Biomechanics of foot

The patellofemoral joint is one of the most incongruent joints in the body. It depends on static structures like the lateral lip of the femoral condyle and the length of the patellar tendon for stability. Forces through the joint increase significantly during activities like squatting or ascending stairs. Pathologies of the patellofemoral joint can include osteoarthritis, ligament injuries, meniscal tears, and patellofemoral pain syndrome resulting from an imbalance of forces through the joint.

This document provides an overview of the biomechanics of the knee complex. It describes the knee as the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. The knee functions to flex and extend the leg, support body weight, and facilitate locomotion. Key components include the articular surfaces, menisci, capsule, collateral and cruciate ligaments, muscles, bursae, and plicae. The document outlines the roles and mechanics of each of these structures, as well as common injuries associated with the knee.

The knee is a complex joint composed of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. It functions to provide mobility and support body weight during both static and dynamic activities. The knee joint contains menisci that increase joint congruence and distribute weight forces. It also contains cruciate and collateral ligaments that restrict motion and provide stability. During flexion and extension, the tibia glides and rotates on the femur through rolling and sliding motions controlled by the ligaments and menisci.

This document discusses the biomechanics of the knee joint, including its structure, stability mechanisms, and kinetics. It describes the knee as a complex hinge joint made up of the femur, tibia, and patella. Key stabilizing structures include the collateral and cruciate ligaments, menisci, and surrounding muscles. The document outlines the knee's degrees of freedom and range of motion, including screw-home rotation. It also analyzes the forces acting on the knee during activities like walking, cycling, and squatting using free body diagrams and dynamic analysis.

The document discusses scapulohumeral rhythm, which refers to the coordinated motion between the scapula and humerus during shoulder movement. There is typically a 2:1 ratio of humeral movement to scapular movement. Abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm can be caused by injuries or weakness and can be assessed using tests like the lateral scapular slide test and scapular dyskinesis test. Physical therapy management focuses on stretching shortened muscles and strengthening the scapular stabilizers to improve rhythm and mechanics.

This document discusses various types of pathological gaits, which refer to abnormal walking patterns caused by medical conditions. It describes gaits due to pain, muscular issues, deformities, and neurological problems. Specific gaits mentioned include antalgic, psoatic, gluteus maximus, quadriceps, genu recurvatum, hemiplegic, scissoring, dragging, sensory ataxic, foot drop, equinus, and knock knee gaits. Each gait type is characterized by distinct features in terms of leg, hip, knee, and trunk positioning and movement during walking. The document provides details on the anatomical causes and compensations that result in these pathological walking patterns.

The document discusses the biomechanics of sit-to-stand (STS) movement. STS is an important daily activity that requires moving the center of mass from a stable seated position to an unstable standing position. It involves four phases - flexion momentum, momentum transfer, extension, and stabilization. Kinematics include pelvic tilt, trunk extension, hip and knee flexion/extension. Kinetics involve using leg, back and arm muscles to generate momentum to rise from sitting to standing and stabilize in the upright position. Proper timing and coordination of body segments is important for effective STS.

this PPT contain detailed kinetics & kinematics of ankle joint & all joints of foot complex, muscles of ankle & foot complex, plantar arches & weight distribution during standing.

this PPT contains all the details about anatomy, kinetics & kinematics of wrist joint, palmar arches & prehension.

The document summarizes the biomechanics of the shoulder joint, including its components and motions. It describes the sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, and scapulothoracic joint. It details the ligaments and muscles that provide stability and allow movement at each joint. Key points are that shoulder function requires integrated and coordinated motion of all its parts, and the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers are essential for dynamic stabilization of the glenohumeral joint during arm movement.

Low frequency stimulation, Faradic Foot Bath, Faradism Under Pressure, Faradism Under Tension, Stimulation to Pelvic Floor Muscles, Physiotherapy

This document provides an overview of biomechanics of the elbow, including its structure, function, kinematics, muscle actions, and stability mechanisms. It describes the three joints that make up the elbow complex - the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint. It details the motions of elbow flexion/extension and forearm pronation/supination, identifying the muscles, ligaments, and bony structures involved in each motion. Common injuries to the elbow from direct stresses and repeated stresses are also summarized.

This document discusses various types of pathological and abnormal gaits. It begins by outlining common causes of abnormal gait such as pain, joint limitations, muscle weakness, neurological involvement, and leg length discrepancies. It then describes specific gaits in more detail, including antalgic gait, psoatic gait, gluteus maximus gait, gluteus medius gait, quadriceps gait, genu recurvatum gait, hemiplegic gait, scissoring gait, dragging gait, cerebellar ataxic gait, sensory ataxic gait, short shuffling gait, foot drop gait, equinus gait, calcaneal g

The document provides details about the biomechanics of the thorax, including its general structures, bones, joints, ligaments, and muscles involved in ventilation. The key structures discussed are the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and their articulations. The document describes the types of joints between these structures, including the costovertebral, costotransverse, costochondral, and sternocostal joints. It also summarizes the primary muscles that promote inspiration, such as the diaphragm, intercostals, and scalenes.

The document discusses the biomechanics of the spine. It describes the structure of the spine including the 33 vertebrae and intervertebral disks. It discusses the articulations between vertebrae including the intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies and disks, and the zygapophyseal joints between articular processes. It also describes the ligaments that connect vertebrae like the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. The spine functions to provide support, stability, and mobility and withstands various forces like axial compression, tension, bending, torsion and shear stresses.

This document summarizes the biomechanics of the hip joint. It describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head, acetabulum, and labrum. It also discusses the capsule, ligaments including the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. Muscles that act on the hip joint and the ranges of motion are outlined. Factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized. Pathomechanics related to variations in the neck shaft angle and angle of torsion are covered.

This document describes various mat activities (MAT) used in physical therapy. It discusses 9 principles of MAT including concentration, control, fluidity, etc. It then describes different MAT positions and exercises including rolling, prone on elbows, prone on hands, supine on elbows, pull ups, lifting, quadruped position, kneeling, and sitting. The goals of MAT are to facilitate balance, promote stability, mobilize and strengthen the trunk and limbs, and train for functional activities. Details are provided on how to perform several example MAT exercises and positions.

Biomechanics

The document summarizes the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. It describes the 26 bones that make up the foot, divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. It outlines the joints of the foot and ankle including the ankle joint, subtalar joint, transverse tarsal joint, and tarsometatarsal joints. It discusses the ligaments supporting each joint and the motions associated with walking, such as pronation and supination. Overall, the foot provides stability, mobility, shock absorption and propulsion during gait.

The document summarizes the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. It describes the 26 bones that make up the foot, divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. It outlines the joints of the foot and ankle including the ankle joint, subtalar joint, transverse tarsal joint, and tarsometatarsal joints. It discusses the ligaments supporting each joint and the motions associated with walking, such as pronation and supination. Overall, the foot provides stability, mobility, shock absorption and propulsion during gait.

The ankle and foot are complex structures that combine flexibility and stability. They consist of 26 bones arranged into the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot, as well as ligaments and muscles. The ankle and foot provide stability and leverage during walking and running. They absorb shock, adapt to terrain, and help propel the body forward. Common injuries include ankle sprains from inversion of the foot, fractures, Achilles tendon injuries, and stress fractures from repetitive loading. The ankle and foot undergo specific motions like dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and pronation during the gait cycle to aid in stability, shock absorption and propulsion.