Interferential Therapy (IFT)

a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.

The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including: 1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation. 2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation. 3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second. 4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced

The document discusses strength duration curves, which plot the electrical stimuli needed to elicit a muscle contraction over a range of stimulus durations. It describes how to perform the test and interpret the results, including details on: - Plotting S-D curves after 20 days post-injury to assess innervation status - The typical shape of normal, denervated, and partially denervated curves - Additional metrics that can be measured from S-D curves like rheobase and chronaxie - Factors that can influence the curves and what different curve patterns indicate

Microwave diathermy (MWD) uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range to generate heat in tissue. MWD uses a magnetron to produce microwaves with frequencies commonly between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These short wavelength microwaves generate strong electrical fields that cause heating through ionic movements and molecular distortion within tissues. MWD provides superficial heating that is more localized than shortwave diathermy and penetrates deeper than infrared radiation. Key uses of MWD include reducing pain, swelling and muscle spasm in inflammatory conditions like tendinitis as well as accelerating healing for injuries and infections.

This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.

Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.

Electrotherapy topic shot wave diathermy ppt (physics) Bachelor of physiotherapy topic swd . Swd introduction, and range of swd , indications and contraindications of swd

This document discusses interrupted direct current (IDC), which describes continuous unidirectional current that is interrupted to create pulses of varying duration, shape, or frequency. There are two main types of IDC pulses: rectangular wave pulses and accommodation pulses. Rectangular pulses have sudden rises and falls, while accommodation pulses gradually rise and fall in shapes like triangular, trapezoid, or sawtooth. IDC can stimulate nerves and muscles. Short pulses preferentially stimulate nerves, while longer pulses are needed to stimulate muscles at tolerable intensities. The document discusses electrotonus effects from IDC and considerations for selecting appropriate pulse durations and intensities. It concludes with indications for using electrical stimulation to produce muscle contraction without excessive fatigue.

Ultraviolet radiation covers a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays. It is divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC based on wavelength. UV is produced by mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps and can cause both immediate and long term effects on skin like erythema, pigmentation, vitamin D production, and skin cancer. The dosage of UV exposure depends on the lamp output, distance from the skin, exposure time, and individual skin sensitivity. UV therapy is used to treat conditions like psoriasis, acne, and eczema.

Functional re-education aims to retrain patients' movements and activities that they already know but cannot properly perform due to illness or injury. The goal is to increase independence through a tailored program of progressive exercises. Exercises may include rolling, sitting, kneeling, standing, and walking activities. Principles include thorough assessment, task-specific treatment, and avoiding discouragement to build confidence and independence over time.

This document summarizes fluidotherapy, a dry heating modality. It transfers heat to the body through convection using a cabinet containing heated air and finely ground cellulose particles. This creates a fluid-like medium allowing limbs to float and exercises to be performed. Key effects include increased blood flow, pain relief and improved range of motion. It is used to treat distal extremities for conditions like pain, swelling and post-operative rehabilitation. Contraindications include fever, anesthesia or severe circulatory issues. Advantages include ease of use and allowing some active exercise in a comfortable, dry environment.

A motor point is a specific skin area where the targeted muscle is best stimulated with the smallest amount of current amplitude and the shortest pulse duration

This document discusses pulsed electromagnetic energy (PEME) therapy. PEME uses non-thermal pulses of electromagnetic energy to stimulate tissues for therapeutic purposes. It can increase ATP production, alter cell membranes, decrease inflammation, and increase healing. PEME is used to treat neurological conditions like radiculopathies and neuropathies, musculoskeletal issues like fractures and strains, psychological disorders, and general wounds and sores. Contraindications include pregnancy, menstruation, metal implants and recent radiation therapy.

The Faradic Galvanic (FG) test assesses lower motor neuron problems by stimulating muscles with different electric currents. A brief tetanic contraction indicates intact innervation, while a sluggish response suggests denervation. The test involves using faradic current to search for motor points and elicit fast contractions in innervated muscles. Galvanic current then produces slow contractions in denervated muscles. However, the FG test is inaccurate and unreliable, correctly interpreting muscle reactions in only 50% of cases.

Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease stiffness and pain. The physiological mechanism is that it induces vasodilation and vasoconstriction through changes in water temperature, pumping edema from the injured area. The procedure involves soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeating warm water for 4 minutes and cold water for 1 minute, ending in warm water for 4 minutes for a total time of 25 minutes. Contrast baths can treat injuries like sprains, strains and bruises by removing edema through changes in blood flow. Certain precautions should be taken for conditions like open wounds, pregnancy and impaired sensation.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.

This document discusses relaxation techniques. It defines relaxation as a state where muscle tension and mental stress are reduced through conscious effort. Relaxation can be general, involving the whole body, or local, targeting specific muscle groups. Several factors like muscle tone, posture, movement, and mental state can affect relaxation. Techniques to achieve general relaxation include assuming supported, comfortable positions and creating a restful atmosphere. Specific techniques discussed are autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation, and the contrast method, which involve sequentially contracting and relaxing different muscle groups.

IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross. It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema. Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized. Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two. Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time. WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.

1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes. 2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz. 3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.

Medium frequency currents between 1000-10000 Hz are used therapeutically for pain management and wound healing. Rebox, Russian, and interferential currents are types of medium frequency currents. Interferential currents use two medium frequencies (e.g. 4000 Hz and 3900 Hz) that interfere in tissues to produce a low frequency beat current for deep tissue treatment without skin irritation. Common applications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and delayed bone healing.

Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents through tissues simultaneously. This causes the currents to interfere with each other, producing a low frequency interference current. The interference current has characteristics of low frequency stimulation and can be used therapeutically. Proper positioning of electrodes is important to ensure the interference effect occurs in the desired treatment area. Parameters like amplitude, frequency, and sweep time can be adjusted to achieve different physiological effects for various indications. Common electrode types used include plate and vacuum electrodes.

Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents between 4000-5100 Hz to generate low frequency interference currents between 1-100 Hz at targeted tissue depths. This allows for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and lymphatic drainage without the limitation of skin resistance. Electrodes are placed diagonally over the area of interest and current intensity is gradually increased until felt by the patient. Contraindications include coagulation issues, arterial disease, infections and pacemakers. Typical applications are for pain, swelling, muscle stimulation and tissue healing.

Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency beating effect deeper in the tissues. It can provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory and muscle stimulation effects. IFT is applied using electrode pads or probes placed on the skin over the treatment area. Parameters like frequency, intensity, and application time can be modified based on the condition being treated. Common indications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and post-surgical issues. Proper application and monitoring of settings is needed to provide benefit safely.

This document provides an overview of interferential current therapy. It discusses the history and principles of interferential current, including how two alternating medium frequency currents intersect to produce amplitude modulation at a low frequency. It describes parameters like frequency, dosage, sweep patterns and techniques like bipolar and quadripolar application. The physiological effects of interferential current like pain relief, muscle stimulation and increased blood flow are explained. Indications, contraindications and precautions for its use are also summarized.