shock.

This document discusses pulsed electromagnetic energy (PEME) therapy. PEME uses non-thermal pulses of electromagnetic energy to stimulate tissues for therapeutic purposes. It can increase ATP production, alter cell membranes, decrease inflammation, and increase healing. PEME is used to treat neurological conditions like radiculopathies and neuropathies, musculoskeletal issues like fractures and strains, psychological disorders, and general wounds and sores. Contraindications include pregnancy, menstruation, metal implants and recent radiation therapy.

IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross. It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema. Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized. Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two. Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time. WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.

1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes. 2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz. 3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.

The History of SWD Production, Generation, Method of Application, Patient Preparation, Physiologcal and therapeutic effects, Indications, Contraindications daners of SWD, and Evidence Based Practice.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) lies between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. The document discusses the different types of UVR (UVA, UVB, UVC), their effects on the skin like sunburn, tanning, and skin cancer. It also summarizes therapeutic uses of UVR for various skin conditions like psoriasis, acne, and wounds. Determining the minimal erythemal dose (MED) through a skin test is described as the basis for calculating safe UVR dosages for patients.

This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. It delivers a monophasic twin peak waveform with a high voltage up to 500 volts and short pulse duration to stimulate nerves and tissues. HVPGS can be used to promote wound healing, reduce edema, manage pain, and stimulate muscle. It provides physiological effects like increasing range of motion and blood flow. Treatment duration is typically 15-30 minutes per session and can be repeated daily.

The document discusses ultrasound therapy, including its introduction, production, physiological effects, application techniques, methods, indications, and contraindications. Specifically, it explains that ultrasound therapy involves using high-frequency sound waves to treat soft tissue injuries and conditions. It describes how piezoelectric crystals or transducers are used to produce the therapeutic ultrasound and discusses direct contact and indirect immersion and bladder application as methods of delivery. The document also lists common uses of ultrasound therapy such as for soft tissue injuries, sprains, and arthritis, as well as who should avoid it like those with cancer lesions or metal implants.

Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.

Fluidotherapy is a heating modality that uses a stream of heated air to fluidize fine particles like corn cob inside a cabinet. This creates air pockets and bubbles that transmit heat and tactile stimulation to the body part inside. It works by convection to transfer heat from the circulating heated air and particles to increase blood flow and assist with pain relief. The fluidized particles allow limbs to float freely and exercise to be performed inside the cabinet. Research studies have found fluidotherapy may help reduce edema but is not effective for improving hand function in rheumatoid arthritis patients. It also does not provide as much rewarming for mild hypothermia as warm water immersion.

Short wave diathermy is a therapeutic modality that uses electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range of 27-100 MHz to generate deep heat in body tissues. It works by inducing molecular vibration through radio wave penetration of tissues, causing both thermal and non-thermal effects. Common applications include reducing pain, inflammation and healing time for injuries or post-surgical conditions. Different electrode types and placements can be used to concentrate the electromagnetic field in specific areas. Factors like electrode size, spacing, and positioning affect the depth and distribution of heating in the target tissues. Risks include burns and electric shock if not properly administered.

This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.

Russian current is a medium-frequency current delivered in bursts at 2500 Hz. It produces strong muscle contractions through synchronous motor nerve depolarization. Key characteristics include a carrier frequency of 2500 Hz, burst frequency of 50 Hz, burst duration of 10 ms, and a 10/50/10 training protocol. Russian current is indicated for muscle strengthening, reducing muscle spasm and edema, such as following knee ligament injuries or surgery.

This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.

Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.

This document summarizes fluidotherapy, a dry heating modality. It transfers heat to the body through convection using a cabinet containing heated air and finely ground cellulose particles. This creates a fluid-like medium allowing limbs to float and exercises to be performed. Key effects include increased blood flow, pain relief and improved range of motion. It is used to treat distal extremities for conditions like pain, swelling and post-operative rehabilitation. Contraindications include fever, anesthesia or severe circulatory issues. Advantages include ease of use and allowing some active exercise in a comfortable, dry environment.

Diathermy uses electric currents to generate deep heat within tissues up to 2 inches below the skin's surface. It promotes blood flow and reduces pain and stiffness. Shortwave diathermy specifically uses radiofrequency currents between 10-100 MHz to heat tissues. It can treat musculoskeletal conditions like arthritis as well as injuries and infections by speeding recovery through increased circulation and metabolism. Risks include burns if not properly controlled or applied to people with medical implants. Proper electrode placement and settings are needed to target heating and avoid harming surrounding tissues.

Diathermies- Shortwave, ultrasonic and microwave type and their applications, Surgical Diathermy, Biotelemetry.

Diathermy uses high frequency electric currents to heat tissue for therapeutic purposes. It was coined in 1908 and can be used to warm or destroy tissue. Depending on the frequency used, it is classified as shortwave, ultrasound, or microwave diathermy. The principle involves current density - high density causes heating. Surgical diathermy uses electrosurgery to cut and coagulate tissue using different waveforms. Modern solid state diathermy machines operate at 250 kHz-1 MHz and deliver controlled power for cutting or coagulation modes.

Microwave diathermy uses electromagnetic radiation between 300-3000 MHz to heat tissues for therapeutic purposes. It can penetrate 3 cm deep and is strongly absorbed by water and vascular tissues, heating them. Treatment involves using an applicator shaped to the area at a distance of 10-15 cm, gradually increasing intensity until warmth is felt for 10-30 minutes. Precautions must be taken to avoid overheating and protect eyes from microwaves. It is used to relieve pain and muscle spasms by increasing blood flow.

Microwave diathermies (MWDs) are electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitting systems that are used by physiotherapists for thermotherapy treatment. This presentation will give an overview about Microwave diathermy to all physiotherapy clinicians, students & teaching faculties

Here is the complete information about short wave diathermy. our main focus is on short wave diathermy and its medical effects in physiotherapy. our main goal is to provide you short but useful information hope this helps you a lot in your studies.

This document discusses various energy sources used in surgery, including electrosurgery, ultrasonic, argon beam, laser, cryotherapy, and infrared coagulation. It provides details on electrosurgery, describing monopolar and bipolar diathermy, tissue effects, and safety precautions. Other technologies like Ligasure, Harmonic Scalpel, Thunderbeat, and argon beam coagulation are also summarized, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. Lasers are discussed in terms of their properties and surgical effects. Cryotherapy and infrared coagulation are briefly described as well.

Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 300 MHz and 300 GHz that can be used for diathermy therapy. Microwaves are produced using a power supply, magnetron, and emitter/antenna. They are absorbed more by tissues with high water content like muscle and heat the surface more than deeper tissues. Microwaves can be used to treat pain, inflammation and other conditions by increasing blood flow and metabolism through localized heating, but risks include burns if moisture is present or the eyes/testes are exposed directly to the beams. Proper positioning and monitoring of the patient is needed during treatment.

Short wave diathermy (SWD) is a therapeutic modality using radiofrequency electromagnetic waves to generate deep heat in body tissues. There are two main types - continuous SWD and pulsed SWD. SWD can be applied using either the capacitive (electric field) method with air plates or pads, or the inductive (magnetic field) method using coils or drums. The appropriate settings are selected based on the treatment area and goals. Precautions must be taken to avoid risks and ensure patient comfort during the procedure. SWD has potential for reducing pain and swelling in conditions like knee injuries.

This document discusses different types of diathermy used in physical therapy including microwave diathermy, shortwave diathermy, and ultrasound diathermy. Microwave diathermy uses electromagnetic waves between 300-3000 MHz to generate heat in superficial tissues. Shortwave diathermy uses frequencies between 10-100 MHz to produce both deep and superficial tissue heating. Ultrasound diathermy uses sound waves to treat deep tissues by generating heat from tissue vibration. Diathermy provides relief for conditions like arthritis, back pain, and muscle spasms but can cause burns if metal devices are present and should be avoided in certain medical conditions.

Diathermy uses high frequency electric current to generate heat for surgical purposes like coagulation and cutting. While an invaluable surgical tool, it can pose fire and burn hazards if safety precautions are not followed. The main causes of surgical fires are ignition sources like electrosurgical units interacting with fuels like alcohol-based skin preps in the presence of an oxidizer like oxygen. Proper use of diathermy requires checking equipment, applying return electrodes correctly, allowing preps to dry, and avoiding flammable anesthetic gases. Following safety protocols can minimize risks while allowing diathermy to continue enabling beneficial effects in surgery.

Microwave diathermy is a therapeutic modality that uses electromagnetic waves to generate heat in tissues for treating musculoskeletal conditions. It works by causing movement of ions and water molecules when its high frequency waves are absorbed by tissues. The document discusses the physics behind microwave diathermy, its applications and effectiveness in treating conditions like muscle strains and joint injuries, appropriate treatment parameters, safety considerations and precautions for its use.

This document provides an overview of various energy sources used in surgery, including electrosurgery, ultrasonic energy, lasers, and radiofrequency ablation. It discusses the history of electrosurgery and defines different types of electrosurgical devices such as monopolar and bipolar cautery. Key factors that influence tissue effects when using electrosurgery like waveform, power settings, and tissue type are summarized. Safety considerations for electrosurgery include direct coupling, insulation failure, and capacitive coupling. New technologies for vessel sealing like Ligasure are also briefly described.

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Haemostasis is very important in laparoscopic surgery. Vessel sealing with energy devises play a major role in keeping the surgical field clear. Energy devices are also used for tissue sealing and transection. Despite never types of energy devises electro-surgery is still very popular in gynaecological laparoscopy. Desiccation, dissection, and coagulation are the main effects of electro-surgery that are used for various purposes. Higher thermal injury with monopolar devices lead to the invention of bipolar devices with less tissue damage. Ligasure, pk gyrus, ENSEAL are some of the more advanced bipolar devices. Ultrasonic devices have the capability of coagulation and cutting tissues. During the process it can produce significant thermal injury. Thunderbeat combines bipolar and ultrasonic energy for coagulation and cutting respectively for more precise effects. Laser devices emit a beam of photons with a high degree of spatial and temporal coherence with tissue effects depending on the time of exposure and power density. CO2, Argon, Nd: YAG, KTP-532 are different laser types with different properties. Plasma is the fourth state of matter following solid, liquid and gas. Argon neutral plasma (System 7550TM ABC, Cardioblate) can produce energy in 3 forms including light, heat and kinetic energy. Laser and plasma energy are gaining more popularity for endometriosis surgery due to its localised effects and better preservation of ovarian follicles.

Electrosurgery devices use electrical energy to cut, coagulate, and ablate tissue. Common devices include monopolar and bipolar electrosurgery, which use radiofrequency energy. Ultrasonic devices like the Harmonic scalpel use ultrasonic vibrations for cutting and coagulation without electricity. Other technologies for tissue effects include vessel sealing devices, lasers which use light energy, cryosurgery using extreme cold, and microwave ablation. Proper use and monitoring of electrosurgical devices is important to prevent unintended tissue damage and burns.

Diathermy • Diathermy uses an electric current to cause localized heating, permitting cutting of tissue and coagulation of blood. • It may be unipolar or bipolar, the former having several settings depending on which function is required. Unipolar diathermy Bipolar diathermy • Advantages • Allows surgery to proceed with better hemostatic control than using sharp instruments. • Different modes can be used to achieve different effects on different tissues. • Disadvantages • High currents used in diathermy equipment cause induction in cables used for other purposes. This results in interference in the ECG and other monitors when diathermy is in use. Safety

The document discusses various energy sources used in surgery including electrical, ultrasonic, argon beam, and laser energies. It provides details on electrosurgery modalities like electrocautery and electrosurgery. Newer advanced bipolar devices like Ligasure, Gyrus ACMI, and Enseal are described which provide vessel sealing through thermal coagulation. Ultrasonic devices like Harmonic scalpel use high frequency vibrations for vessel sealing and precise dissection. Other technologies discussed include argon beam coagulation, CUSA, microwave ablation, and radiosurgery. Patient safety considerations are highlighted for different energy sources.

This document discusses principles of radiofrequency (RF) and its applications in ENT surgery. It begins by introducing RF and its history. It then covers the principles of how RF works by heating tissue through electrical current. Different types of RF instruments, waveforms, and generators are described. Applications of RF in various ENT procedures are provided like treatment of snoring, tonsil hypertrophy, turbinate reduction, and sleep apnea. Advantages of RF like precision cutting with hemostasis and minimal scarring are highlighted. Potential complications are also noted. The document emphasizes that RF is a very useful electrosurgical tool but has limitations and is technique dependent.

Electrotherapy involves applying electric current to affected body parts to ease pain, swelling, and stiffness. It works by stimulating nerves and muscles. Direct current travels unidirectionally and is used to stimulate muscle contraction or facilitate wound healing. Alternating current changes direction periodically. Safety precautions for all electrotherapy modalities include avoiding contraindicated areas, ensuring equipment electrical safety, providing instructions, maintaining distances, and delivering optimal dosages to prevent burns or other injuries.

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