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1
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
WHAT IS DNS?
 Internet Directory Service.
 A client-server application that maps host
names into their corresponding IP addresses.
 Mapping host names into their corresponding
IP addresses is called name resolution or
name translation or name mapping or
Address Resolution.
2
WHY WE NEED DNS?
 As the system grew, HOSTS.TXT had problems
with:
 Scalability (traffic and load)
 Reliability
 Dynamicity
 Name collisions
 Consistency
3
WHY WE NEED TO USE NAME
INSTEAD OF IP NUMBERS?
 IP addresses are difficult to remember
 IP addresses can change
•Problem:
Network only understands numeric addresses
•Solution:
Use alpha numeric names to refer to hosts
Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called
DNS) to map between alpha numeric host
names and IP addresses.
4

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Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps domain names to IP addresses. DNS maintains the domain namespace and provides translation between domain names and IP addresses using DNS name servers and a communication protocol. DNS refers to the data query service, system of mapping names to IP addresses hierarchically, and DNS servers that translate host names to IP addresses. Before DNS was invented, host name to IP address mappings were stored in a file. DNS was developed in the 1980s and the dominant DNS software, BIND, was introduced. Security vulnerabilities include cache poisoning, client flooding, and dynamic update vulnerabilities. Efforts are made to improve DNS security.

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The DNS name resolution process involves a DNS server checking its local cache, hosts file, and forwarding the request to higher-level DNS servers if the address is not found. As a last resort, the root hints file is used to forward the request to a root DNS server, which will then direct the request to a top-level domain server that can provide the IP address. DNS translates hostnames to IP addresses through a hierarchical system of root, top-level, and authoritative DNS servers.

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Overview of the Domain Name System (DNS). In the early days of the Internet, hosts had a fixed IP address. Reaching a host required to know its numeric IP address. With the growing number of hosts this scheme became quickly awkward and difficult to use. DNS was introduced to give hosts human readable names that would be translated into a numeric IP addresses on the fly when a requesting host tried to reach another host. To facilitate a distributed administration of the domain names, a hierarchic scheme was introduced where responsibility to manage domain names is delegated to organizations which can further delegate management of sub-domains. Due to its importance in the operation of the Internet, domain name servers are usually operated redundantly. The databases of both servers are periodically synchronized.

dns recorditerative and recursive queryroot server
THE DNS NAME SPACE
 The Internet is divided into more than 200 top-level
domains
 Domain: It is sub tree of the domain name space
and consists of group of hosts that are under the
administrative control of a single entity such as a
company or a government agency
 Each domain is sub divided into sub domains
 The leaves represent domains that have no sub
domains
 A leaf domain may contain a single host, or
represent a company with thousands of hosts
5
THE DNS NAME SPACE
 Top level domains
 A portion of the Internet domain name space 6
DOMAIN
 Domain is a sub tree of domain name space
 Root node is empty
 Domain is divided into sub-domains
 Domain name is the domain name of the node at
the top of the sub tree
7
Sub
Sub
Sub
HIERARCHY OF NAME SERVERS
 DNS is a distributed data base system
 Uses a large number of computers called name servers
 Organized in a hierarchical way and distributed all over
the world
 No single host has all the exact mappings for all the
hosts in the Internet
8

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The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and its components. It explains what DNS is, how it works to translate domain names to IP addresses, the different record types used in DNS like A, NS, MX records. It describes DNS name servers, resolvers, zones and namespaces. It provides examples of DNS configuration files for both master and slave name servers as well as sample zone files mapping names to IP addresses.

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The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS). It describes DNS as a hierarchical and distributed database that maps hostnames to IP addresses. DNS uses a tree structure with nodes containing domain names that are read from the node up to the root. The document outlines the key components of DNS including fully and partially qualified domain names, zones, primary and secondary name servers, and the different top-level domains like generic, country, and inverse domains used for name to address and address to name lookups.

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The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS), which translates domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. It describes the hierarchical structure of DNS with zones, resource records, and name servers. Primary and secondary name servers maintain authoritative data for zones, while caching name servers store previously looked up data to improve performance. The domain name resolution process involves queries to authoritative and caching name servers to map names to addresses.

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HOW DNS WORKS
 A network host is configured with an initial cache (so
called hints) of the known addresses of the root name
servers. Such a hint file is updated periodically by an
administrator from are liable source.
 DNS zone is loaded on authoritative servers keep in sync
using information in SOA RR via AXFR, IXFR or other
means.
 DNS caches only store data for a short time.
 DNS Recursive Resolvers start at “longest match” on
query name they have when looking for data, and follow
delegations until an answer or a negative answer is
received. 9
HOW DNS WORKS
10
ADVANCED DNS PROTECTION
 DNS is one of the fastest growing attack vectors.
DNS is now tied with http as the top targeted
service of application layer attacks and is the
number one protocol used in reflection/
amplification attacks. DNS-based attacks can bring
down the network or redirect users away from your
website.
11
INFOBLOX ADVANCED DNS PROTECTION
12

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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. A domain name represents an Internet Protocol (IP) resource ultimately identifiable by a numeric IP address. DNS servers store records that map domain names to IP addresses and vice versa. The DNS hierarchy consists of root name servers at the top, authoritative name servers for top-level domains and their subdomains below them. When a user enters a domain name, the DNS server first checks its cache and if it doesn't find a match, it queries authoritative name servers to resolve the IP address associated with the domain name.

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The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. DNS uses a client-server model where clients (resolvers) query name servers to lookup addresses. It describes the hierarchical namespace structure and how names are organized into domains with labels separated by dots. Resource records containing domain, type, class and data are stored in distributed databases to map names and addresses. Caching improves performance by storing recent lookups.

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<ftp> nl <vu,cs,ftp> #<vu> <cs,ftp> #<cs> <ftp> #<ftp> Requester: <nl, vu, cs, ftp>

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Domain name system (dns)

  • 2. WHAT IS DNS?  Internet Directory Service.  A client-server application that maps host names into their corresponding IP addresses.  Mapping host names into their corresponding IP addresses is called name resolution or name translation or name mapping or Address Resolution. 2
  • 3. WHY WE NEED DNS?  As the system grew, HOSTS.TXT had problems with:  Scalability (traffic and load)  Reliability  Dynamicity  Name collisions  Consistency 3
  • 4. WHY WE NEED TO USE NAME INSTEAD OF IP NUMBERS?  IP addresses are difficult to remember  IP addresses can change •Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses •Solution: Use alpha numeric names to refer to hosts Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alpha numeric host names and IP addresses. 4
  • 5. THE DNS NAME SPACE  The Internet is divided into more than 200 top-level domains  Domain: It is sub tree of the domain name space and consists of group of hosts that are under the administrative control of a single entity such as a company or a government agency  Each domain is sub divided into sub domains  The leaves represent domains that have no sub domains  A leaf domain may contain a single host, or represent a company with thousands of hosts 5
  • 6. THE DNS NAME SPACE  Top level domains  A portion of the Internet domain name space 6
  • 7. DOMAIN  Domain is a sub tree of domain name space  Root node is empty  Domain is divided into sub-domains  Domain name is the domain name of the node at the top of the sub tree 7 Sub Sub Sub
  • 8. HIERARCHY OF NAME SERVERS  DNS is a distributed data base system  Uses a large number of computers called name servers  Organized in a hierarchical way and distributed all over the world  No single host has all the exact mappings for all the hosts in the Internet 8
  • 9. HOW DNS WORKS  A network host is configured with an initial cache (so called hints) of the known addresses of the root name servers. Such a hint file is updated periodically by an administrator from are liable source.  DNS zone is loaded on authoritative servers keep in sync using information in SOA RR via AXFR, IXFR or other means.  DNS caches only store data for a short time.  DNS Recursive Resolvers start at “longest match” on query name they have when looking for data, and follow delegations until an answer or a negative answer is received. 9
  • 11. ADVANCED DNS PROTECTION  DNS is one of the fastest growing attack vectors. DNS is now tied with http as the top targeted service of application layer attacks and is the number one protocol used in reflection/ amplification attacks. DNS-based attacks can bring down the network or redirect users away from your website. 11
  • 12. INFOBLOX ADVANCED DNS PROTECTION 12
  • 13. 13