This document discusses defect management. It defines a defect as an error or bug in software. Defects can arise during various stages of development due to issues like miscommunication, unrealistic schedules, lack of experience, or poor testing. Defects are classified by severity, work product, type of error, and status. The defect life cycle and management process are also described, including techniques for preventing, discovering, resolving, and closing defects through activities like reviews, logging, analysis, and process improvements.
The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. Principle 1 defines testing as exercising software with test cases to find defects and evaluate quality. Principle 2 states that good test cases have a high probability of finding undetected defects. Principle 3 stresses the importance of meticulously inspecting test results. The remaining principles address developing test cases for valid and invalid inputs, the relationship between detected defects and potential for additional defects, independence of testing from development, repeatability/reusability of tests, planning testing, integrating testing in the software lifecycle, and the creative and challenging nature of testing.
This document discusses test management. It covers organizational structures for testing like having developers test their own code or having a dedicated testing team. It also discusses estimating testing time, monitoring testing progress through metrics like incident reports, and using configuration management to control testing activities and products. The key aspects of test management covered are organizational structures, estimation, monitoring, control, and configuration management.
The document discusses strategies for designing effective test cases, including black box and white box testing approaches. It focuses on the black box strategy of equivalence class partitioning to guide test case selection. Equivalence class partitioning involves dividing the software's input domain into partitions (equivalence classes) based on interesting input conditions from the specification. Test cases are then developed to cover all the classes. This technique guides testers to select a representative subset of inputs that has a high probability of detecting defects, while covering a large domain with fewer test cases.
Fundamentals of software testing, testing levels and types, testing throughout the software life-cycle, bug report and bug severity.
Automated tests via selenium web-driver with a demo.
This document provides an overview of materials for a software testing course based on the ISTQB Foundation Syllabus 2007. It includes slides covering the main topics in the syllabus such as fundamentals of testing, testing throughout the software lifecycle, static techniques, test design techniques, and test management. The slides are intended to help students understand best practices in software testing and prepare for the ISTQB Foundation exam. Mock exams and exercises are included to help assess students' knowledge as they progress through the course materials.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
The document discusses software inspections and defect management. It defines key terms like defects, defect classification, and causes of defects. It explains that rework makes up 44% of project costs and discusses how inspections can help reduce defects and rework. Formal inspections involve individual preparation, overview meetings, review planning, inspection meetings, and follow up action to identify and address defects early. Benefits of inspections include increased productivity, reduced defects, and preparation for subsequent phases.
Software Testing - Test management - Mazenet Solution
Topics: Organisation,configuraiton management,test estimation,monitoring and control,incident management,standards for testing.
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This document provides an overview of fundamentals of software testing. It discusses why testing is necessary, defines key terms like errors, defects and failures. It describes the context in which software is used and how defects can impact systems. The seven principles of testing and fundamental test process involving planning, analysis, implementation and reporting are explained. Psychological aspects of testing and principles of ethical code are also covered at a high level.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. It introduces different levels of testing in the software development lifecycle like component testing, integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing.
2. It discusses the importance of early test design and planning and its benefits like reducing costs and improving quality.
3. It provides examples of how not planning tests properly can increase costs due to bugs found late in the process, and outlines the typical costs involved in fixing bugs at different stages.
The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. It explains that a fault in code does not always produce a failure, as a failure only occurs when the software is unable to perform its required functions, while a fault is simply an error or defect in the code. It also discusses the roles of testers and how testing should be integrated into the software development lifecycle.
The document discusses software testing terminology, principles, and phases. It defines errors, faults, failures, and their relationships. It also covers software quality metrics and attributes like correctness, reliability, and maintainability. Twelve principles of software testing are outlined around test planning, invalid/unexpected inputs, regression testing, and integrating testing into the development lifecycle. The phases of a software project are described as requirements gathering, planning, design, development, and testing.
The document discusses 11 principles of software testing. Principle 1 defines testing as exercising software with test cases to find defects and evaluate quality. Principle 2 states that good test cases have a high probability of finding undetected defects. Principle 3 stresses the importance of meticulously inspecting test results. The remaining principles address developing test cases for valid and invalid inputs, the relationship between detected defects and potential for additional defects, independence of testing from development, repeatability/reusability of tests, planning testing, integrating testing in the software lifecycle, and the creative and challenging nature of testing.
This document discusses test management. It covers organizational structures for testing like having developers test their own code or having a dedicated testing team. It also discusses estimating testing time, monitoring testing progress through metrics like incident reports, and using configuration management to control testing activities and products. The key aspects of test management covered are organizational structures, estimation, monitoring, control, and configuration management.
The document discusses strategies for designing effective test cases, including black box and white box testing approaches. It focuses on the black box strategy of equivalence class partitioning to guide test case selection. Equivalence class partitioning involves dividing the software's input domain into partitions (equivalence classes) based on interesting input conditions from the specification. Test cases are then developed to cover all the classes. This technique guides testers to select a representative subset of inputs that has a high probability of detecting defects, while covering a large domain with fewer test cases.
Fundamentals of software testing, testing levels and types, testing throughout the software life-cycle, bug report and bug severity.
Automated tests via selenium web-driver with a demo.
This document provides an overview of materials for a software testing course based on the ISTQB Foundation Syllabus 2007. It includes slides covering the main topics in the syllabus such as fundamentals of testing, testing throughout the software lifecycle, static techniques, test design techniques, and test management. The slides are intended to help students understand best practices in software testing and prepare for the ISTQB Foundation exam. Mock exams and exercises are included to help assess students' knowledge as they progress through the course materials.
Software testing is an important phase of the software development process that evaluates the functionality and quality of a software application. It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors. Some key points:
- Software testing is needed to identify defects, ensure customer satisfaction, and deliver high quality products with lower maintenance costs.
- It is important for different stakeholders like developers, testers, managers, and end users to work together throughout the testing process.
- There are various types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and different methodologies like manual and automated testing. Proper documentation is also important.
- Testing helps improve the overall quality of software but can never prove that there
The document discusses software inspections and defect management. It defines key terms like defects, defect classification, and causes of defects. It explains that rework makes up 44% of project costs and discusses how inspections can help reduce defects and rework. Formal inspections involve individual preparation, overview meetings, review planning, inspection meetings, and follow up action to identify and address defects early. Benefits of inspections include increased productivity, reduced defects, and preparation for subsequent phases.
Software Testing - Test management - Mazenet SolutionMazenetsolution
Topics: Organisation,configuraiton management,test estimation,monitoring and control,incident management,standards for testing.
To know more about
Offer- http://mazenet-chennai.in/mazenet-offers.html
Syllabus- http://www.mazenet-chennai.in/software-testing-training-in-chennai.html
Slide share: http://www.slideshare.net/mazenet_solution/presentations
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Mail us : marketing@mazenetsolution.com
Contact: 9629728714
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of software testing. It discusses why testing is necessary, defines key terms like errors, defects and failures. It describes the context in which software is used and how defects can impact systems. The seven principles of testing and fundamental test process involving planning, analysis, implementation and reporting are explained. Psychological aspects of testing and principles of ethical code are also covered at a high level.
This document provides an overview of software testing fundamentals. It defines testing as executing software to find bugs and discusses why testing is necessary to ensure quality. It also covers causes of defects, different levels of testing from unit to acceptance, testing principles, and sample entry and exit criteria for different test stages. The goal of testing is to validate software meets requirements and works as expected while improving quality through the identification and fixing of defects.
Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. I hope this ppt will help u to learn about software testing.
The document discusses various types and stages of software testing in the software development lifecycle, including:
1. Component testing, the lowest level of testing done in isolation on individual software modules.
2. Integration testing in small increments to test communication between components and non-functional aspects.
3. System testing to test functional and non-functional requirements at the full system level, often done by an independent test group.
4. The document provides details on planning, techniques, and considerations for each type of testing in the software development and integration process.
- Software testing is usually carried out at different levels including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.
- Unit testing focuses on testing individual software components in isolation. Integration testing checks for defects in component interactions. System testing evaluates attributes of the entire system like usability, reliability, and performance. Acceptance testing shows that software meets client requirements.
- Testing object-oriented software requires strategies to test components and their interactions, as well as issues like inheritance. Testing procedural code focuses on generating input data to pass to functions.
A software tester is involved in all stages of the software development lifecycle (SDLC). In the requirements phase, they do requirement analysis. In design, they create use cases and draft test plans. In development, they develop test cases and scripts. In testing, they conduct various tests, log results, and write reports. In deployment, they assist with training documentation. In support, they test production issues.
Test engineers are responsible for designing test steps and cases, writing scenarios for stakeholders, reviewing cases, participating in test planning, performing functional and non-functional testing, and logging defects.
Key skills for testers include a software engineering background, testing tool knowledge, test planning and development abilities, strong analysis,
An introduction to Software Testing and Test ManagementAnuraj S.L
The document provides an introduction to software testing and test management. It discusses key concepts like quality, software testing definitions, why testing is important, who does testing, what needs to be tested, when testing is done, and testing standards. It also covers testing methodologies like black box and white box testing and different levels of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. The document is intended to give a basic overview of software testing and related topics.
Introduction and Role of a manual testing in a SDLC minimini22
Quality assurance involves systematically testing products and services to ensure they meet requirements. Software testing identifies bugs and ensures correctness, completeness, and quality. Common causes of bugs include unclear requirements, miscommunication, complexity, and unrealistic deadlines. Testing follows a defined process including requirement analysis, planning, design, coding, testing cycles, and implementation. Test cases are developed to validate requirements and check for expected results.
IRJET- Technique of Finding the Defect in Software TestingIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for finding defects in software testing. It begins by defining software testing and explaining the goal is to find bugs or errors. Then it discusses the full bug lifecycle from when a bug is first found and reported until it is fixed. It provides different classifications of defects such as invalid, duplicate, not reproducible, can't fix, etc. It also provides templates for test plans, test cases, and bug reports. Finally, it discusses the black box testing technique of equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, and decision tables which are used to design test cases to efficiently discover software defects.
ISTQB Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Testingssuser2d9936
Software testing is a process of validating and verifying software to ensure it meets requirements and works as expected. It takes place throughout the software development lifecycle. Testing helps prevent defects from being introduced into code and catch any issues. Software testing is necessary because even with careful development, mistakes can be made, so independent testing helps identify flaws. The objectives of testing include finding defects, gaining confidence in quality, preventing defects, and ensuring requirements are met.
Effective defect tracking begins with logging all defects systematically throughout the software development lifecycle. This includes attributes of each defect, types of defects, priority and severity levels, and statuses. Analyzing defects by parameters like status, priority, severity and source helps evaluate software quality. Defect reports show trends over time or as a function of parameters. Effective defect tracking reduces costs and enhances quality by identifying issues early.
JIMS Vasant KunjII is the Top institute for BCA. JIMS is one of the Best BCA Colleges in Delhi which offers best placements in Top IT Companies in Delhi NCR. It is amongst the top A+ Category highest ranked colleges in Delhi, provides 3 years Regular Degree from UGC Approved University.
This unit of Software Testing is a part of BCA 5th sem syllabi.
This paper describes the different techniques of testing the software. This paper explicitly addresses the idea for testability and the important thing is that the testing itself-not just by saying that testability is a desirable goal, but by showing how to do it. Software testing is the process we used to measure the quality of developed software. Software Testing is not just about error-finding and their solution but also about checking the client requirements and testing that those requirements are met by the software solution. It is the most important functional phase in the Software Development Life Cycle(SDLC) as it exhibits all mistakes, flaws and errors in the developed software. Without finding these errors, technically termed as ‘bugs,’ software development is not considered to be complete. Hence, software testing becomes an important parameter for assuring quality of the software product. We discuss here about when to start and when to stop the testing of software. How errors or Bugs are formed and rectified. How software testing is done i.e. with the help of Team Work.
UAT involves developing a test strategy, scenarios, and scripts. The test strategy outlines the testing approach, including people, tools, procedures, and support. Test scenarios describe situations to test. Test scripts define actual inputs and expected results. An effective test strategy is specific, practical, and justified, clarifying major tasks and challenges. It identifies the type and timing of testing, critical success factors, and tradeoffs.
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The document discusses software testing concepts like validation testing vs defect testing, system and component testing strategies, and test automation tools. It defines key terms like bugs, defects, errors, faults, and failures. It also describes techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis that are used to generate test cases that thoroughly test software. Component testing tests individual program parts while system testing tests integrated groups of components. Test cases specify conditions to determine if software works as intended.
This document discusses fundamentals of software testing including definitions of errors, failures, and faults. It explains that a fault is the cause of a failure, and failures occur when faults are triggered. Defects arise from mistakes made during requirements, design, coding, or other development phases. Finding and fixing defects is more expensive the later in the process they are discovered. The document also covers quality components, testing principles, and the fundamental test process which includes planning, analysis, implementation, evaluation, and closure activities.
BugRaptors provide Software testing is entirely about finding defects in applications, right? Apparently, this can be considered as the principal goal of all the QA practices. However, all the defects diverge from each other. It cannot be stated if some are more important than others, yet it’s possible to locate and fix them all.
The document provides information about manual testing interview questions and answers. It discusses key topics like the differences between QA, QC and software testing, when to start QA in a project, definitions of verification and validation and their differences, differences between smoke testing and sanity testing, definition of testware, differences between retesting and regression testing, explanation of bug lifecycle, how severity and priority of bugs are related, definition of regression testing, what bug triage is, types of tests performed on web applications, how to choose which defects to remove, explanation of the testing lifecycle, what constitutes good code, the role of a bug tracking system, what data driven testing is, an explanation of CMM levels, the purpose of testing,
This document discusses software testing principles and concepts. It defines key terms like validation, verification, defects, failures, and metrics. It outlines 11 testing principles like testing being a creative task and test results needing meticulous inspection. The roles of testers are discussed in collaborating with other teams. Defect classes are defined at different stages and types of defects are provided. Quality factors, process maturity models, and defect prevention strategies are also summarized.
Software Quality Assurance training by QuontraSolutionsQUONTRASOLUTIONS
Quontra Solutions provides QA training by Real time Industry experts. QA is having good demand in the market. Our QA online training Instructors are very much experienced and highly qualified and dedicated.
Our QA online training program is job oriented. After completion of QA training with us you should be able to work on any kind of project. After completion of QA online training our dedicated team will be supporting you.
Software Testing Interview Questions For Experiencedzynofustechnology
The document discusses various topics related to software testing interviews for experienced testers. It covers reliability testing, handling bugs, challenges of thorough testing, testing without complete requirements, differences between retesting and regression testing, challenges of software testing, types of functional testing, and more. Key points made include that it is impossible to thoroughly test a program due to subjective requirements and too many inputs/paths, the importance of regression testing when modules are updated, and differences between bugs, defects, and errors.
Software development involves planning, implementing, testing, and maintaining software. The main stages are gathering requirements, designing and coding the software, testing it, and deploying it to users. Once deployed, software often requires maintenance to fix bugs and add new features. Effective development requires clearly defining requirements, managing scope, and providing user training and support during and after deployment.
This document discusses software testing types and terms. It defines key testing concepts like test cases, test plans, test suites, and test beds. It also describes different testing types like unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. Common testing tasks for testers are also outlined such as reviewing requirements, developing test cases, verifying fixes, and providing test results reports.
The document discusses various topics related to software testing including:
1. The goals of testing are to prevent bugs through early testing and reduce perceived risk of software not working through testing.
2. There are different phases of testing including unit, integration, and system testing with different objectives at each level.
3. Effective testing requires models of the software, environment, potential bugs, and tests themselves which are refined based on unexpected results.
4. Oracles or specifications of expected test outcomes are needed to conduct rigorous testing and reduce the effort of predicting outcomes for each test. Prior test suites and commercial oracles can provide expected outcomes.
Unit 1 android and it's tools quiz {mad cwipedia}Ankit Dubey
The document is an Android quiz consisting of 15 multiple choice questions about Android fundamentals. It covers topics like who developed Android, the programming languages used, Android versions, and components like the kernel, IDEs, and architecture. The participant answered all questions correctly, scoring full marks. Daily quizzes on Android and other computer subjects are promised to help prepare for online exams.
This document summarizes operating system process scheduling. It discusses short, long, and medium term schedulers and the CPU-IO burst cycle. It describes preemptive scheduling and different scheduling algorithms like first-come first-served, shortest job first, priority, and round robin. It also discusses scheduling criteria for optimization and different performance evaluation methods. Finally, it provides an overview of process scheduling in Linux and Windows NT systems.
This document discusses different types and levels of software testing, including unit testing, integration testing, and performance testing. It provides details on each type or level:
Unit testing validates individual software components and is done by developers. Integration testing combines units and tests them as a group. Performance testing ensures the software performs as expected under workload. Specific techniques like load testing, stress testing, and security testing are discussed. Stubs and drivers are also explained as tools used in integration testing.
1) Files are the basic unit of storage in an operating system. They provide a logical view of information storage that is abstracted from physical storage devices.
2) A file has attributes like its name, size, location, and permissions. The operating system performs basic operations on files like creating, reading, writing, deleting and truncating files.
3) There are different methods for organizing files and allocating storage space, including contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation schemes as well as single-level, two-level, and tree directory structures. This allows files to be efficiently organized and accessed.
This document summarizes Chapter 5 from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. The chapter introduces CPU scheduling algorithms which are important for multiprogrammed operating systems. It describes scheduling criteria like CPU utilization and waiting time. Specific algorithms covered include first-come first-served scheduling, shortest-job-first scheduling, priority scheduling, and round robin scheduling. Advanced scheduling techniques involving multiple queues and multiple processors are also discussed.
The document discusses threads and threading models in operating systems. It defines a thread as the basic unit of CPU utilization comprising a thread ID, program counter, and register set. It describes single-threaded and multithreaded processes, benefits of multithreading, and concurrent/parallel execution. It also covers user threads, kernel threads, threading libraries like Pthreads and Java threads, and threading issues around fork(), exec(), signals, thread pools and more. It provides examples of threading in Windows XP and Linux.
This document summarizes Chapter 3 from the textbook "Operating System Concepts - 8th Edition" by Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne. The chapter discusses processes, including the process concept, scheduling, operations on processes, and interprocess communication. Key points include that a process is a program in execution, processes have various states like ready, running, waiting, and that the operating system uses process control blocks and queues to manage processes and allocate CPU resources using schedulers. Interprocess communication allows cooperating processes to communicate through methods like message passing and shared memory.
The document discusses different operating system structures including monolithic, layered, and microkernel structures. A monolithic structure has all operating system functions in the kernel. Layered structures divide the OS into separate layers with each layer building on the ones below. Microkernel structures move nonessential components out of the kernel into user space and the kernel primarily handles communication between user modules.
This document discusses the key concepts of operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The four main components of a computer system are hardware, application programs, the operating system, and users. It describes the evolution of operating systems from batch processing to time sharing and personal computing. Different generations of computers are also outlined, from first generation machines using vacuum tubes to fourth generation systems using integrated circuits.
This document contains multiple choice questions and answers about Android. It tests knowledge of key aspects of the Android operating system including its licensing, ownership, minimum development targets, Google's business motivations, the first Android phone released, advantages for phone manufacturers, and facts about early Android development. It also covers the Open Handset Alliance announcement year, emulator vs simulator differences, Android application packaging, and components like activities, services, and intents.
This document provides a mock test for MongoDB with 25 multiple choice questions. It includes questions about MongoDB queries, indexes, transactions, and other concepts. The test is provided to help users practice and test their MongoDB skills offline. An answer key is provided to allow users to self-grade the test.
The document provides a 25 question mock test on Android fundamentals. It includes multiple choice questions covering topics like LastKnownLocation, finding GPS status programmatically, base adapters, breakpoints, DDMS, log messages, ADB, emulator ports, APKs, debugging techniques, fixing crashes with logcat, HTTP client functionality, JSON packages, MapViews, refreshing dynamic content with Ajax, JSON elements, HTTP response codes, JSON exceptions, and finding JSON element length. The answer key is provided after the questions.
This section presents various Android mock tests that can be downloaded and solved offline. Each mock test includes questions on Android topics like ANR, AsyncTask, BroadcastReceivers, ContentProviders, SQLite, tasks and activities, device features, location services, and permissions. An answer key is provided to allow users to self-grade their performance on each mock test.
This document provides an overview of servlets, including:
1. Servlets are Java programs that extend the functionality of web servers by dynamically processing HTTP requests and responses.
2. The life cycle of a servlet involves loading, instantiating, processing requests, and destroying.
3. Common steps to create and run a simple "Hello World" servlet using Tomcat include writing Java code, compiling, configuring deployment descriptors, and making HTTP requests.
4. Servlets offer benefits over other technologies like CGI scripts by being more efficient, persistent, portable, robust, and secure.
This document discusses Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) which provides a standard interface for connecting Java applications to various databases. It describes the JDBC API and architecture, including the four types of JDBC drivers. The key points are:
1) JDBC provides a standard way for Java programs to access any SQL database. It uses JDBC drivers implemented by database vendors to translate JDBC calls into database-specific protocols.
2) The JDBC API has two layers - an application layer used by developers, and a driver layer implemented by vendors. There are four main interfaces (Driver, Connection, Statement, ResultSet) and the DriverManager class.
3) There are
This document provides an overview of networking concepts in Java. It discusses socket programming, client-server models, Internet addressing using IPv4 and IPv6, common network ports, proxy servers, and the core Java networking classes like InetAddress and URLConnection that support network communication. The document serves as an introduction to networking basics and how Java implements network functionality through its java.net package.
This document provides an overview of event handling in Java. It discusses the delegation event model where a source generates an event and sends it to one or more listeners. It describes event sources, event listeners, common event classes like ActionEvent, MouseEvent, and KeyEvent. It explains the roles of sources that generate events, listeners that receive event notifications, and event classes that represent specific types of events.
This document provides an overview of Swing components in Java. It describes common Swing components like labels, text fields, buttons, checkboxes, radio buttons and introduces more advanced components like tabbed panes, scroll panes, trees and tables. It explains key features of Swing like platform independence, pluggable look and feel, tooltips and scrolling. Code examples are provided to demonstrate creating and using basic Swing components like labels, text fields and buttons in a Java applet.
This chapter introduces the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) in Java. It discusses creating windows and frames using AWT classes. It covers working with graphics, colors, fonts, and layout managers. It also discusses using AWT controls like buttons, checkboxes, lists, menus and dialog boxes. The chapter describes handling events by extending AWT components and exploring controls, menus and layout managers in more detail.
A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure dimensions with high accuracy. It can measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths.
Here is a detailed description of its parts and how to use it.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
Online music portal management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The iMMS is a unique application that is synchronizing both user
experience and copyrights while providing services like online music
management, legal downloads, artists’ management. There are several
other applications available in the market that either provides some
specific services or large scale integrated solutions. Our product differs
from the rest in a way that we give more power to the users remaining
within the copyrights circle.
1. Unit 4: Defect Management
Course Coordinator : Mrs. Kshirsagar S.R. M.M.Polytechnic , Thergaon Page 1
CO4 : Identify bugs to create defect report of given application.
What is defect?
Defect: A defect is an error or a bug, in the application which is created. A programmer
while designing and building the software can make mistakes or errors. These mistakes or
errors mean that there are flaws in the software. These are called defects.
Defects in any system may arise in various stages of development life cycle. At each stage,
the impact and cost of fixing defects are dependent on various aspects including the defect
arising stage.
Different causes of software defects
Miscommunication of requirements introduces error in code
Unrealistic time schedule for development
Lack of designing experience
Lack of coding practices experience
Human factors introduces errors in code
Lack of version control
Buggy third-party tools
Last minute changes in the requirement introduce error
Poor Software testing skill
Defect Classification
Defect Classification
1.Severity Wise
2.Work Product Wise
3.Type Of Error Wise
4.Status Wise
2. Unit 4: Defect Management
Course Coordinator : Mrs. Kshirsagar S.R. M.M.Polytechnic , Thergaon Page 2
Severity Wise:
Major: A defect, which will cause an observable product failure or departure from
requirements.
Minor: A defect that will not cause a failure in execution of the product.
Fatal: A defect that will cause the system to crash or close abruptly or effect other
applications.
Work product wise:
SSD: A defect from System Study document
FSD: A defect from Functional Specification document
ADS: A defect from Architectural Design Document
DDS: A defect from Detailed Design document
Source code: A defect from Source code
Test Plan/ Test Cases: A defect from Test Plan/ Test Cases
User Documentation: A defect from User manuals, Operating manuals
Type of Errors Wise:
Comments: Inadequate/ incorrect/ misleading or missing comments in the source
code
Computational Error: Improper computation of the formulae / improper business
validations in code.
Data error: Incorrect data population / update in database
Database Error: Error in the database schema/Design
Missing Design: Design features/approach missed/not documented in the design
document and hence does not correspond to requirements
Inadequate or sub optimal Design: Design features/approach needs additional
inputs for it to be complete Design features described does not provide the best
approach (optimal approach) towards the solution required
In correct Design: Wrong or inaccurate Design
Ambiguous Design: Design feature/approach is not clear to the reviewer. Also
includes ambiguous use of words or unclear design features.
Boundary Conditions Neglected: Boundary conditions not addressed/incorrect
Interface Error: Internal or external to application interfacing error, Incorrect
handling of passing parameters, Incorrect alignment, incorrect/misplaced
fields/objects, un friendly window/screen positions
Logic Error: Missing or Inadequate or irrelevant or ambiguous functionality in
source code
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Message Error: Inadequate/ incorrect/ misleading or missing error messages in
source code
Navigation Error: Navigation not coded correctly in source code
Performance Error: An error related to performance/optimality of the code
Missing Requirements: Implicit/Explicit requirements are missed/not documented
during requirement phase
Inadequate Requirements: Requirement needs additional inputs for to be complete
Incorrect Requirements: Wrong or inaccurate requirements
Ambiguous Requirements: Requirement is not clear to the reviewer. Also includes
ambiguous use of words – e.g. Like, such as, may be, could be, might etc.
Sequencing / Timing Error: Error due to incorrect/missing consideration to timeouts
and improper/missing sequencing in source code.
Standards: Standards not followed like improper exception handling, use of E & D
Formats and project related design/requirements/coding standards
System Error: Hardware and Operating System related error, Memory leak
Test Plan / Cases Error: Inadequate/ incorrect/ ambiguous or duplicate or missing -
Test Plan/ Test Cases & Test Scripts, Incorrect/Incomplete test setup
Typographical Error: Spelling / Grammar mistake in documents/source code
Variable Declaration Error: Improper declaration / usage of variables, Type
mismatch error in source code
Status Wise:
Open
Closed
Deferred
Cancelled
Defect Management Process
The process of finding defects and reducing them at the lowest cost is called as Defect
Management Process.
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Defect Prevention -- Implementation of techniques, methodology and standard processes to
reduce the risk of defects.
Deliverable Baseline -- Establishment of milestones where deliverables will be considered
complete and ready for further development work. When a deliverable is base lined, any further
changes are controlled. Errors in a deliverable are not considered defects until after the
deliverable is base lined.
Defect Discovery -- Identification and reporting of defects for development team
acknowledgment. A defect is only termed discovered when it has been documented and
acknowledged as a valid defect by the development team member(s) responsible for the
component(s) in error.
Defect Resolution -- Work by the development team to prioritize, schedule and fix a defect, and
document the resolution. This also includes notification back to the tester to ensure that the
resolution is verified.
Process Improvement -- Identification and analysis of the process in which a defect originated
to identify ways to improve the process to prevent future occurrences of similar defects. Also
the validation process that should have identified the defect earlier is analyzed to determine ways
to strengthen that process.
Management Reporting -- Analysis and reporting of defect information to assist management
with risk management, process improvement and project management.
Defect Life Cycle
5. Unit 4: Defect Management
Course Coordinator : Mrs. Kshirsagar S.R. M.M.Polytechnic , Thergaon Page 5
DEFECT LIFE CYCLE (Bug Life cycle) is the journey of a defect from its identification to
its closure. The Life Cycle varies from organization to organization and is governed by the
software testing process the organization or project follows and/or the Defect tracking tool
being used.
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New: When the bug is posted for the first time, its state will be “NEW”. This means
that the bug is not yet approved.
Open: After a tester has posted a bug, the lead of the tester approves that the bug is
genuine and he changes the state as “OPEN”.
Assign: Once the lead changes the state as “OPEN”, he assigns the bug
corresponding developer or developer team. The state of the bug now is changed to
“ASSIGN”.
Test/Retest: Once the developer fixes the bug, he has to assign the bug to the testing
team for next round of testing. Before he releases the software with bug fixed, he
changes the state of bug to “TEST”. It specifies that the bug has been fixed and is
released to testing team.// At this stage the tester do the retesting of the changed code
which developer has given to him to check whether the defect got fixed or not.
Deferred: The bug, changed to deferred state means the bug is expected to be fixed in
next releases. The reasons for changing the bug to this state have many factors. Some
of them are priority of the bug may be low, lack of time for the release or the bug may
not have major effect on the software.
Rejected: If the developer feels that the bug is not genuine, he rejects the bug. Then
the state of the bug is changed to “REJECTED”.
Verified: Once the bug is fixed and the status is changed to “TEST”, the tester tests
the bug. If the bug is not present in the software, he approves that the bug is fixed and
changes the status to “VERIFIED”.
Reopened: If the bug still exists even after the bug is fixed by the developer, the
tester changes the status to “REOPENED”. The bug traverses the life cycle once
again.
Closed: Once the bug is fixed, it is tested by the tester. If the tester feels that the bug
no longer exists in the software, he changes the status of the bug to “CLOSED”. This
state means that the bug is fixed, tested and approved.
Fixed: When developer makes necessary code changes and verifies the changes then
he/she can make bug status as „Fixed‟ and the bug is passed to testing team.
Pending retest: After fixing the defect the developer has given that particular code
for retesting to the tester. Here the testing is pending on the testers end. Hence its
status is pending retest.
Defect Prevention Process
“Prevention is better than cure” applies to defects in the software development life
cycle
Defects, as defined by software developers, are variances from a desired attribute.
These attributes include complete and correct requirements and specifications as
drawn from the desires of potential customers.
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Thus, defects cause software to fail to meet requirements and make customers
unhappy.
when a defect gets through during the development process, the earlier it is
diagnosed, the easier and cheaper is the rectification of the defect.
The end result in prevention or early detection is a product with zero or minimal
defects.
Identify Critical Risks -- Identify the critical risks facing the project or system. These are the
types of defects that could jeopardize the successful construction, delivery and/or operation of
the system.
Estimate Expected Impact -- For each critical risk, make an assessment of the financial impact
if the risk becomes a problem.
Minimize Expected Impact -- Once the most important risks are identified try to eliminate
each risk. For risks that cannot be eliminated, reduce the probability that the risk will become a
problem and the financial impact should that happen.
The five general activities of defect prevention are:
1. Software Requirements Analysis
Defects introduced during the requirements and design phase are not only more probable
but also are more severe and more difficult to remove.
Front-end errors in requirements and design cannot be found and removed via testing, but
instead need pre-test reviews and inspections.
2. Reviews: Self-Review and Peer Review
Self-review is one of the most effective activity in uncovering the defects which may later be
discovered by a testing team or directly by a customer.
A self-review of the code helps reduce the defects related to algorithm mplementations,
incorrect logic or certain missing conditions.
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Peer review is similar to self-review in terms of the objective – the only difference is that it
is a peer (someone who understands the functionality of the code very well) who reviews the
code
3. Defect Logging and Documentation
Effective defect tracking begins with a systematic process. A structured tracking process
begins with initially logging the defects, investigating the defects, then providing the structure to
resolve them. Defect analysis and reporting offer a powerful means to manage defects and defect
depletion trends, hence, costs.
Root Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures Determination
After defects are logged and documented, the next step is to analyze them
Reducing the defects to improve the quality: The analysis should lead to implementing
changes in processes that help prevent defects and ensure their early detection.
Applying local expertise: The people who really understand what went wrong are the people
present when the defects were inserted – members of the software engineering team. They can
give the best suggestions for how to avoid such defects in the future.
Targeting the systematic errors: There may be many errors or defects to be handled in such
an analysis forum; however, some mistakes tend to be repeated. These systematic errors account
for a large portion of the defects found in the typical software project.
5. Embedding Procedures into Software Development Process
Implementation is the toughest of all activities of defect prevention.
It requires total commitment from the development team and management.
A plan of action is made for deployment of the modification of the existing processes or
introduction of the new ones with the consent of management and the team.
Defect Report Template
A defect report documents an anomaly discovered during testing.
It includes all the information needed to reproduce the problem, including the author,
release/build number, open/close dates, problem area, problem description, test
environment, defect type, how it was detected, who detected it, priority, severity,
status, etc. After uncovering a defect (bug), testers generate a formal defect report.
The purpose of a defect report is to state the problem as clearly as possible so that
developers can replicate the defect easily and fix it.
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Estimate Expected Impact Of A Defect
Defect Impact: The degree of severity that a defect has on the development or operation
of a component or system.
How to Estimate the defect impact
1. Once the critical risks are identified, the financial impact of each risk should be
estimated.
2. This can be done by assessing the impact, in dollars, if the risk does become a problem
combined with the probability that the risk will become a problem.
3. The product of these two numbers is the expected impact of the risk.
10. Unit 4: Defect Management
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4. The expected impact of a risk (E) is calculated as
E = P * I, where:
P= probability of the risk becoming a problem and
I= Impact in dollars if the risk becomes a problem.
Once the expected impact of each risk is identified, the risks should be prioritized by the
expected impact and the degree to which the expected impact can be reduced. While guess work
will constitute a major role in producing these numbers, precision is not important. What will be
important is to identify the risk, and determine the risk's order of magnitude. Large, complex
systems will have many critical risks. Whatever can be done to reduce the probability of each
individual critical risk becoming a problem to a very small number should be done. Doing this
increases the probability of a successful project by increasing the probability that none of the
critical risks will become a problem.
One should assume that an individual critical risk has a low probability of becoming a problem
only when there is specific knowledge justifying why it is low. For example, the likelihood that
an important requirement was missed may be high if developers have not involved users in the
project. If users have actively participated in the requirements definition, and the new system is
not a radical departure from an existing system or process, the likelihood may be low.
For example:
o An organization with a project of 2,500 function points and was about medium at defect
discovery and removal would have 1,650 defects remaining after all defect removal and
discovery activities.
o The calculation is 2,500 x 1.2 = 3,000 potential defects.
o The organization would be able to remove about 45% of the defects or 1,350 defects.
o The total potential defects (3,000) less the removed defects (1,350) equals the remaining
defects of 1,650.
Techniques For Finding Defects
Defects are found either by preplanned activities specifically intended to uncover defects
(e.g., quality control activities such as inspections, testing, etc.) or by accident (e.g., users
in production).
Techniques to find defects can be divided into three categories:
Static techniques: Testing that is done without physically executing a program or
system. A code review is an example of a static testing technique.
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Dynamic techniques: Testing in which system components are physically executed to
identify defects. Execution of test cases is an example of a dynamic testing technique.
Operational techniques: An operational system produces a deliverable containing a
defect found by users, customers, or control personnel -- i.e., the defect is found as a
result of a failure.
While it is beyond the scope of this study to compare and contrast the various static,
dynamic, and operational techniques, the research did arrive at the following conclusions:
Both static and dynamic techniques are required for an effective defect management
program. In each category, the more formally the techniques were integrated into the
development process, the more effective they were.
Since static techniques will generally find defects earlier in the process, they are more
efficient at finding defects.
Reporting a Defect
Be specific:
1. Specify the exact action: Do not say something like ‘Select ButtonB’. Do you
mean ‘Click ButtonB’ or ‘Press ALT+B’ or ‘Focus on ButtonB and click
ENTER’? Of course, if the defect can be arrived at by using all the three ways,
it’s okay to use a generic term as ‘Select’ but bear in mind that you might just get
the fix for the ‘Click ButtonB’ scenario. [Note: This might be a highly unlikely
example but it is hoped that the message is clear.]
2. In case of multiple paths, mention the exact path you followed: Do not say
something like “If you do ‘A and X’ or ‘B and Y’ or ‘C and Z’, you get D.”
Understanding all the paths at once will be difficult. Instead, say “Do ‘A and X’
and you get D.” You can, of course, mention elsewhere in the report that “D can
also be got if you do ‘B and Y’ or ‘C and Z’.”
3. Do not use vague pronouns: Do not say something like “In ApplicationA, open X,
Y, and Z, and then close it.” What does the ‘it’ stand for? ‘Z’ or, ‘Y’, or ‘X’ or
‘ApplicationA’?”
Be detailed:
1. Provide more information (not less). In other words, do not be lazy. Developers
may or may not use all the information you provide but they sure do not want to
beg you for any information you have missed.
Be objective:
1. Do not make subjective statements like “This is a lousy application” or “You
fixed it real bad.”
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2. Stick to the facts and avoid the emotions.
Reproduce the defect:
1. Do not be impatient and file a defect report as soon as you uncover a defect.
Replicate it at least once more to be sure. (If you cannot replicate it again, try
recalling the exact test condition and keep trying. However, if you cannot
replicate it again after many trials, finally submit the report for further
investigation, stating that you are unable to reproduce the defect anymore and
providing any evidence of the defect if you had gathered. )
Review the report:
1. Do not hit ‘Submit’ as soon as you write the report. Review it at least once.
Remove any typos.