This document summarizes the history and evolution of web browsers and internet technologies from the early 1990s to the late 1990s. It traces the development of key browsers like Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer. It also outlines the introduction of important web standards like HTML, CSS, JavaScript and XML. Major events included the commercialization of the web in the mid-1990s, the browser wars between Netscape and Microsoft in the late 90s, and the consolidation of online services providers toward the end of the decade.
Intelligent web crawling
Denis Shestakov, Aalto University
Slides for tutorial given at WI-IAT'13 in Atlanta, USA on November 20th, 2013
Outline:
- overview of web crawling;
- intelligent web crawling;
- open challenges
This document provides tips for planning a new website project, including defining goals and features, establishing a budget and timeline, determining technology requirements, and managing the project. Key steps include defining goals for the site, converting goals into specific features, listing requirements and dividing them into essential vs. nice-to-have, establishing a baseline of current metrics, and compiling all planning details into a request for proposal.
Google Sheets + SEO = 15 tips en 15 minutos #VamosTalegonAleyda Solís
Aprende a usar Google Sheets para tu proceso de posicionamiento en buscadores con funciones, add-ons, templates y más que te facilitarán tus tareas SEO.
The document discusses various online search and research skills, including how search engines work by using algorithms to provide relevant sources based on keywords. It also covers understanding search operators like AND, OR and NOT to refine searches, as well as using advanced search options and evaluating the authority, accuracy, timeliness and relevance of sources found online. The document provides examples to help readers improve their online research abilities.
Crawling, indexing, and serving are the three main processes involved in delivering search results. Crawling is the process by which search engine bots fetch web pages by following links. Indexing involves creating an index of the crawled pages and storing them in a database. Serving delivers relevant search results by checking the index to determine the most relevant pages for a user's search query. Crawling fetches pages while indexing analyzes and stores page content in the search engine's database so pages can be found.
a presentation on the responsive web designing..that tell you technology gives more efficient way to meet the end clients and solving the user experience problems
Intelligent web crawling
Denis Shestakov, Aalto University
Slides for tutorial given at WI-IAT'13 in Atlanta, USA on November 20th, 2013
Outline:
- overview of web crawling;
- intelligent web crawling;
- open challenges
This document provides tips for planning a new website project, including defining goals and features, establishing a budget and timeline, determining technology requirements, and managing the project. Key steps include defining goals for the site, converting goals into specific features, listing requirements and dividing them into essential vs. nice-to-have, establishing a baseline of current metrics, and compiling all planning details into a request for proposal.
Google Sheets + SEO = 15 tips en 15 minutos #VamosTalegonAleyda Solís
Aprende a usar Google Sheets para tu proceso de posicionamiento en buscadores con funciones, add-ons, templates y más que te facilitarán tus tareas SEO.
The document discusses various online search and research skills, including how search engines work by using algorithms to provide relevant sources based on keywords. It also covers understanding search operators like AND, OR and NOT to refine searches, as well as using advanced search options and evaluating the authority, accuracy, timeliness and relevance of sources found online. The document provides examples to help readers improve their online research abilities.
Crawling, indexing, and serving are the three main processes involved in delivering search results. Crawling is the process by which search engine bots fetch web pages by following links. Indexing involves creating an index of the crawled pages and storing them in a database. Serving delivers relevant search results by checking the index to determine the most relevant pages for a user's search query. Crawling fetches pages while indexing analyzes and stores page content in the search engine's database so pages can be found.
a presentation on the responsive web designing..that tell you technology gives more efficient way to meet the end clients and solving the user experience problems
Using 'page importance' in ongoing conversation with Googlebot to get just a bit more crawl budget as part of technical SEO strategy for ecommerce and enterprise SEO website projects
Morino Neto - international SEO strategyJoão Pereira
This document discusses how to identify and fix localization ranking issues in an international SEO strategy. It recommends using Google Search Console country reports and Search Analytics for Sheets to find pages ranking incorrectly in other markets. Common causes of localization issues include the domain/sub-domain structure, link authority differences between markets, content quality issues, and technical problems. The document provides tips on fixing issues such as improving page rank, using sub-folders instead of sub-domains, performing local keyword research, and identifying and resolving technical rendering issues.
The document discusses different aspects of websites, web pages, and the World Wide Web. It defines the World Wide Web as an open information space accessed via URLs and hyperlinks on the internet. Websites are collections of web pages that reside on the same server and are organized hierarchically with hyperlinks controlling navigation. Web pages can be static files or dynamically generated and are viewed using HTML in a web browser. The document also categorizes websites according to their style (static vs dynamic) and function (personal, commercial, government, non-profit).
The stuff you do to make your website come up higher and more often
when people are searching Google for your products or services.
SEO is made up of 3 parts, each of them are intertwined and success is
only found by working on all three.
● Keywords - Identifying what are people are searching for.
● Content - Words and images on your website and off.
● Backlinks - Links from other websites to your website.
Off-page SEO refers to promotion techniques beyond website design to improve a website's search engine ranking. It includes link building through activities like directory submissions, social bookmarking, blogging, forum posting, article submissions, press releases, search engine submissions, and classifieds listings. The purpose is to increase backlinks and traffic from external sources to the target website.
This document discusses search engine optimization (SEO) and marketing plans. It provides an overview of the SEO process, which involves understanding business objectives, conducting keyword research, optimizing websites both on-page and off-page, implementing changes, and ongoing monitoring and reporting. Technical aspects of SEO are also outlined such as website analysis, content optimization, and link building. The document also discusses measuring SEO success through improved rankings, increased traffic, and higher revenue or conversions.
This document discusses advanced search techniques in Google that allow users to focus their searches. It covers using quotation marks to search for exact phrases, using a dash to exclude terms, using a tilde to include synonyms, using "site:" to limit results to a specific site, using two periods to search within a numeric range, using an asterisk as a wildcard, and using "related:" to find similar sites. These techniques help users find what they are looking for more efficiently.
The document provides an overview of web development. It discusses how the web was created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and the initial technologies of HTTP, HTML, and URLs. It then explains how a basic web application works with a browser connecting to a web server to request and receive HTML files and other resources. The document also summarizes key concepts in web development including front-end versus back-end code, common programming languages and frameworks, database usage, and standards that allow interoperability across systems.
Learn what types of considerations you must make to drive your international/global SEO strategy. User behavior across countries/languages? Device types? Local keyword phrases? Content marketing? Get all the answers here.
Presented by Mariel Martinez in May 2015.
How To Build Links To Product Pages Without Looking Like A Spammer | Brighton...Laura Slingo
Linking to product pages – looks a little spammy and unnatural, right? Not necessarily. From anchor text analysis and technical link prospecting to asset identification and writing killer pitches, this is how to build savvy links to sales pages and get your products ranking.
This document provides best practices for Fiverr sellers to optimize their Gig listings. It offers tips for crafting effective titles, categories, descriptions, requirements, images, and videos. Sellers are advised to clearly explain their $5 service, provide samples, and avoid duplicate or irrelevant info. General guidelines recommend focusing Gigs on specific products rather than broad services, and avoiding inappropriate, offensive or useless content. The goal is to give buyers a good understanding of what to expect for $5 and build a positive reputation on Fiverr.
The robots.txt file informs search engine bots how to crawl and index a website. It is a plain text file placed in the root directory of the site with the URL www.example.com/robots.txt. It allows website owners to block certain pages like login pages, search results, and CSS files from being indexed while still allowing good bots to crawl other parts of the site. Tools like the Google Search Console and SEObook provide robots.txt generators and analyzers to help users create and check their robots.txt files for errors.
SEO stands for search engine optimization and involves techniques to improve a website's organic rankings in search engines like Google. There are three main types of SEO: white hat focuses on user-friendly techniques; gray hat uses some risky techniques; and black hat was risky but is now detected by Google. Key elements of SEO include on-page optimization of content, keywords, and site architecture as well as off-page factors like link building. Hiring an SEO agency can help businesses improve their search rankings and profitability through professional SEO services.
This "real" example of a SEO / Search Engine Optimization Report identifies website topics of interest for high ranking results in the SERPS: ie - SITE Title, meta information(mainly description), PR, crawled date, indexed pages, amount of back links, 301 re-directs or not, use of analytic programs, Alexa, diggs, etc. Again - this analysis points out areas of interest when it comes to your WEBSITE search engine optimization Effectiveness.
The document analyzes the website http://dmdhronaaz.com and identifies several positive and negative factors affecting its search engine optimization and rankings. Positives include good content and page structure, but negatives include a new domain registration, lack of relevant inbound links, missing social media integration, and low keyword density. The analysis provides recommendations to improve targeted keywords, on-page elements like meta tags and images, and off-page elements such as blog posts, videos and links to increase traffic.
This document provides an overview of conducting effective internet research. It discusses web browsers, search engines, refining searches using Boolean operators and field searching, and evaluating online sources. Key topics include using search engines to access online information, employing techniques like phrase searching and site: commands to focus results, and assessing credibility of sources using the CARS method of evaluating currency, accuracy, reasonableness, and support. The goal is to help readers move from ignorance to knowledge by teaching them how to efficiently hunt for and critically examine information on the internet.
The document discusses HTML5 and its APIs. It provides an overview of several HTML5 APIs including the geolocation API, web storage API, web workers API, and WebSocket API. It also discusses how these new HTML5 features allow for more advanced web applications compared to older technologies like Flash. Finally, it mentions some libraries and tools for testing HTML5 browser support.
Using 'page importance' in ongoing conversation with Googlebot to get just a bit more crawl budget as part of technical SEO strategy for ecommerce and enterprise SEO website projects
Morino Neto - international SEO strategyJoão Pereira
This document discusses how to identify and fix localization ranking issues in an international SEO strategy. It recommends using Google Search Console country reports and Search Analytics for Sheets to find pages ranking incorrectly in other markets. Common causes of localization issues include the domain/sub-domain structure, link authority differences between markets, content quality issues, and technical problems. The document provides tips on fixing issues such as improving page rank, using sub-folders instead of sub-domains, performing local keyword research, and identifying and resolving technical rendering issues.
The document discusses different aspects of websites, web pages, and the World Wide Web. It defines the World Wide Web as an open information space accessed via URLs and hyperlinks on the internet. Websites are collections of web pages that reside on the same server and are organized hierarchically with hyperlinks controlling navigation. Web pages can be static files or dynamically generated and are viewed using HTML in a web browser. The document also categorizes websites according to their style (static vs dynamic) and function (personal, commercial, government, non-profit).
The stuff you do to make your website come up higher and more often
when people are searching Google for your products or services.
SEO is made up of 3 parts, each of them are intertwined and success is
only found by working on all three.
● Keywords - Identifying what are people are searching for.
● Content - Words and images on your website and off.
● Backlinks - Links from other websites to your website.
Off-page SEO refers to promotion techniques beyond website design to improve a website's search engine ranking. It includes link building through activities like directory submissions, social bookmarking, blogging, forum posting, article submissions, press releases, search engine submissions, and classifieds listings. The purpose is to increase backlinks and traffic from external sources to the target website.
This document discusses search engine optimization (SEO) and marketing plans. It provides an overview of the SEO process, which involves understanding business objectives, conducting keyword research, optimizing websites both on-page and off-page, implementing changes, and ongoing monitoring and reporting. Technical aspects of SEO are also outlined such as website analysis, content optimization, and link building. The document also discusses measuring SEO success through improved rankings, increased traffic, and higher revenue or conversions.
This document discusses advanced search techniques in Google that allow users to focus their searches. It covers using quotation marks to search for exact phrases, using a dash to exclude terms, using a tilde to include synonyms, using "site:" to limit results to a specific site, using two periods to search within a numeric range, using an asterisk as a wildcard, and using "related:" to find similar sites. These techniques help users find what they are looking for more efficiently.
The document provides an overview of web development. It discusses how the web was created in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and the initial technologies of HTTP, HTML, and URLs. It then explains how a basic web application works with a browser connecting to a web server to request and receive HTML files and other resources. The document also summarizes key concepts in web development including front-end versus back-end code, common programming languages and frameworks, database usage, and standards that allow interoperability across systems.
Learn what types of considerations you must make to drive your international/global SEO strategy. User behavior across countries/languages? Device types? Local keyword phrases? Content marketing? Get all the answers here.
Presented by Mariel Martinez in May 2015.
How To Build Links To Product Pages Without Looking Like A Spammer | Brighton...Laura Slingo
Linking to product pages – looks a little spammy and unnatural, right? Not necessarily. From anchor text analysis and technical link prospecting to asset identification and writing killer pitches, this is how to build savvy links to sales pages and get your products ranking.
This document provides best practices for Fiverr sellers to optimize their Gig listings. It offers tips for crafting effective titles, categories, descriptions, requirements, images, and videos. Sellers are advised to clearly explain their $5 service, provide samples, and avoid duplicate or irrelevant info. General guidelines recommend focusing Gigs on specific products rather than broad services, and avoiding inappropriate, offensive or useless content. The goal is to give buyers a good understanding of what to expect for $5 and build a positive reputation on Fiverr.
The robots.txt file informs search engine bots how to crawl and index a website. It is a plain text file placed in the root directory of the site with the URL www.example.com/robots.txt. It allows website owners to block certain pages like login pages, search results, and CSS files from being indexed while still allowing good bots to crawl other parts of the site. Tools like the Google Search Console and SEObook provide robots.txt generators and analyzers to help users create and check their robots.txt files for errors.
SEO stands for search engine optimization and involves techniques to improve a website's organic rankings in search engines like Google. There are three main types of SEO: white hat focuses on user-friendly techniques; gray hat uses some risky techniques; and black hat was risky but is now detected by Google. Key elements of SEO include on-page optimization of content, keywords, and site architecture as well as off-page factors like link building. Hiring an SEO agency can help businesses improve their search rankings and profitability through professional SEO services.
This "real" example of a SEO / Search Engine Optimization Report identifies website topics of interest for high ranking results in the SERPS: ie - SITE Title, meta information(mainly description), PR, crawled date, indexed pages, amount of back links, 301 re-directs or not, use of analytic programs, Alexa, diggs, etc. Again - this analysis points out areas of interest when it comes to your WEBSITE search engine optimization Effectiveness.
The document analyzes the website http://dmdhronaaz.com and identifies several positive and negative factors affecting its search engine optimization and rankings. Positives include good content and page structure, but negatives include a new domain registration, lack of relevant inbound links, missing social media integration, and low keyword density. The analysis provides recommendations to improve targeted keywords, on-page elements like meta tags and images, and off-page elements such as blog posts, videos and links to increase traffic.
This document provides an overview of conducting effective internet research. It discusses web browsers, search engines, refining searches using Boolean operators and field searching, and evaluating online sources. Key topics include using search engines to access online information, employing techniques like phrase searching and site: commands to focus results, and assessing credibility of sources using the CARS method of evaluating currency, accuracy, reasonableness, and support. The goal is to help readers move from ignorance to knowledge by teaching them how to efficiently hunt for and critically examine information on the internet.
The document discusses HTML5 and its APIs. It provides an overview of several HTML5 APIs including the geolocation API, web storage API, web workers API, and WebSocket API. It also discusses how these new HTML5 features allow for more advanced web applications compared to older technologies like Flash. Finally, it mentions some libraries and tools for testing HTML5 browser support.
The document discusses various techniques for optimizing web performance, including:
- Minifying assets like CSS, JavaScript, and images to reduce file sizes
- Leveraging caching, compression, and browser parallelization to speed up page loads
- Implementing responsive design patterns and techniques like image sprites and media queries
- Optimizing assets further with techniques like image optimization, lazy loading, and prefetching
The document discusses new elements and syntax in HTML5 for building web pages. It covers using the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration, specifying character encodings and languages, including <script> and <style> elements, and bringing back semantic HTML tags like <b>, <i>, and <abbr>. It also discusses new structural elements like <header>, <nav>, <section>, <article>, <aside>, and <footer>. Finally, it covers other new features in HTML5 like figures, details, drag and drop, and microformats.
This document provides an overview of HTML5 and what's new in the latest version. It discusses new semantic elements like <header>, <nav>, and <article> that improve document outlining. It also covers new multimedia features like native audio and video playback without Flash, as well as 2D/3D graphics using <canvas>. Other additions include new form controls, multiple file uploading, and geolocation. While HTML5 brings many new features, it is an ongoing evolution of HTML rather than a completely new language.
The document discusses various methods for consuming web services using PHP, including REST, SOAP, and specific examples using Flickr, Delicious, and eBay APIs. REST uses HTTP requests and XML responses, while SOAP encapsulates requests and responses in XML for platform independence. Examples demonstrate using PHP with SimpleXML to parse REST responses, as well as the SOAP extension to call SOAP APIs and handle authentication.
This document discusses HTML5 and provides examples of new HTML5 elements and features such as audio, video, and the canvas element. It demonstrates how to add audio and video to a basic HTML5 page structure and provides code samples using the canvas element to draw shapes. It also discusses HTML5 support in different browsers and techniques for improving compatibility, such as using JavaScript to add support for new elements in older browsers.
The document provides an overview of HTML5 and its new features. It begins by explaining that HTML5 is not a programming language and is mainly used to write web pages. It then discusses how browsers have become application platforms, prompting the need to adopt HTML5. The document outlines some of the major new features in HTML5, including semantic elements like header and nav, new input types, geolocation, local storage, offline web applications, and video playback. It also addresses questions around the future of Flash and which companies are pushing adoption of HTML5.
The top 10 ways to boost hybrid app performance are:
1. Test on actual devices and use tools to measure performance.
2. Avoid reflows and keeping the DOM shallow to improve performance.
3. Understand the tradeoffs of using frameworks and consider micro libraries instead.
This document discusses JavaScript frameworks and jQuery. It begins with definitions of JavaScript and frameworks. It then lists several popular JavaScript frameworks and discusses why jQuery is a good option. It provides examples of basic jQuery code for selecting elements, binding events, and manipulating styles. It demonstrates how jQuery can be used to stripe and highlight table rows in a cross-browser compatible way.
This document discusses responsive web design techniques including:
- Using viewports and media queries to adapt layouts for different screen sizes.
- Sizing images fluidly using max-width: 100% so they are responsive.
- Design patterns for responsive tables, hiding/showing content, and converting menus to dropdowns.
- Tools like Modernizr, Respond.js, and frameworks like LESS to support responsive design goals.
- Tips like using relative units (ems/percentages) over fixed pixels and transitions for visual changes.
This document provides an overview and history of HTML5, summarizing some of the key new features in 3 sentences or less:
HTML5 aims to simplify HTML markup and make it more semantic with new elements like <section> and <nav>. It also introduces new JavaScript APIs, richer media like <audio> and <video>, and the <canvas> element for drawing. The development of HTML5 was a collaborative effort between browser vendors to create a common standard that is backwards compatible and supports modern web applications.
This document discusses HTML5 on mobile devices. It begins by explaining why mobile web is growing and why HTML5 is well-suited for mobile. It then provides an overview of what HTML5 is and examples of features like forms, multimedia, geolocation that can be used on mobile. It also discusses considerations for mobile web development like responsive design and frameworks. The document recommends tools for mobile debugging and testing performance.
DSLing your System For Scalability Testing Using Gatling - Dublin Scala User ...Aman Kohli
The power of Gatling is the DSL it provides to allow writing meaningful and expressive tests. We provide an overview of the framework, a description of their development environment and goals, and present their test results.
Source code available https://github.com/lawlessc/random-response-time
HTML 5 is the latest version of the HTML standard. It includes several new elements and features to improve structure and behavior. Some key changes include new semantic elements like <article>, <aside>, <header>, and <footer>; built-in support for audio and video; the <canvas> element for drawing graphics; and forms with new input types. HTML 5 aims to simplify HTML and separate structure and presentation, making code cleaner and pages more accessible. It is developed jointly by the WHATWG and W3C organizations.
This document is the HTML code for the upload page on the SlideShare website. It includes metadata, scripts, and styling to display the page content which encourages users to discover, share and present presentations, infographics and videos on the largest professional content sharing community. The page code provides options for users to upload, login or sign up for an account.
HTML5: Markup Evolved documents the evolution of HTML from its origins in 1991 to the present day. It discusses key milestones like HTML 4.0 in 1999 and the unification of HTML5 efforts by the W3C and WHATWG in 2009. The document outlines new HTML5 elements, attributes, and multimedia capabilities like canvas, audio, and video. It encourages adopting HTML5 gradually through evolution rather than revolution. Resources for learning HTML5 are provided.
The document summarizes the history and key features of HTML5. It discusses the evolution of HTML from 1991 to the present, including versions like HTML4.01. It also covers new HTML5 elements like <header>, <nav>, <section>, <article>, and <footer> that replace older <div> elements. Additionally, it provides overviews of new HTML5 APIs and features like geolocation, WebSockets, and Web Storage, as well as CSS3 properties like text-shadow, RGBa colors, gradients, and transitions.
Does This Theme Make My Website Look Fat? (Wordcamp SLC 2013)Adam Dunford
While the principles of responsive web design can make sites look better on mobile devices, they don’t necessarily load faster than a site designed for desktops. And as more and more sophisticated WordPress themes emerge, with their multiple options and fancy sliders, websites just keep getting more and more bloated.
This presentation will help cut out the junk that’s larding up your sites so you can better meet the demand of users wanting fast-loading user experiences–no matter the device or connection.
Presented at WordCamp Salt Lake City 2013 (http://2013.slc.wordcamp.org/)
This document provides an agenda for an HTML5 workshop. The agenda includes discussions of differences between HTML5 and XHTML, building with HTML5 syntax like DOCTYPEs and character sets, and features like audio/video, geolocation, forms, and accessibility. It also outlines exercises for validating HTML5 markup and exploring new HTML5 elements.
Similar to Browser Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace (20)
After consulting with several companies on performance related issues, it became clear that one of the biggest performance issues facing websites today is the sheer amount of JavaScript needed to power the page. The demand for more interactive and responsive applications has driven JavaScript usage through the roof. It’s quite common for large sites to end up with over 1 MB of JavaScript code on their page even after minification. But do today’s web applications really need that much JavaScript?
Believe it or not, accessibility is more than just screen readers. There's a whole group of users who only use a keyboard (without a mouse). Learn how to make the web a friendly place for all kinds of people by ensuring keyboard accessibility.
JavaScript APIs you’ve never heard of (and some you have)Nicholas Zakas
The document discusses several JavaScript APIs related to manipulating the DOM and CSS, including some newer APIs that the reader may be unfamiliar with. It describes APIs such as insertAdjacentHTML() and outerHTML for inserting and retrieving HTML, children and firstElementChild/lastElementChild for traversing element nodes, and matches() and getBoundingClientRect() for working with CSS selectors and elements' positions. The document provides examples and explanations of many DOM and CSS-related JavaScript APIs beyond the traditional ones.
JavaScript Timers, Power Consumption, and PerformanceNicholas Zakas
This document discusses how timers, power consumption, and performance are related on web pages. It explains that CPUs can enter low-power sleep states when idle, but timers used in JavaScript can prevent this and increase power usage. The document recommends using higher interval timers (over 15ms) when possible to improve battery life on mobile devices. It also notes that having too many concurrent timers can flood the browser's queue and negatively impact rendering performance.
An update to the Scalable JavaScript presentation of 2009. Describes how to piece together a JavaScript application framework designed for maintainability.
This document summarizes Nicholas C. Zakas's presentation on maintainable JavaScript. The presentation discusses why maintainability is important, as most time is spent maintaining code. It defines maintainable code as code that works for five years without major changes and is intuitive, understandable, adaptable, extendable, debuggable and testable. The presentation covers code style guidelines, programming practices, code organization techniques and automation tools to help write maintainable JavaScript.
High Performance JavaScript (CapitolJS 2011)Nicholas Zakas
High Performance JavaScript provides techniques for optimizing JavaScript performance. It discusses how JavaScript execution blocks the browser UI thread, preventing responsive user experiences. It recommends limiting individual JavaScript jobs to under 50ms to avoid unresponsiveness. The document then provides techniques to improve load time performance such as dynamically loading scripts, and runtime techniques like timers and web workers to avoid blocking the UI thread during long-running processes.
Writing JavaScript as a hobby and writing JavaScript as a job are two very different things. Learn some common practices for making your JavaScript friendly to a team environment.
For much of its existence, JavaScript has been slow. No one complained until developers created complex web applications with thousands of lines of JavaScript code. Although newer JavaScript engines have improved the situation, there’s still a lot to understand about what makes JavaScript slow and what you can do to speed up your code.
As browsers explode with new capabilities and migrate onto devices users can be left wondering, “what’s taking so long?” Learn how HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and the web itself conspire against a fast-running application and simple tips to create a snappy interface that delight users instead of frustrating them.
High Performance JavaScript (Amazon DevCon 2011)Nicholas Zakas
The document summarizes techniques for improving JavaScript performance in web applications. It discusses how JavaScript execution blocks the browser UI thread, leading to unresponsive user experiences if scripts run for too long. It then provides recommendations to limit JavaScript execution times to under 50ms and describes load time techniques like placing scripts at the bottom of the page, combining files, and loading scripts dynamically or deferring their execution to improve page load performance.
In the beginning, progressive enhancement was simple: HTML layered with CSS layered with JavaScript. That worked fine when there were two browsers, but in today's world of multiple devices and multiple browsers, it's time for a progressive enhancement reboot. At the core is the understanding that the web is not print - the same rules don't apply. As developers and consumers we've been fooled into thinking about print paradigms for too long. In this talk, you'll learn just how different the web is and how the evolution of progressive enhancement can lead to better user experiences as well as happier developers and users.
This deck is a conference-agnostic one, suitable to be shown anywhere without site-specific jokes!
Progressive Enhancement 2.0 (jQuery Conference SF Bay Area 2011)Nicholas Zakas
In the beginning, progressive enhancement was simple: HTML layered with CSS layered with JavaScript. That worked fine when there were two browsers, but in today's world of multiple devices and multiple browsers, it's time for a progressive enhancement reboot. At the core is the understanding that the web is not print - the same rules don't apply. As developers and consumers we've been fooled into thinking about print paradigms for too long. In this talk, you'll learn just how different the web is and how the evolution of progressive enhancement can lead to better user experiences as well as happier developers and users.
YUI Test The Next Generation (YUIConf 2010)Nicholas Zakas
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nicholas C. Zakas on the evolution of YUI Test and introducing the new standalone version. Some key points:
- YUI Test was originally developed as a testing framework for YUI but inconsistencies arose between YUI 2.x and 3.x versions.
- A new standalone version was created to address these issues and allow YUI Test to be used without YUI dependencies. It provides a familiar syntax and API improvements.
- Additional related libraries were introduced, including a Selenium driver for browser automation and code coverage to identify untested code paths.
- Together these provide a complete JavaScript testing solution for continuous integration with features like Hudson integration and reporting
High Performance JavaScript (YUIConf 2010)Nicholas Zakas
Ever wonder why the page appears frozen or why you get a dialog saying, "this script is taking too long"? Inside of the browser, JavaScript and the page's UI are very intertwined, which means they can affect each other and, in turn, affect overall page performance. Ensuring the fastest execution time of JavaScript code isn't about geek cred, it's about ensuring that the user experience is as fast and responsive as possible. In a world where an extra second can cost you a visitor, sluggishness due to poor JavaScript code is a big problem. In this talk, you'll learn what's going on inside the browser that can slow JavaScript down and how that can end up creating a "slow page". You'll also learn how to overcome the conspiracy against your code by eliminating performance bottlenecks.
High Performance JavaScript - Fronteers 2010Nicholas Zakas
For much of its existence, JavaScript has been slow. No one complained until developers created complex web applications with thousands of lines of JavaScript code. Although newer JavaScript engines have improved the situation, there's still a lot to understand about what makes JavaScript slow and what you can do to speed up your code.
The document discusses optimizing JavaScript performance for Yahoo's homepage. It describes techniques used such as:
1. Loading non-critical JavaScript asynchronously and lazily to improve time to interactivity.
2. Splitting long-running JavaScript tasks into smaller chunks with timers to maintain responsiveness.
3. Using Web Workers to offload CPU-intensive tasks without blocking the UI thread.
4. Caching and preloading resources to reduce roundtrip times for Ajax requests.
The techniques helped optimize performance by reducing JavaScript parsing time and improving responsiveness.
High Performance JavaScript - WebDirections USA 2010Nicholas Zakas
This document summarizes Nicholas C. Zakas' presentation on high performance JavaScript. It discusses how the browser UI thread handles both UI updates and JavaScript execution sequentially. Long running JavaScript can cause unresponsive UIs. Techniques to ensure responsive UIs include limiting JavaScript execution time, using timers or web workers to break up processing, reducing repaints and reflows, and grouping style changes. Hardware acceleration and optimizing JavaScript engines have improved performance but responsive UIs still require discipline.
Overhauling one of the most visited web sites in the world is a major task, and add on top of it the pressure of keeping performance the same while adding a ton of new features, and you have quite a task. Learn how the Yahoo! homepage team achieved performance parity with the previous version even while adding a ton of new features.
Brightwell ILC Futures workshop David Sinclair presentationILC- UK
As part of our futures focused project with Brightwell we organised a workshop involving thought leaders and experts which was held in April 2024. Introducing the session David Sinclair gave the attached presentation.
For the project we want to:
- explore how technology and innovation will drive the way we live
- look at how we ourselves will change e.g families; digital exclusion
What we then want to do is use this to highlight how services in the future may need to adapt.
e.g. If we are all online in 20 years, will we need to offer telephone-based services. And if we aren’t offering telephone services what will the alternative be?
Cassandra to ScyllaDB: Technical Comparison and the Path to SuccessScyllaDB
What can you expect when migrating from Cassandra to ScyllaDB? This session provides a jumpstart based on what we’ve learned from working with your peers across hundreds of use cases. Discover how ScyllaDB’s architecture, capabilities, and performance compares to Cassandra’s. Then, hear about your Cassandra to ScyllaDB migration options and practical strategies for success, including our top do’s and don’ts.
Leveraging AI for Software Developer Productivity.pptxpetabridge
Supercharge your software development productivity with our latest webinar! Discover the powerful capabilities of AI tools like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT 4.X. We'll show you how these tools can automate tedious tasks, generate complete syntax, and enhance code documentation and debugging.
In this talk, you'll learn how to:
- Efficiently create GitHub Actions scripts
- Convert shell scripts
- Develop Roslyn Analyzers
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Day 4 - Excel Automation and Data ManipulationUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program: https://bit.ly/Africa_Automation_Student_Developers
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📕 Detailed agenda:
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About Strings and String Manipulation
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Excel Automation with the Modern Experience in Studio
Data Manipulation with Strings in Studio
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Attending this session will give you a deeper understanding of the potential of RAG and Milvus DB in telecommunications engineering. You will learn how to address common challenges in the field and enhance the efficiency of their operations. The session will equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about the choice of vector databases, and how best to use them for your use-cases
26. Broadband and Dial-Up Adoption, 2000-2012
34%
41%
38% 37%
30%
28%
23%
15%
10%
7% 5%
3% 3% 4%
3%
6%
11%
16%
24%
33%
42%
47%
55%
63%
66%
62%
66% 65%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
June
2000
April
2001
March
2002
March
2003
April
2004
March
2005
March
2006
March
2007
April
2008
April
2009
May
2010
Aug
2011
April
2012
Dec-12
% of American adults who access the internet via dial-up or broadband, over time
Dial-up
Broadband
http://pewinternet.org/Trend-Data-(Adults)/Home-Broadband-Adoption.aspx
32. • User IDs were numeric
– 73562,1023
• First to provide gateway
to “real” Internet (1989)
– 73562.1023@compuserve.com
• Loved for its forums
• Created GIF format
• Most users were geeks
34. • Consumer portal pioneer
• Graphical user interface
• ESPN’s first online presence
• Curated news and
information
• Relied on online shopping
and advertising to offset
costs
• First to provide gateway to
the World Wide Web
• Message boards galore
37. • Graphical user interface
• Made internet accessible
to consumers
• Lots of local numbers
• Interactive chat rooms
• Instant messaging
• Visually rich content
accessible by keyword
• Outpriced everyone
50. Instant Messaging and Chatrooms
• Real-time, text-based
communication
• Buddy list
• Away message
• Avatars
• Font control
89. Netscape has enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the
browser market (about 90% according to some
estimates), and this has allowed it to consolidate
its position still further by introducing unofficial or
'extended' HTML tags. As a result, the Web is
littered with pages that only work effectively if
viewed in Navigator. By the time other browsers
catch up, Netscape has made even more additions.
http://web.archive.org/web/20050325180847/http://www.macuser.co.uk/macuser/re
views/16110/microsoft-internet-explorer-21.html
“
90. Birth of the AOL
browser that
bridges Gopher and
WWW
140. // basis for preventDefault
event.returnValue = false;
// basis for stopPropagation
event.cancelBubble = true;
141. // basis for getElementById
var myElement = document.all.elementId;
// basis for getElementsByTagName
var paragraphs = document.all.tags("P");
// basis for parentNode
var parent = myElement.parentElement;
myElement.innerText = "Hi!";
160. 1999 – No major release
2000 – No major release
2001 – No major release
2002 – Version 6
2003 – Version 7
1999 – No major release
2000 – Version 5.5
2001 – Version 6
2002 – No major release
2003 – No major release
168. Etcetera
• My blog: nczonline.net
• Twitter: @slicknet
• These Slides: slideshare.net/nzakas
Editor's Notes
133 MHz, 16 MB RAM, 1.2 GB Hard drive
You might have thought from the first slide that this would be a story about Internet Explorer. It is, but moreso it’s about the two companies that came beforehand: America Online and Netscape. At one point in time these two companies basically controlled the Internet. The story of how that changed is really the story of how the Internet itself changed.
To understand how those two companies became so powerful, we need to go back even further in time to 1991.
In 1991, CompuServe was the most popular online service, followed by Prodigy, followed by a AOL
Gopher was released from researchers at the University of Minnesota. This was the first nearly consumer-friendly way of accessing the internet.
Gopher was basically a glorified file system browser. You could have folders and documents, and it created a nice click-through interface for you. Gopher looked a lot like a very early version of the web.
Real Internet wasn’t much then. Gopher wasn’t even available. Mostly just email.
This is what the welcome screen for AOL looked like. Prior to this, you would have chosen your local dialup numbers. You select your username from the dropdown, enter your password, and then click Sign On.
This was the fun part, AOL showed a three-part status update while waiting to connect. The first part was for dialing, the second was for establishing the connection, and the third for when your session was ready. If the number was busy or someone in your house picked up the phone, the process was broken and would start over.
Once you signed in, you were greeted with a very visual welcome page. This was a forerunner to modern web portals like the Yahoo homepage. This was AOL 3.0.
Over time, they jacked up the content and visuals to keep users interested. It was very pretty.
Another thing AOL figured out was the idea of unique identifiers for different pieces of content. Most other services made you navigate through menus to find what you were looking for. Every AOL screen had a keyword that, when entered, allowed you to jump right to that content. If you were a content provider on AOL, you could buy a keyword. It was common to see advertisements saying, “Visit us on AOL keyword foo”.
AOL had the content, and this was considered pretty graphical at that point in time. It was easy to use and more importantly, easy for content providers to create.
Over time, these destinations became more graphical in nature as that’s what consumers demanded. AOL had a pretty good thing going, they were both collecting money on both ends: from users to access the system and from content providers to create these screens. Prodigy and Compuserve were slow to improve their visuals and AOL took advantage.
What really made AOL popular was the chat capabilities. They more or less invented instant messaging as we know it today and became the go-to place for chatrooms. They invented things like the away message and buddy list and over time gave everyone a lot of control over the chat experience. I can tell you from personal experience, this was incredibly addictive.
At this point, AOL decided to start allowing access through them to the regular internet. For most people, that meant dialing into AOL and then doing something in AOL to get to the “real” Internet. At the time, there were no big pure ISPs – you have AOL, Prodigy, and Compuserve – cable and telephone providers hadn’t yet started selling direct plans.
By this time, AOL had leapfrogged the competition and was the #1 online service provider. It was a mammoth in the industry with deep pockets and a ruthless approach to the competition.
Keep in mind that the “real” Internet wasn’t what it is today. In fact, in the early days of AOL, you weren’t ever really on the Internet. It was a closed network of members who primarily communicated with each other and the parties who were in AOL. You email outside of the network by using the @ in someone’s address, and people could email to you by using @aol.com, but most time was spent in the AOL network.
At this point, AOL decided to start allowing access through them to the regular internet. For most people, that meant dialing into AOL and then doing something in AOL to get to the “real” Internet. At the time, there were no big pure ISPs – you have AOL, Prodigy, and Compuserve – cable and telephone providers hadn’t yet started selling direct plans.WAIS = Wide Area Information Servers
For AOL, this wasn’t a big gamble. The Internet was really just FTP, email, and Gopher, none of which could challenge the GUI that AOL slapped onto online content. For all intents and purposes, AOL was throwing the Internet a bone by making access to Gopher easier. They knew damn well that consumers would choose the GUI-based AOL over the text-based Internet every day of the week. Plus, all of the content people wanted was on AOL, so chances are many people wouldn’t explore via Gopher anyway.
However, this was the year Netscape came about, co-founded by a guy you might remember, Marc Andreesen. The goal was to commercialize the Internet web browser and would change the fate of the Internet.
This was Mosaic Netscape 0.9. Originally, they thought “Mosaic” was important to include so that people would know it was a web browser. Eventually, the University of Illinois was unhappy enough that they dropped it from the name. The code name of the project was “Mozilla”, which is short for “Mosaic Killa”, believing that commercial success waiting.
This was Netscape 1.0. Initially they planned to make Netscape free, and version 1.0 was available free for download for everyone. What you see here is pretty much what the web was at that point in time: gray background, black text, with some images thrown in for fun. This was clearly not competition for the AOL content, and so AOL didn’t flinch as other companies started making web browsers. They had the content people wanted, the web was really just a place for random stuff that no one could really find.
Some of the things that were new: cookies, which were first created for an online shopping cart, were created by Netscape and included in the first version. They also invented SSL and shipped 1.0 with the first browser in response to concerns. Image floating was created as a way to offset images inside of text, this was the ancestor of CSS floats.
It was in 1994 that a forgotten part of the Internet puzzle fell into place. A company called Spyglass that was initially setup in 1990 to help commercialize the work of the NCSA officially licensed the Mosaic technology. However, in its efforts to create its own web browser, Spyglass ended up writing its own from scratch without using the licensed technology at all. In effect, Spyglass Mosaic wasn’t Mosaic in anything but its name. Spyglass then started licensing its own technology as part of its business. Keep this in mind, we’ll see them again.
Spyglass and Netscape weren’t the only companies interested in web browsing. BookLink was founded in 1994 and created its own web browser. For a company you’ve probably never heard of, they were quite the hot commodity. They were approached that same year by Microsoft wanting to buy them for $2 million. Microsoft wanted to get into the web browser business and was gearing up for a push in Windows 95. AOL offered the equivalent of $30 million in stock to acquire BookLink later that year, leaving Microsoft behind in the game.
If you were to look back in time as AOL and pinpoint a moment where your demise began, this would be it. They failed to see the warning signs. The fact that they had to outbid Microsoft for BookLink should have been an indicator. Here’s why.
Up until this point, AOL was the dominant online provider and ISP provider. They had all the interesting content and the content on the web was mostly academic stuff. It wasn’t pretty to look at and inhabited by geeks. People came to AOL for the good stuff and then maybe went to the Internet for other stuff, but they still did that through AOL. Now Netscape and other browsers allowed you to access the Internet without going through AOL. So you could get to the subpar Internet content through a web browser. However, you’d still need an Internet connection, and AOL was the most obvious solution. That’s why AOL didn’t care. You still needed them to get to the Internet from your home one way or another. What they failed to realize is that this created an obvious vacuum that was begging to be filled: if you could have an ISP allow you to connect directly to the Internet, you’d no longer need to go through AOL. But once again, the compelling content, the chats, the instant messaging, was all one AOL at this point, so they thought they were safe.Nevermind the fact that Microsoft clearly wanted to get into the Internet business. They had a ton of money and were ready to spend it, clearly betting on the Internet to dethrone AOL.
Towards the end of 1994, Microsoft tried to buy Netscape outright. After having lost out on the BookLink deal, they were desperate to get involved with the Internet. Netscape turned them down because the offer was too low (a common theme from Microsoft, it appears) and the stage was now set.
1995 was a big year for Microsoft. They were planning on releasing Windows 95, the most significant update to Windows they had ever made. It completely changed the paradigm for using Windows computers and most of the aspects in it remained through Windows 7, including the task bar and start button. They wanted to have an Internet browser (not Netscape) to ship with the operating system, which is why they had contacted BookLink about acquiring their software. When that failed, they were forced to take another route.
That other route took them back to Spyglass. You may remember Spyglass had licensed Mosaic from NCSA but then wrote their own browser. Microsoft struck a deal with Spyglass to pay them a fixed quarterly amount plus a percentage of revenues resulting from sales of the Microsoft browser.
Internet Explorer 1 was released quietly with Windows 95 Plus. It was a bit hidden in the release and so didn’t amount to anything. It didn’t have a separate logo from the Windows 95 logo, basically making it the “Windows Browser”. Internet Explorer 2 had the same design and was released later that year for both Windows and Mac, integrated more features such as cookies (debuted in Netscape 1), SSL, VRML, JavaScript, HTML 3 (tables, frames, bgsound, text font tag), RSA, PPP network stack.
Meanwhile, Netscape put out it’s first beta of version 2.0.
One of the objects created by Netscape was window.navigator. Since “Navigator” was the name of the browser, this object was prescribed to tell you more about the browser. There was no other browser supporting JavaScript at the time, so why not name it Navigator?Early on, you couldn’t reference just any elements in the page, it was only specific elements. Specifically, you could reference forms and links. One of the big early uses for LiveScript was to validate forms before being sent back to the server. Additionally, this is where the cookie, location, and title properties originated.
At this point, you couldn’t have anonymous functions even though event handlers did work.
This is also where alert, confirm, and prompt came from.
Adding the elements for frames wasn’t all, though. Netscape also needed a way to say which frame should display the result of clicking a link. To do that, they created the target attribute on links and forms. The target attribute gave the name of the frame or one of several predefined names that Netscape came up with. Also note that the convention at the time was to write HTML tags in all uppercase.
Netscape also added some additional attributes to <BODY>, allowing you to specify background, foreground, and link color options. The <FONT> tag was added to allow you to set the size and color of specific areas of text. The same color names and hex codes are used in CSS today. Then there was the <CENTER> tag, which introduced us to the idea of aligning text in the middle of the page.
Since Netscape was the only browser that supported JavaScript, it had to worry about compatibility with older browsers. Mosaic, for instance, would render the HTML code into the page. To prevent that from happening, this pattern was created. Netscape (and every browser since) ignores the first comment tag inside of a <SCRIPT> .
There were basic events in Netscape 2, but you had to attach them inline. They added the onclick, onmouseover, and onmouseout attributes and allowed you to cancel the default behavior by returning false. There was no event object. You could only add click events to links and buttons, and onmouseover/mouseout only worked for links. You could also use onsubmit for forms so that you could validate before submitting the form.That was it, you couldn’t attach event handlers using JavaScript and there was no event bubbling or capturing.
AOL released the BookLink-based browser in mid-1995. The browser supported both Gopher and WWW.
Internet Explorer 2 had the same design and was released later that year for both Windows and Mac, integrated more features such as cookies (debuted in Netscape 1), SSL, VRML, HTML 3 (tables, frames, bgsound, text font tag), RSA, PPP network stack. The really important part of IE 2 is that it was available on a lot of platforms: Windows 95, Windows 3.1, Macintosh, even Unix.
The goal of Internet Explorer 2.0 was to make it as compatible with Netscape as possible. Why? Because we had entered the age of browser sniffing. Since Netscape had added proprietary features, the web was no longer compatible across browsers. Sites were broken when using Mosaic and people started putting this “best viewed with” badge on their pages. Servers started looking at the user-agent string and only letting the browser in if it was Netscape. For Internet Explorer to have a chance, they had to jump through hoops to make sure sites would serve their browser the same great content as Netscape.
And so the great user-agent string conflation began. Internet Explorer decided to start their user-agent string with “Mozilla” to trick servers into treating the browser as Netscape. Most server sniffing was that dumb, just looking for the word “Mozilla”. Practically every other browser since that time has taken the “Mozilla” moniker to the point where it’s just a convention and completely useless. That practice started here.
Now the picture is getting a bit clearer. AOL knew that Microsoft wanted in on the Internet space thanks to the BookLink deal. The Windows browser was released without much fanfare so that didn’t seem like a big deal, however you now had three was to get to the Internet, only one of which was AOL. The market was starting to get crowded.
On December 7, 1995, Bill Gates announced internally that Internet Explorer would be given away for free. He basically declared open war on the Internet and Netscape, causing Netscape’s stock to plunge 6% or $340 million. Netscape’s stock price would never recover. This also angered Spyglass, who you may remember licensed their technology to Microsoft for a share of any revenues generated from Internet Explorer. Since it would now be free, there would be no revenues and Spyglass would get nothing other than the flat fee Microsoft agreed to give them. This would eventually lead to a lawsuit that Microsoft settled for $8 million.
Now we’re back to 1996. Yes, that’s when I was in college. 1996 turned out to be a very important year in the Internet.
There was a really significant turf war building on the Internet. Microsoft and Netscape were locked in a duel where only one would survive, and America Online was going blissfully along as the #1 online service provider, almost laughing at the two dueling around them. What AOL failed to recognize was that the browser arms race was rapidly improving the quality of content available on the Web.
The fact was that AOL was rapidly losing the quality content that made it the destination of choice for online customers. Now, the content providers were free to setup their own websites and share their own news without paying AOL for the right to do so.
The amount of content on the Internet was growing, outpacing the content on AOL, and because of Netscape those experiences were becoming prettier and more graphical. Yet, AOL wasn’t really panicking. They continue to plug along.
The speed of Internet access was increasing, meaning that the time AOL spent optimizing its delivery was starting to not matter as much. With speeds reaching 56 Kbps, the Internet was much faster than it was just two years ago. AOL raced to ensure it could take advantage of this technology and setup new data centers capable of sending data across at those speeds.We weren’t quite at broadband yet, but the days of snail-crawl Internet connections were coming to an end.
No one knew it at the time, but Netscape was reaching its peak usage. It would top out at around 80% before starting a steady decrease. But we’ll get to that.
Netscape Navigator 3 was released. It was mostly an upgrade to 2.0 without many major changes. The biggest change, however, was with JavaScript.
Netscape 3 introduced the ability to load external JavaScript into the page. The way it works today is as it was then, more or less. You could also dynamically include content using document.write(), assign event handlers in JavaScript (still not anonymous functions) and access form elements by name instead of just ordering number.
Later that year, the big blue e would debut.
Introduced hover effects for their buttons.
Internet Explorer 3 was the first real competitor for Netscape. It was fast, it was pretty, it was compatible with all Netscape sites, and had a ton of new features. It was the first commercial browser to support basic CSS for fonts, colors, backgrounds, and some spacing. IE released IE3 with both Jscript, a reverse-engineered version of JavaScript, and VBScript, their own entry into the web scripting world. Last, they created their own button to put on web sites, where “Best viewed with” became a battleground for the browser wars.Jscript was mostly like JavaScript, except that it added getFullYear() and setFullYear() to the Date object to deal with Y2K issues.
In November 1996, Netscape submitted a JavaScript standard to ECMA for review.
By liberating Instant Messenger from AOL, AOL effectively put one of its differentiators out into the Internet. The Internet pretty much was on par with the content and capabilities of AOL at that point in time.
Over in the browser world, Internet Explorer 3 had made some waves but wasn’t necessarily a powerhouse. It had basically subsumed the Mosaic market share and was now starting to eat into Netscape. But Netscape was still the most used web browser in the world and the small gains being made by IE didn’t seem like that big of a deal. There was a #1 and a distant #2. As it turned out, late 1997 was going to be a major war as both browsers introduced new versions.
Netscape renamed the fourth version “Communicator”, as it set it’s site on corporate users who would need more than just a web browser. The idea was that the browser became the center of a communications suite.
JavaScript 1.2 added a bunch of stuff we’re used to, but also made a breaking change. The double equals and not equals operators were changed to take into account type. So this version has no type-coercing, and you would get that behavior if you specified JavaScript 1.2 in the language attribute of <script> only. The bummer was that ECMAScript 1 hadn’t yet been finalized and Netscape didn’t want to wait. It just plowed ahead. Consequently, 4.0 wasn’t ECMAScript 1 compliant.
Since Netscape was the only browser that supported JavaScript, it had to worry about compatibility with older browsers. Mosaic, for instance, would render the HTML code into the page. To prevent that from happening, this pattern was created. Netscape (and every browser since) ignores the first comment tag inside of a <SCRIPT> .
Layers were the main method of dynamic HTML in Netscape. They could be interacted with any had support for most events at a time when many elements didn’t support events. You could specify where the layer should be on the page and even clipping and visibility.
Internet Explorer did one very important thing here: unlike Netscape, they decided that all elements on the page should be accesible by JavaScript. Netscape had merely expanded this list from form fields, images, and links to include layers. Internet Explorer said that it didn’t matter what element it was, you could access it with JavaScript. This was a precursor to the modern DOM.
In this fourth generation of browsers, the DHTML battleground took place between sets of tags. In Netscape, you’d use <layer>, <ilayer>, and <frame>. In IE, you’d use <div>, <span>, and <iframe>. Even know Netscape supported <div> and <span>, they were little-used and not as well supported as in IE.
Netscape decided that the click event happens at the document level first, and then is delegated down into the document, in this case to the div. They labeled this “event capturing” as the document captures the click and then moves it along to other spots. Internet Explorer, on the other hand, decided that the target of the event should receive the event first, and then the event should bubble up its parents, going all the way up the tree structure. They called this event bubbling. Ultimately, no one could decide who was right, so both got implemented in the DOM.
In this fourth generation of browsers, the DHTML battleground took place between sets of tags. In Netscape, you’d use <layer>, <ilayer>, and <frame>. In IE, you’d use <div>, <span>, and <iframe>. Even know Netscape supported <div> and <span>, they were little-used and not as well supported as in IE.
Dynamic HTML opened the door for better, more dynamic UIs on the web. Programming cross-browser was a big pain, but the experience was so much better that it rivaled what AOL was doing with proprietary technology.
Netscape 4 would be the last major revision of the Netscape browser. After that, they focused on small releases to improve stability and performance. They did release 4.06 to get ECMAScript 1 support, then 4.5 through 4.8. Netscape had decided that their codebase was too slow and too hard to develop upon. It hadn’t changed much since Netscape 1.0 and couldn’t keep up with the rapid changes Microsoft was making. A radical decision was made to start rewriting the browser from scratch, starting with the rendering engine. The development of the Gecko rendering engine, which was to be the engine behind Netscape 5, started development alongside development on the old Netscape engine. The new Gecko engine would fix all of the ills of the old engine, including arduous cross-platform development, to setup Netscape for the future.
In 1998, Netscape officially gave up trying to sell their browser. Instead, they decided to open source Gecko in the hopes that it would speed up development of Netscape 5.
The content on the Internet was getting better, and was now a serious competitor to AOL’s content dominance. After successfully acquiring BookLink away from Microsoft, the AOL browser was far behind the times.
In the end, this probably had to happen for AOL to compete on the Internet. They obviously couldn’t buy Internet Explorer, and the BookLink deal amounted to a crappy browser that couldn’t compete in the marketplace.
Mozilla.org was launched as part of the open source efforts. That’s where the Gecko source code would live and be freely available to anyone who wanted it.
Microsoft had over 1,000 people working on IE5 with a $100 million fund for development. This was primarily a security and performance release. The blue E was removed as the throbber, replaced by the Windows logo. This was the last version that was available on Mac and Unix.
Netscape stagnated for the next few years without a major release as they continued to fix bugs on the old codebase and work on Gecko. In the meantime, Internet Explorer two significant releases: 5.5, which introduced ECMAScript 3 support (the first browser to do so), 128-bit encryption for SSL, as well as rudimentary DOM support, and then 6. Version 6 was a big improvement, introducing DOCTYPE mode switching and fixing the box model bug in standards mode. It also introduced ECMAScript 3 support, the first browser to do so. The gopher protocol was disabled in version 6, marking the end of an era. With Netscape stagnating, Internet Explorer continued gaining market share.Netscape would try to release another browser in 2002, dubbed Netscape 6 it was built on the new Gecko engine. Unfortunately, it was incredibly buggy and even though it had taken three years to write, this version was considered not even fit for a beta version. Netscape 7 tried to fix those bugs, and for their efforts, AOL laid off the browser team.
The turning point for this battle with 1998 and Internet Explorer 5. IE’s market share growth accelerated considerably between the end of 1998 and 2000, when Internet Explorer 5.5 was released.
AOL looked like it was on a different trajectory when it bought Netscape, trying to inject life into the dying company. It effectively bought Time Warner in a huge deal that seemed to solidify AOL as the leader in the new world of media. However, things weren’t all that rosey.
A few things happened at this point. First, AOL actually was embedding IE as their browser despite owning Netscape. The fact was that all the best content was built for IE since Netscape sucked, so in order to give their customers what they wanted, it had to be IE. At the same time, the phone companies began getting into the ISP business. They sold direct access to the Internet and let people use the browser they already had to access the content.Also, cable companies started offering internet access as well. Where AOL once was the primary way people got online, they were now completely cut out of the loop. The best content was on the Internet now, not in AOL. There was no reason for people to go to AOL anymore. The web had liberated control of content from AOL and AOL was feeling it.
After becoming a behemoth, AOL started to follow the path of Netscape. From being worth an estimated $161 billion in 2000, AOL was valued at $4 billion in 2009. AOL Time Warner became a symbol for the dot-com failures, they would drop “AOL” from the company name, and AOL would later be spun off back into a separate company.
And then we were left with one browser: IE6. With Netscape effectively dead and no other browsers to compete with, Microsoft disbanded the IE team. They had “won” the Internet, there was no reason to keep competing, to keep pushing and innovating. There would be no major updates to Internet Explorer for five years, causing browser lock-in and a surplus of sites designed to work specifically with Internet Explorer. The browser that saved us from a web that was defined by Netscape ended up creating a web designed by itself. After all was said and done, it was the only one left standing. AOL and Netscape both fell by the wayside, casualties of a company that had a plan for grabbing control of the Internet out of their hands.