The document defines and describes various aspects of resistance exercises. It discusses types of muscle contractions like isotonic, isometric and eccentric. It explains principles of resistance training like overload and specificity. It describes adaptations to resistance training including neural, muscular and bone changes. Determinants of resistance training programs are outlined including intensity, time, volume and periodization. Guidelines for progressive resistance exercises and precautions are provided.
1. Passive movement involves moving a joint through its range of motion without active contraction of the muscles around the joint. It is done by a therapist or machine when a patient cannot actively move on their own or has a reduced range of motion.
2. There are two main types of passive movement - relaxed passive movements and passive manual mobilization techniques. Relaxed passive movements are smooth movements done by a therapist through a patient's full available range, while manual techniques include joint mobilization, manipulation, and controlled stretching.
3. Continued passive motion devices are used after limb or joint surgery to maintain movement and limit stiffness and pain. They move the joint through its full range while the patient is in bed to prevent immobil
Russian current is a medium-frequency current delivered in bursts at 2500 Hz. It produces strong muscle contractions through synchronous motor nerve depolarization. Key characteristics include a carrier frequency of 2500 Hz, burst frequency of 50 Hz, burst duration of 10 ms, and a 10/50/10 training protocol. Russian current is indicated for muscle strengthening, reducing muscle spasm and edema, such as following knee ligament injuries or surgery.
Frenkel exercises are a series of movements developed to treat patients with loss of proprioception. The exercises start simple and increase in difficulty, using visual and auditory cues to facilitate restoration of smooth, coordinated movement. Key principles are concentration, precision, and repetition of movements like limb motions and transfers of weight. Exercises progress from lying to sitting to standing positions and incorporate movement of the legs, arms, and whole body. The goal is to improve coordination, balance, proprioception and control through attention to rhythmic counting and placement of limbs in specific positions.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Electrotherapy topic shot wave diathermy ppt (physics)
Bachelor of physiotherapy topic swd . Swd introduction, and range of swd , indications and contraindications of swd
This document discusses different types of voluntary movements used in physical therapy exercises. It classifies exercises as free, assisted, assisted-resisted, or resisted based on whether they involve gravity, external assistance, or resistance. Free exercises work against gravity alone and are used to improve relaxation, muscle tone, coordination, and confidence. They can help cure or rehabilitate patients, though some patients may be unable to perform them. The document outlines techniques for free exercises and their effects, including improved relaxation, joint mobility, muscle power, neuromuscular coordination, and confidence. It also describes circulatory and respiratory changes that occur with exercise like increased heart rate, blood flow, and respiration to meet tissue needs and regulate functions.
This document defines joint mobilization techniques and provides guidelines for their use. It describes mobilization as a manual therapy that uses passive joint movement to increase range of motion or decrease pain. Accessory joint movements like gliding and traction are explained. Precautions and contraindications for mobilization are outlined. A grading scale from I to V is presented to indicate the amplitude of oscillations used in different mobilization techniques.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of resisted exercise. It describes the overload principle which challenges muscles to perform at a greater level by applying loads that exceed their metabolic capacity. The SAID (specific adaptation to imposed demand) principle states that the body adapts to the specific stresses placed upon it. Resistance can be applied through different ranges of motion including full, inner, outer, and middle ranges. Progressive resistance exercises gradually increase the load over time to continue challenging muscles. Resisted exercises provide benefits like increased strength, endurance, weight management, improved mobility and reduced disease risk.
Joint mobilization is a manual therapy technique used to modulate pain, increase range of motion, and treat joint dysfunctions. It involves passive movement of joints and surrounding soft tissues at varying speeds and amplitudes. There are 5 types of joint movement - roll, slide, spin, compression, and distraction. Mobilization techniques are graded based on amplitude and location within the range of motion. Lower grades are used for pain modulation while higher grades aim to increase mobility. Proper positioning, stabilization, direction, and patient response are important considerations when applying mobilization.
Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease stiffness and pain. The physiological mechanism is that it induces vasodilation and vasoconstriction through changes in water temperature, pumping edema from the injured area. The procedure involves soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeating warm water for 4 minutes and cold water for 1 minute, ending in warm water for 4 minutes for a total time of 25 minutes. Contrast baths can treat injuries like sprains, strains and bruises by removing edema through changes in blood flow. Certain precautions should be taken for conditions like open wounds, pregnancy and impaired sensation.
This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.
Microwave diathermy (MWD) uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range to generate heat in tissue. MWD uses a magnetron to produce microwaves with frequencies commonly between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These short wavelength microwaves generate strong electrical fields that cause heating through ionic movements and molecular distortion within tissues. MWD provides superficial heating that is more localized than shortwave diathermy and penetrates deeper than infrared radiation. Key uses of MWD include reducing pain, swelling and muscle spasm in inflammatory conditions like tendinitis as well as accelerating healing for injuries and infections.
The document defines various terms related to resistance exercise such as resisted exercise, strength, power, endurance, isometric muscle work, isotonic muscle work, and types of muscle contractions. It describes the principles of resistance exercise including overload, SAID, reversibility, and individual variability. It discusses ranges of muscle work, group actions of muscles, and indications for resistance exercise. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in resistance training.
1. The document defines various exercise and training related terminology including muscular strength, power, endurance, aerobic and anaerobic power.
2. It discusses general principles of exercise training such as individuality, specificity, reversibility, and progressive overload.
3. The document provides details on developing different types of resistance training programs and considerations for improving strength, hypertrophy, and power. It compares free weights versus machines and describes various resistance training methods.
This document discusses different types of active resisted exercise for rehabilitation programs. It defines resistance exercise as any exercise where a muscle contraction is overloaded by an external force. The types of resisted exercise discussed include isometric, dynamic/isotonic, and isokinetic exercise. Factors that determine appropriate resistance training are also outlined.
This document provides information on resistance exercise for impaired muscle performance. It defines key elements of muscle performance like strength, power, and endurance. When muscle performance is impaired, resistance exercise can help by overloading muscles in a progressive manner based on principles like specificity of adaptation and reversibility. The document discusses factors that influence tension generation and fatigue in muscles. It also outlines general guidelines for implementing a safe and effective resistance exercise program, including determining the appropriate intensity, sets, repetitions, and other variables.
The document discusses three key elements of muscle performance: strength, power, and endurance. It defines each element and describes different types of training to improve each one. Strength training uses heavy resistance for low repetitions to increase muscle size and strength through neural and muscular adaptations. Power training aims to increase work output over time by boosting strength and movement speed. Endurance training uses light loads for many repetitions over long periods to enhance oxidative and metabolic capacities. The overload principle states that muscles must be challenged beyond their current abilities in order to improve.
This PPT contains a detailed explanation about resisted exercises, different types of exercise, indications & contraindications, manual & mechanical techniques.
The document outlines several key determinants of resistance exercise programs including alignment and stabilization, intensity, volume, exercise order, frequency, duration, rest intervals, mode of exercise, velocity of exercise, periodization, and integration of function. It provides details on each determinant such as how intensity refers to the amount of resistance used and is dependent on volume, frequency, and exercise order. It also explains how factors like rest intervals, frequency, and duration must be considered to avoid overtraining.
This document discusses various aspects of muscle physiology and training principles. It defines key terms like muscle strength, power, endurance and different energy systems. It describes how muscle adaptations occur in response to different types of training like resistance, aerobic and anaerobic training. It also summarizes the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and other physiological adaptations that result from endurance training.
Resisted exercise involves opposing mechanical or manual resistance to muscle action in order to strengthen muscles. As muscles contract against increasing resistance, they hypertrophy and gain power and endurance. Progressive resisted exercise (PRE) systematically increases weight over time to continually challenge muscles. PRE techniques like DeLorme-Watkins use repetitions with increasing percentages of 10 repetition maximum weight to improve strength, while Oxford technique decreases weight in small increments each set to enhance endurance. Resisted exercise strengthens muscles and increases blood flow, with benefits including restored muscle power and maintenance of strength.
The document discusses various exercise principles including the SAID principle, kinetic chain model, resistance exercise principles, and different training systems such as circuit training. It explains how the body specifically adapts to different exercise demands and reviews open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Different methods for applying progressive overload are also reviewed including increasing intensity, volume, and frequency.
This document discusses relaxation techniques. It defines relaxation as a state where muscle tension and mental stress are reduced through conscious effort. Relaxation can be general, involving the whole body, or local, targeting specific muscle groups. Several factors like muscle tone, posture, movement, and mental state can affect relaxation. Techniques to achieve general relaxation include assuming supported, comfortable positions and creating a restful atmosphere. Specific techniques discussed are autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation, and the contrast method, which involve sequentially contracting and relaxing different muscle groups.
This document discusses different types of exercises used in physiotherapy, including free exercises, assisted exercises, assisted-resisted exercises, and resisted exercises. It defines each type and describes techniques, effects, and uses. Free exercises use only voluntary muscle action and can be localised or general. Assisted exercises involve a therapist providing support and assistance during a movement. Assisted-resisted exercises combine assistance and resistance. Resisted exercises use forces like weights or elastic bands to oppose muscle movement. The document also covers types of resistance like weights, pulleys, springs, and water. It describes progression of resistance exercises by increasing weight, leverage, speed, or duration. Finally, it discusses reflex movements and specific reflexes like the stretch reflex
The document discusses principles of joint mobilization including using lower grades to reduce pain and higher grades to increase mobility. It outlines convex-concave rules for determining glide direction in different joints. Treatment glides are described to improve range of motion in various joints like the shoulder, knee, ankle and elbow. Open-packed positions and grades of movement are also defined. The goal of a joint mobilization treatment is to increase range of motion through appropriate gliding techniques.
1. Passive movement involves moving a joint through its range of motion without active contraction of the muscles around the joint. It is done by a therapist or machine when a patient cannot actively move on their own or has a reduced range of motion.
2. There are two main types of passive movement - relaxed passive movements and passive manual mobilization techniques. Relaxed passive movements are smooth movements done by a therapist through a patient's full available range, while manual techniques include joint mobilization, manipulation, and controlled stretching.
3. Continued passive motion devices are used after limb or joint surgery to maintain movement and limit stiffness and pain. They move the joint through its full range while the patient is in bed to prevent immobil
Russian current is a medium-frequency current delivered in bursts at 2500 Hz. It produces strong muscle contractions through synchronous motor nerve depolarization. Key characteristics include a carrier frequency of 2500 Hz, burst frequency of 50 Hz, burst duration of 10 ms, and a 10/50/10 training protocol. Russian current is indicated for muscle strengthening, reducing muscle spasm and edema, such as following knee ligament injuries or surgery.
Frenkel exercises are a series of movements developed to treat patients with loss of proprioception. The exercises start simple and increase in difficulty, using visual and auditory cues to facilitate restoration of smooth, coordinated movement. Key principles are concentration, precision, and repetition of movements like limb motions and transfers of weight. Exercises progress from lying to sitting to standing positions and incorporate movement of the legs, arms, and whole body. The goal is to improve coordination, balance, proprioception and control through attention to rhythmic counting and placement of limbs in specific positions.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Short wave diathermy (s.w.d) electro therapyÂbhìšhék Singh
Electrotherapy topic shot wave diathermy ppt (physics)
Bachelor of physiotherapy topic swd . Swd introduction, and range of swd , indications and contraindications of swd
This document discusses different types of voluntary movements used in physical therapy exercises. It classifies exercises as free, assisted, assisted-resisted, or resisted based on whether they involve gravity, external assistance, or resistance. Free exercises work against gravity alone and are used to improve relaxation, muscle tone, coordination, and confidence. They can help cure or rehabilitate patients, though some patients may be unable to perform them. The document outlines techniques for free exercises and their effects, including improved relaxation, joint mobility, muscle power, neuromuscular coordination, and confidence. It also describes circulatory and respiratory changes that occur with exercise like increased heart rate, blood flow, and respiration to meet tissue needs and regulate functions.
This document defines joint mobilization techniques and provides guidelines for their use. It describes mobilization as a manual therapy that uses passive joint movement to increase range of motion or decrease pain. Accessory joint movements like gliding and traction are explained. Precautions and contraindications for mobilization are outlined. A grading scale from I to V is presented to indicate the amplitude of oscillations used in different mobilization techniques.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of resisted exercise. It describes the overload principle which challenges muscles to perform at a greater level by applying loads that exceed their metabolic capacity. The SAID (specific adaptation to imposed demand) principle states that the body adapts to the specific stresses placed upon it. Resistance can be applied through different ranges of motion including full, inner, outer, and middle ranges. Progressive resistance exercises gradually increase the load over time to continue challenging muscles. Resisted exercises provide benefits like increased strength, endurance, weight management, improved mobility and reduced disease risk.
Joint mobilization is a manual therapy technique used to modulate pain, increase range of motion, and treat joint dysfunctions. It involves passive movement of joints and surrounding soft tissues at varying speeds and amplitudes. There are 5 types of joint movement - roll, slide, spin, compression, and distraction. Mobilization techniques are graded based on amplitude and location within the range of motion. Lower grades are used for pain modulation while higher grades aim to increase mobility. Proper positioning, stabilization, direction, and patient response are important considerations when applying mobilization.
Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease stiffness and pain. The physiological mechanism is that it induces vasodilation and vasoconstriction through changes in water temperature, pumping edema from the injured area. The procedure involves soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeating warm water for 4 minutes and cold water for 1 minute, ending in warm water for 4 minutes for a total time of 25 minutes. Contrast baths can treat injuries like sprains, strains and bruises by removing edema through changes in blood flow. Certain precautions should be taken for conditions like open wounds, pregnancy and impaired sensation.
This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.
Microwave diathermy (MWD) uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range to generate heat in tissue. MWD uses a magnetron to produce microwaves with frequencies commonly between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These short wavelength microwaves generate strong electrical fields that cause heating through ionic movements and molecular distortion within tissues. MWD provides superficial heating that is more localized than shortwave diathermy and penetrates deeper than infrared radiation. Key uses of MWD include reducing pain, swelling and muscle spasm in inflammatory conditions like tendinitis as well as accelerating healing for injuries and infections.
The document defines various terms related to resistance exercise such as resisted exercise, strength, power, endurance, isometric muscle work, isotonic muscle work, and types of muscle contractions. It describes the principles of resistance exercise including overload, SAID, reversibility, and individual variability. It discusses ranges of muscle work, group actions of muscles, and indications for resistance exercise. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in resistance training.
1. The document defines various exercise and training related terminology including muscular strength, power, endurance, aerobic and anaerobic power.
2. It discusses general principles of exercise training such as individuality, specificity, reversibility, and progressive overload.
3. The document provides details on developing different types of resistance training programs and considerations for improving strength, hypertrophy, and power. It compares free weights versus machines and describes various resistance training methods.
This document discusses different types of active resisted exercise for rehabilitation programs. It defines resistance exercise as any exercise where a muscle contraction is overloaded by an external force. The types of resisted exercise discussed include isometric, dynamic/isotonic, and isokinetic exercise. Factors that determine appropriate resistance training are also outlined.
This document provides information on resistance exercise for impaired muscle performance. It defines key elements of muscle performance like strength, power, and endurance. When muscle performance is impaired, resistance exercise can help by overloading muscles in a progressive manner based on principles like specificity of adaptation and reversibility. The document discusses factors that influence tension generation and fatigue in muscles. It also outlines general guidelines for implementing a safe and effective resistance exercise program, including determining the appropriate intensity, sets, repetitions, and other variables.
The document discusses three key elements of muscle performance: strength, power, and endurance. It defines each element and describes different types of training to improve each one. Strength training uses heavy resistance for low repetitions to increase muscle size and strength through neural and muscular adaptations. Power training aims to increase work output over time by boosting strength and movement speed. Endurance training uses light loads for many repetitions over long periods to enhance oxidative and metabolic capacities. The overload principle states that muscles must be challenged beyond their current abilities in order to improve.
This PPT contains a detailed explanation about resisted exercises, different types of exercise, indications & contraindications, manual & mechanical techniques.
The document outlines several key determinants of resistance exercise programs including alignment and stabilization, intensity, volume, exercise order, frequency, duration, rest intervals, mode of exercise, velocity of exercise, periodization, and integration of function. It provides details on each determinant such as how intensity refers to the amount of resistance used and is dependent on volume, frequency, and exercise order. It also explains how factors like rest intervals, frequency, and duration must be considered to avoid overtraining.
This document discusses various aspects of muscle physiology and training principles. It defines key terms like muscle strength, power, endurance and different energy systems. It describes how muscle adaptations occur in response to different types of training like resistance, aerobic and anaerobic training. It also summarizes the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and other physiological adaptations that result from endurance training.
Resisted exercise involves opposing mechanical or manual resistance to muscle action in order to strengthen muscles. As muscles contract against increasing resistance, they hypertrophy and gain power and endurance. Progressive resisted exercise (PRE) systematically increases weight over time to continually challenge muscles. PRE techniques like DeLorme-Watkins use repetitions with increasing percentages of 10 repetition maximum weight to improve strength, while Oxford technique decreases weight in small increments each set to enhance endurance. Resisted exercise strengthens muscles and increases blood flow, with benefits including restored muscle power and maintenance of strength.
The document discusses various exercise principles including the SAID principle, kinetic chain model, resistance exercise principles, and different training systems such as circuit training. It explains how the body specifically adapts to different exercise demands and reviews open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Different methods for applying progressive overload are also reviewed including increasing intensity, volume, and frequency.
Strengthening of lower limbs , Physiotherapy.AmulyaBodke
The document summarizes strengthening exercises for lower limb muscles. It begins by defining muscle strength and the need to progressively overload muscles through exercise. It then outlines indications for strengthening including curative, preventive, preparative and recreational reasons. The document describes assessing muscle strength and selecting an appropriate resistance. It provides examples of exercises categorized by muscle groups of the lower limb and activities to target each group. Finally, it discusses techniques for re-educating weak or paralyzed muscles in a graded manner from passive to active resistance training.
This document provides definitions and classifications of different types of movements including passive, active, voluntary, involuntary and reflex movements. Passive movements are produced by an external force and can be relaxed or forced/manipulative. Active movements are performed by muscle contraction and can be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary movements include free, assisted and resisted exercises. Involuntary movements include reflexes and associations. The principles, effects and techniques of each type of movement are described.
RESISTANCE EXERCISE FOR MUSCLE IMPAIRED PERFORMANCEAqsa Mushtaq
The document discusses muscle performance and resistance training. It defines resistance training and notes it involves controlled muscle contractions against an external force. The key elements of muscle performance are strength, power, and endurance. Resistance training can enhance muscle performance in these areas and provide functional benefits like improved balance and physical performance. The principles of overload and specificity are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts related to adaptations to resistance training. It defines muscular strength, power, and endurance. It describes measurements of one-repetition maximum and covers topics like muscle hypertrophy, fiber size increases, effects of inactivity, muscle soreness, and resistance training program design. It emphasizes that resistance training can improve strength by 25-100% within 3-6 months and benefit all populations.
The document provides definitions and classifications of different types of movements. It discusses passive movements such as relaxed and forced passive movements. It also discusses different categories of active movements including free, assisted, and resisted voluntary movements as well as involuntary reflex and associated movements. Techniques, principles, effects and uses are described for each type of movement.
The document discusses resistance exercises and their benefits. It defines key elements of muscle performance - strength, power, and endurance. Strength is the maximum force a muscle can generate. Power is the rate of doing work, related to strength and speed. Endurance is the ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive activities over a prolonged period. Resistance exercises like strength and power training can enhance muscle performance, reduce injury risk, and have other health benefits. They are an important part of rehabilitation and conditioning programs.
This document discusses the five main components of health-related fitness: body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility. It provides definitions and examples for each component, describing how they can be measured and improved through different types of exercises. The document also covers related topics like target heart rate zones, types of muscle contractions, and principles of flexibility and training.
PNF techniques are stretching exercises that use proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation to improve range of motion and motor performance. They focus on developing normal movement sequences by facilitating agonist and antagonist muscle coordination. PNF relies on stimulating proprioceptors to increase neuromuscular demands and facilitate stronger muscle responses. Some common PNF techniques include contract-relax, hold-relax, slow reversal, and rhythmic initiation which provide resistance or approximation to targeted muscles. PNF patterns are applied to specific areas like the upper and lower extremities.
This document discusses muscle strength testing. It defines muscle strength as the maximal force a muscle can exert during contraction. Various methods are described to test muscle strength, including using devices like a cable tensiometer, strain gauge, or dynamometer, as well as manual muscle testing. The most common manual muscle testing scale ranges from 0 to 5, where 0 is no contraction and 5 is normal strength against maximum resistance. Resisted isometric contractions can also be performed to evaluate the degree of pain and strength during maximum effort without movement.
vaginal thrush presentation by Dr. Rewas AliRewAs ALI
in these slides you know what is vaginal thrush, symptoms, and treatments with special population(pregnancy and lactation). you can see the explanation in my youtube channel in this link below:
https://youtu.be/ov5WqVwdHkE?si=iaF5MHC9Vv_6udzR
vaginal thrush is one of the most common gynecological complication that can be treated easily if diagnosed in a correct way.
JMML is a rare cancer of blood that affects young children. There is a sustained abnormal and excessive production of myeloid progenitors and monocytes.
Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.
Exploring Alternatives- Why Laparoscopy Isn't Always Best for Hydrosalpinx.pptxFFragrant
Not all women with hydrosalpinx should choose laparoscopy. Natural medicine Fuyan Pill can also be a nice option for patients, especially when they have fertility needs.
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Tod...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
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Why Does Seminal Vesiculitis Causes Jelly-like Sperm.pptxAmandaChou9
Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.
Westgard's rules and LJ (Levey Jennings) Charts.Reenaz Shaik
Quality Control is a process used to monitor and evaluate the analytical process that produces patients results. Planning, documenting and agreeing on a set of guidelines ensures quality.
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2. Definitions:
• Resisted exercise:
Resisted exercise is any form of active
exercise in which dynamic or static muscle
contraction is resisted by an outside force
applied manually or mechanically.
3. • Strength: Muscle strength is the greatest
measurable force that can be exerted by a
muscle or muscle group to overcome
resistance during a single maximum effort.
• Power: Muscle power is defined as work
produced by the muscle per unit of time.
Power= force X distance/time
• Endurance: It is the ability to perform low
intensity repetitive or sustained activities over
a prolonged period of time.
4. Types of muscle works:
• Isometric muscle work:
In this type of muscle work there is
increase in tone of the muscle without any
change in the muscle length.
e.g. isometric strengthening for neck
extensors: the clasped hand behind the head
is pushed back by the head. No movement of
the head or neck occurs but the tone of neck
extensors increases.
5. • Isotonic muscle work: in this type of muscle work
there is change in length of the muscle while it
maintains an even tone throughout the
contraction period. This is of two types:
• Concentric work: here the origin and insertions
come closer and the muscle length shortens.
e.g. getting up from a chair: knee and hip
extensors contract concentrically to bring about
extension in these two joints.
• Eccentric work: here the origin and the insertion
go away from each other and the muscle length
increases.
e.g. sitting on a chair from standing: knee and hip
extensors contract eccentrically to bring about
flexion in these two joints.
6. • In concentric contraction the force generated
by the muscle is greater than the resistance.
• In isometric contraction force generated by
the muscle is equal to the resistance.
• In eccentric contraction the force generated
by the muscle is lesser than the resistance.
7. Principles of resistance exercise
Principle of overload:
• If muscle performance is to improve , a load
that exceed the metabolic capacity of the
muscle, must be applied; that is a muscle
must be challenged to perform at a level
greater than to which it is accustomed.
• Overload can be applied by increasing the
intensity or volume. In strength training the
intensity is increased where as in endurance
training the volume i.e. frequency, repetitions
and time is increased.
8. SAID (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demand)
principle:
• Adaptations produced by the training are highly
specific to the nature of the stimulus or
overload applied.
• SAID applies to all the systems of the body.
• The adaptations are specific to strength, power,
endurance, functional activity, joint angle,
sequence of muscle activations, energy systems
and virtually all other variable present.
9. Principle of Reversibility:
• The adaptations achieved through resistance
exercise persist as long as the resistance
exercise is performed regularly and go back
gradually to the pre exercise levels once the
training is stopped. This means the effects of
resistance training are reversible.
10. Inter individual variability:
• Every individual responds to resistance
exercise in a different way, thus similar stimuli
may bring about a lot of improvement in one
patient and no improvement in others.
11. Ranges of muscle work
FULL RANGE:
Contraction takes place
throughout the range,
starting from fully stretched
position in case of concentric
contraction and from fully
shortened position in case of
eccentric contraction.
Full range contractions are
normally needed only during
emergencies (e.g. preventing
a fall).
Uses:
Maintain joint mobility
Increase circulation
Preparation for situations when
power & mobility is needed.
12. Ranges of muscle work
INNER RANGE:
The muscle either shortens
concentrically from half way
of its range, or is lengthened
by eccentric contraction
from fully contracted state
to halfway.
Uses:
Gain or maintain joint
movement in the direction
of muscle pull.
Train some extensors that
stabilize joints. E.g. Knee:
VMO strengthening
13. Ranges of muscle work
• OUTER RANGE:
Concentric contraction from
fully stretched position to
halfway range and
eccentric contraction from
halfway range to the fully
contracted position
Uses:
Very useful for initiation of
contraction (stretch reflex
acts better)
Muscles contract more
forcefully (Frank sterling
law)
14. Ranges of muscle work
MIDDLE RANGE:
In this range of muscle work
the muscles neither reach
the fully contracted range
nor are fully stretched, but
moves only in the range
inbetween. This range is
most functional and
generally most efficient
(angle of pull near 90
degree)
USES:
Maintenance of muscle tone
and normal power .
15. Group action of muscles
1. Prime movers/
agonists
2. Antagonists
3. Synergists
4. Fixators
16. Indications
1. Curative:
• Muscle: weakness or paralysis
• Bone: to increase density
• Aerobic system: improves aerobic capacity
• Other connective tissues: improve pliability and strength
2. Preventive:
• to preserve muscle power in all the conditions where muscle
weakness is anticipated.
• To live a healthy life with high levels of fitness.
3. Preparative: to prepare for some specific activity where the
adaptations of resistance exercise will be useful, e.g training for arm
muscles of a boxer will prepare him for a better performance.
4. Recreative: various form of resistance training is used as sports and
recreation activity, like body building.
17. Adaptations of resistance exercise
I. Neural adaptation:
Starts within 4 weeks of regular training.
Caused by decreased CNS inhibition, decreased
GTO sensitivity & changes in NMJ
• Increased number of motor unit recruitment
• Increased rate of firing
• Synchronized firing
18. Adaptations of resistance exercise
II. Skeletal muscle adaptation:
A. HYPERTROPHY
It is increase in the muscle bulk without increase in the
number of muscle fibers, due to increased myofibril
volume.
Starts between 4-8 weeks of resistance training.
Caused by increased protein synthesis and reduced
protein degradation.
Maximum hypertrophy in high volume moderate
resistance exercises performed eccentrically.
19. Adaptations of resistance exercise
B. HYPERPLASIA
It means increase in the no. of muscle fibers.
A small portion of muscle fibers may increase in
number by longitudinal splitting.
C. VASCULAR & METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS
Increased capillary bed density
Increased mitochondrial density
ATP & CP storage increases
Myoglobin storage increases
CPK & Myokinase increases
20. Adaptations of resistance exercise
III. Bone:
Minimizes or prevents loss of bone mineral
density.
Can be used for the treatment of osteoporosis/
osteopenia
IV. Connective tissue
Tensile strength of tendons ligaments and
connective tissue in muscle increases
21. DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
1. Frequency
2. Intensity
3. Time
4. Type
5. Alignment & Stabilization
6. Volume
7. Periodization
8. Rest interval
9. Sequencing
10.Integration to functional activities
The determinants are interdependent for a
successful regime
22. Repetition maximum
RM is a method of quantifying exercise intensity, Given by
Delorme
Definition:
A repetition maximum is defined as the greatest amount of
weight a muscle can move through the available ROM
for a specific no of times.
1 RM for a muscle is the maximum weight (resistance) with
which the muscle can contract through full/ available
ROM for one time. The muscle will be unable to perform
the repetition for a second time .
10 RM for a muscle is the maximum weight (resistance)
with which the muscle can contract through full/
available ROM for 10 times. The muscle will be unable to
perform the 11th repetition.
23. Uses of RM
1. To document a baseline measurement of
dynamic strength of a muscle
2. To identify an exercise load to be used
during exercise
3. To find out prognosis in reassessment and
alter the exercise regime accordingly.
24. How to measure 1RM?
Measured by repetitions to fatigue method
using equations/ charts.
Various equations and charts are available eg.
1 RM=(No of reps/30)+1 X weight used
Example: if one lifts 15 kg for 20 times, 1RM= ?
For reps to fatigue the muscle is warmed up and
stretched and then given a weight (preferably
free weight) which can be performed
comfortably over 5 repetitions. The no. of
repetition the candidate can perform before
fatigue is noted.
25. Training zone
The amount of resistance to be used in a training
program is usually a percentage of 1 RM
For sedentary: 30-40% of 1 RM
For untrained healthy individual: 60-70% of 1 RM
For highly trained: 80-95% of 1 RM
26. Time/duration
The duration of a resistance training regime is
the total no. of weeks or months during which
the exercise program is carried out.
Duration determines the adaptations:
< 4 weeks program-neural adaptation only.
6-12 weeks program- musculoskeletal
adaptation
(hypertrophy, increased vascularization)
27. Alignment and stabilization
Alignment and stabilization is necessary for
isolation of muscle and to prevent
substitution.
Stabilization can be external or internal by
isometric contraction of a fixator, (e.g.
abdominals in case of SLR)
28. Volume
Volume is the summation of the total no. of
repetitions and sets of a particular exercise
during a single exercise session multiplied by the
resistance used.
Higher the intensity lower the no. of repetitions.
Repetitions
Repetitions is the no. of times a particular
movement is repeated in a series of complete
and continuous excursions against a specific load.
Set
A predetermined no. of repetitions grouped
together is known as a set or bout. After each set
there is a brief interval of rest.
29. • Determination of repetitions:
It is based on the principle of repetition maximum.
Most commonly 10 repetitions of 10 RM is used. 10
RM is approximately 75% of 1RM.
Alternatively 15 RM (60% of 1 RM) or 5 RM (90% of
1 RM) is used.
A session may have a single set or multiple sets.
Single set exercises are used with low intensity in
early phases of rehab. For strength gaining
multiple sets are recommended.
For strength gain: low repetitions high resistance
For endurance gain: high repetitions low resistance
30. Types of resistance
• Manual and mechanical
• Static and dynamic
• Concentric and eccentric
• Open and closed chain
• Constant and variable load
• Isokinetic exercise.
31. PRE
Progressive resistance exercise is a dynamic
resistance training in which a constant external
load is applied to the contracting muscle by some
mechanical means and incrementally increased.
The RM is used as the basis of progression in the
resistance.
Multiple sets are used in a session, which may
consist of 2-3 sets of 6-12 repititions of 6-12 RM
Common variants are DeLorme, Oxford and
McQueen method.
32. Delorme: 4 sessions weekly, progress 10 RM once weekly
oxford: 5 times weekly
33. • McQueen Regime:
10reps@ 100% of 10RM
10reps@ 100% of 10RM
10reps@ 100% of 10RM
10reps@ 100% of 10RM
3 sessions weekly. Progress 10 RM every 1-2
week
35. BRIME
• Gerber & Hicks described a program of brief
isometric exercise of one to six isometric
contractions, held for 3 to 6 secs, with 20 sec
rests between contractions.
• Purpose is to maintain or slightly increase the
strength of quadriceps during acute knee joint
inflammation when the joint is otherwise held
at rest and to avoid increasing blood pressure
when this is a consideration.
• Usually done for arthritis.
37. Contraindication
1. pain:
Pain in free active movement
Acute pain in resisted isometrics
Pain that can not be eliminated by reducing the
resistance
2. inflammation:
Acute inflammation in muscle or inflammatory
neuro muscular pathology
Dynamic exercise is contraindicated in inflammation
of the joint
3. Severe cardiopulmonary disease.
4. Loss of joint integrity