Diadynamic currents, High Voltage Galvanic Stimulation, Micro current, Träbert Current

Interrupted direct current (IDC) involves delivering unidirectional current pulses separated by intervals of no current. The pulses can have different durations, frequencies, rise/fall times, and waveforms (rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, sawtooth). IDC is used therapeutically for sensory stimulation, pain relief, accelerating healing, and muscle stimulation. It works on nerves and muscles depending on pulse duration and intensity. Techniques like labile and group stimulation are used to target all muscle fibers. IDC has physiological effects like hyperaemia and contraindications like metal implants or risk of injury.

Ultraviolet radiation covers a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays. It is divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC based on wavelength. UV is produced by mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps and can cause both immediate and long term effects on skin like erythema, pigmentation, vitamin D production, and skin cancer. The dosage of UV exposure depends on the lamp output, distance from the skin, exposure time, and individual skin sensitivity. UV therapy is used to treat conditions like psoriasis, acne, and eczema.

This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.

Low frequency stimulation, Faradic Foot Bath, Faradism Under Pressure, Faradism Under Tension, Stimulation to Pelvic Floor Muscles, Physiotherapy

Galvanic current is a low frequency, interrupted direct current with pulse durations over 1ms up to 300ms and frequencies under 50Hz. It was discovered in the 1780s by Luigi Galvani and can cause contraction of denervated muscles through sluggish contractions, stimulation of sensory nerves resulting in pain sensations, and stimulation of motor nerves at high intensities. Therapeutically, galvanic current is used to retard muscle atrophy and substitute for normal muscle contraction in denervated muscles by slowing structural and functional changes like loss of activity and fibrosis through electrical stimulation. It can also be used facially to reduce dullness, fine lines, wrinkles, and improve elasticity and oxygen supply.

This power point presentation will be useful for physiotherapy student to understand TENS Briefly which is important for electrotherapy subject

This document provides an overview of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). It discusses how NMES works by sending electrical impulses to nerves that cause muscle contraction. NMES can increase strength, range of motion, and offset disuse effects. The document outlines different electrical waveforms, stimulus parameters, and applications of NMES for conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, and more. Precautions and contraindications are also reviewed.

High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) is a form of electrical stimulation using very brief high voltage pulses to stimulate nerve and muscle fibers. HVPGS uses pairs of pulses lasting 0.1 milliseconds with peak currents of 2-2.5 amps applied at a frequency of 2-100 Hz. The brief pulses allow the current to pass easily through tissue. HVPGS is used to strengthen muscles, reduce pain, and aid wound healing by increasing blood flow and reducing edema. The document provides details on the parameters and generator of HVPGS and discusses its various applications.

Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that were developed in the 1960s. They involve half or full wave rectified alternating currents with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds. There are different types of diadynamic currents based on whether they use half wave or full wave rectification and the patterns of current application. They can help relieve pain through various mechanisms and are used to treat conditions like soft tissue injuries, neuralgias, and circulatory disorders. Proper dosing and electrode placement are important to obtain benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.

IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross. It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema. Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized. Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two. Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time. WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.

Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.

Definition, surging, physiological & therapeutic effects,indications & contraindications, techniques of application

this ppt is about the physiotherapy management for pain interferential therapy used to treat knee pain, low back ache , oedema, muscle spasm

Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease joint stiffness. The temperature changes from hot to cold and back again produce a "pumping effect" that helps remove swelling through improved venous and lymphatic drainage. A full contrast bath treatment consists of soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeated three times, ending with warm water. Contrast baths can help relieve pain, stiffness and swelling through induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

This document discusses relaxation techniques. It defines relaxation as a state where muscle tension and mental stress are reduced through conscious effort. Relaxation can be general, involving the whole body, or local, targeting specific muscle groups. Several factors like muscle tone, posture, movement, and mental state can affect relaxation. Techniques to achieve general relaxation include assuming supported, comfortable positions and creating a restful atmosphere. Specific techniques discussed are autogenic training, progressive muscle relaxation, and the contrast method, which involve sequentially contracting and relaxing different muscle groups.

Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease stiffness and pain. The physiological mechanism is that it induces vasodilation and vasoconstriction through changes in water temperature, pumping edema from the injured area. The procedure involves soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeating warm water for 4 minutes and cold water for 1 minute, ending in warm water for 4 minutes for a total time of 25 minutes. Contrast baths can treat injuries like sprains, strains and bruises by removing edema through changes in blood flow. Certain precautions should be taken for conditions like open wounds, pregnancy and impaired sensation.

The Rebox device applies specific electric currents transcutaneously to treat pain, immobility, and musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. It works by restoring microcirculation, reducing inflammation, and improving blood and lymph flow. Treatment sessions last 5-10 minutes using different modes and electrode tips. Rebox is used for conditions like back pain, ankle sprains, and knee ligament injuries. Contraindications include open wounds, pregnancy, and use near pacemakers.

Some of the advanced low-frequency currents like Diadynamic currents, Träbert Current, High Voltage Galvanic Stimulation, Microcurrent are discussed here.

1. TENS would be used to manage the pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. Specifically, conventional/high TENS with a high frequency of 40-150 Hz, low intensity current of 10-30 mA, and short pulse duration of up to 50 microseconds would be applied for 30-60 minutes. 2. Conventional TENS works by pre-synaptic inhibition to suppress pain signals to the brain and encourage the body's natural painkillers. It can help control arthritis pain without additional drugs. 3. TENS is a safe and effective first-line treatment for many pain conditions, including osteoarthritis of the knee.

This document provides an overview of low frequency currents used in electrotherapy. It discusses the history of electrotherapy including contributions from Galvani, Faraday, and others. It describes the main types of currents - direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Specific low frequency currents are explained such as faradic current, interrupted direct current, and TENS. The physiological effects and therapeutic indications of low frequency currents are outlined. Contraindications and precautions for electrotherapy are also reviewed.

Faradic current is a short duration, interrupted electrical current used for muscle stimulation. It produces asymmetrical, biphasic waveforms. Faradic currents are surged to produce near-normal tetanic muscle contractions and relaxations. They are produced via a circuit consisting of two parallel triode valves. Faradic currents stimulate motor nerves to cause muscle contraction if the intensity is high enough. They are used diagnostically and therapeutically for conditions like muscle weakness and nerve damage. Proper application and parameters are important to achieve benefits while avoiding dangers like burns.

This document provides information about faradic current, including its nature, therapeutic and physiological effects, techniques of application, indications, contraindications, and clinical applications. It describes faradic current as an asymmetrical alternating current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 30-100 Hz. The document discusses the effects of faradic current such as stimulation of sensory and motor nerves and reduction of swelling and pain. It outlines various methods and techniques of faradic current application for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, as well as precautions and potential dangers of its use.

1. Neuromuscular monitoring involves assessing skeletal muscle contraction in response to nerve stimulation to determine the level of neuromuscular blockade from non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. 2. It is used to guide safe intubation, determine the appropriate level of blockade for surgery, and assess readiness for reversal and extubation. 3. Different muscle groups have varying sensitivities to muscle relaxants, so the diaphragm and laryngeal muscles which must be assessed are more resistant than peripheral muscles like the thumb. Various stimulation and assessment modes like single twitch, train-of-four, and post-tetanic count are used depending on the level of blockade.

a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.

This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.

This document provides an overview of electrical stimulation including: - Definitions of terms like knobology, different current types (AC, DC, pulsed), and reasons for using electrical stimulation like pain reduction and muscle re-education. - Guidelines for treating pain, muscle re-education, edema prevention and reduction with electrical stimulation. - Details on setup terms like amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle. - Contraindications and common mistakes to avoid. - References for further information.

Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) uses electrical currents to cause muscle contractions and strengthen weak muscles. Different types of currents such as faradic and galvanic are used depending on if the muscle is innervated or denervated. A strength duration curve shows the relationship between stimulus magnitude and duration, and can indicate the state of a nerve lesion by its shape. Parameters like frequency, pulse duration, and amplitude must be set properly for safe and effective EMS treatment.