Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale, OM, RRC, DStJ (/ˈnaɪtɪnɡeɪl/; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organized to care for wounded soldiers.

This document provides an overview of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. It introduces Orem as the theorist and discusses the main concepts of her theory, including self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites, and nursing systems. The theory posits that nursing is needed when there is a deficit between what an individual can do for self-care and what needs to be done. The document then provides an example application of Orem's theory to a case study of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, identifying her self-care deficits, nursing diagnosis, goals, and care plan.

Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like cleanliness, ventilation, warmth, noise levels, and odor control, greatly impacts a patient's health and recovery. Nurses should aim to control and manipulate the environment to help patients regain their health and vitality. Nightingale identified several key aspects of the physical, psychological, and social environment that nurses should consider to optimize patient outcomes. Her theory shaped the development of nursing as a professional practice.

The document discusses Florence Nightingale and the history of nursing in India. It first provides background on Florence Nightingale, noting that she was an English social reformer and founder of modern nursing, coming to prominence for her work organizing nursing care for soldiers during the Crimean War. It then outlines the developments in nursing education in India, including general nursing programs, auxiliary nurse midwifery, and the establishment of BSc and MSc nursing programs. Finally, it defines what constitutes a nurse and notes that professional nursing is devoted to promoting human and social welfare.

Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness, can impact a patient's health and recovery. She believed the nurse's role is to control and alter the environment to support the patient's natural healing abilities. Nightingale identified three types of environment - physical, psychological, and social - that can affect health. Her theory remains influential in nursing today by highlighting the importance of the patient's overall environment.

Florence Nightingale developed the Environmental Theory, which focused on incorporating restoration of a patient's usual health status through manipulation of their environment. She believed the environment influenced health and identified five essential environmental components: pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light. Nightingale was influenced by her education, literature works, intellectuals, and religious beliefs. Her theory emphasized proper ventilation, sanitation, light, warmth, noise control and diet. The theory remains important for disease control, architecture, waste disposal, temperature control and education. It provides general nursing guidelines but lacks empirical precision.

Nursing has evolved significantly over history. In ancient times, nursing was informal with caregivers learning through oral tradition. During medieval times in Europe, nursing was primarily done by nuns in monasteries. Modern nursing began in the 19th century led by Florence Nightingale and Elizabeth Fry who established nursing schools. By the late 19th century, nursing schools were being set up in hospitals in Europe and the United States to formally educate nurses. Nursing continued professionalizing in the 20th century with graduate programs being established.

Nursing has evolved from an occupation to a profession through developing specialized knowledge and skills. It involves both the science of caring for individuals and an art of applying knowledge compassionately. As a profession, nursing meets criteria such as requiring advanced education and training, demonstrating high-level responsibilities, and being guided by a code of ethics. Nurses work in a broad scope of settings and play an important role in promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for those who are sick, disabled, or dying.

Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 into a wealthy family in Italy and received an excellent education. She wanted to become a nurse despite the poor conditions in hospitals at the time. After visiting a nursing school in Germany, Nightingale established her own school of nursing in London in 1860. During the Crimean War, Nightingale and a team of 38 nurses greatly reduced mortality rates among soldiers through implementing basic sanitation practices. Known as the founder of modern nursing, Nightingale worked to professionalize nursing and establish it as a respected occupation through establishing standards for nursing education and practice.

Nursing is defined as assisting individuals in activities contributing to health or its recovery. The document outlines the basic principles of nursing including safety, therapeutic effectiveness, and comfort. It discusses the objectives of nursing education which are to provide expert bedside care, integrate theory and practice, and develop skills and personality. The concepts of nursing include promoting health, preventing disease, assisting healing, and easing suffering. The qualities of a nurse include being caring, adaptable, hardworking, and having good communication skills and judgment. The document also discusses the functions and philosophy of nursing as both an art and a science.

Nursing is a healthcare profession focused on caring for individuals, families, and communities throughout life from birth to death. Florence Nightingale established the first nursing school in the world in 1860 and laid the foundation for professional nursing. There are various nursing degree programs from general nursing to PhDs. Nursing offers a rewarding career with opportunities to directly help people's health, learn constantly, and work in diverse settings and specialties. Nurses can work in hospitals, clinics, homes, and many other environments and have flexibility to change settings or advance their career.

The document provides a history of health care and nursing from ancient civilizations to the present. It discusses how nursing evolved from the first mothers caring for the sick to a more organized profession. Key events and figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale establishing modern nursing in the 19th century, the influence of religious orders on medieval nursing care, and Clara Barton founding the American Red Cross in the late 19th century. The definitions of nursing, patient, and nurse are also presented.