When a car enters a
corner
with
over speed,
it rise
s
the accident risk higher
.
To warn the risk and urging
the caution to drivers, many of the accident
-
prone corners have warning rights. The driver can decelerate
the car smoothly and pass through the
corner safety by those
devices.
However
, appropriate speed for each
corner is differ
ent by curvature of the corner and characteristics of the vehicle.
The driver
has
to suppose
the safe speed for every corner only by experience,
usually. Of
co
urse too much slow causes traffic jam.
Especially at the first road in the first place for the dr
iver, it is difficult to suppose the curvatures of the
corners. Then
, we propose a visible light communication system so that the warning lights in the corner
send appropriate warning information. V
isible light communication transmits
a signal by blinking the light.
One of the characteristics of
visible light communication is that it can use
existing
lighting equipment as a
transmitter.
In our system, we
can distribute the
warning
information to the driver using the visible light
commun
ication.
Though
the curvature(R:radious) of the corner does not change, the speed of each vehicle
to approach the corner always to different.
Focusing the distance from the corner to the car, we consider a
communication system to send different kind of inf
ormation according to that
distance.
If
the distance is
enough long, the driver has a plenty of time to decelerate the
vehicle. The
more the distance becomes short,
the more the driver is required rapid
deceleration. Therefore
, to distribute the appropriat
e warning
information to the driver, dividing the distance from the corner into some areas, we make the system to send
different information in each
area. Generally
in communication system, modulation primarily changes the
amplitude, phase or
frequency. In
visible light communication, change of the amplitude changes the
brightness, which causes flickering that burdens the
drivers. Therefore
we cannot use amplitude based
modulation.
Next
we consider the varying the
phase.
Unfortunately
, it is difficult for t
he receiver using
photodiode or phototransistor to read the difference of the phase of the signals, because the frequency of
the light is very high
in visible light communication.
Then we employ 'symbol length' with the Pulse
Position
Modulation (
PPM).In our method, brightness does not change when the symbol length is
changed.
We
investigate the system performance by changing the communication
speed. Short
symbol length in high
frequency is sensitive and vulnerable to noise, instead of low frequenc
y with strong against
noise.
Using
this characteristic of symbol length modulation, dif
The document describes an electronic safety assistance system for blind people using a microcontroller and DSP voice processor. The system uses an IR transmitter and receiver to detect obstructions, and notifies the user via a voice processor and buzzer. It is designed to help blind people safely reach their destinations by warning them of detected objects through audio cues. The system's main components are an MCS51 microcontroller, IR transmitter and receiver, buzzer, and DSP voice processor. It operates by transmitting and receiving IR signals to detect reflections from objects, and triggering an audible response from the voice processor and buzzer upon detection.
GPS & GSM based Voice Alert System for Blind Personijsrd.com
This paper presents a theoretical model and a system concept to provide a smart electronic aid for blind people. This system is intended to provide overall measures –object detection and real time assistance via Global Positioning System (GPS).The system consist of ultrasonic sensor, GPS Module, GSM Module and vibratory circuit (speakers or head phones). This project aims at the development of an Electronic Travelling Aid (ETA) kit to help the blind people to find obstacle free path. This ETA is fixed to the stick of the blind people. When the object is detected near to the blinds stick it alerts them with the help of vibratory circuit (speakers or head phones). The location of the blind is found using Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) and Global Position System (GPS).
This system is based on sensors and microcontroller. The features are to detect the obstacle for collision avoidance and it detects the object in directions left, right, down and front. The system is composed of the ultrasonic sensor, IR sensor and Arduino Mega 2560. It has a low cost and lightweight system design. By using these three items, it senses the distance with sensors and the blind stick frame is designed. And then send distance data to Arduino mega2560 controller. In emergency situations, the blind walker knows the distance or safe area for themselves. Ma Naing | Nwe Nwe Oo | May Thwe Oo "Smart Blind Walking Stick Using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26601.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26601/smart-blind-walking-stick-using-arduino/ma-naing
The document discusses various sensors used in mobile phones. It describes proximity sensors which detect how close the phone is to the user's face and turn off the screen to save battery during calls. It also explains GPS sensors which track location using satellites, ambient light sensors which adjust screen brightness based on light levels, accelerometers which detect orientation changes, compass sensors which indicate direction using magnetism, gyroscopes which detect motion, and back-illuminated image sensors which improve low-light photography. These sensors power many smart features in phones and help differentiate them from conventional devices.
The man has been suffering with diseases and weired. Visually challenged people are blind people who are very common and difficult to deal with in their way. The main aim of this paper is to the visually challenged people with a better navigation tool. This smart walking stick is more sophisticated than a traditional walking stick. It uses a microcontroler to detect an obstacles in front, left, right side of a person. It is based on ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement property. For obstacle indication, there is voice playback which helps to mention a direction of obstacles around a visually challenged person by sensors. Along with this a receiver and buzzer placed on a stick .If the person missing a stick which can be find out by buzzer sound .This sound is induced when switch on a remote controller by visually challenged people .GPS also include in stick to find a visually challenged people.
IRJET- Arduino based Four-Wheeler Accident Detection and Prevention SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an Arduino-based four-wheeler accident detection and prevention system. The system uses an accelerometer, IR sensors, and ultrasonic sensors to detect if an accident occurs. It then uses a GPS module to obtain location coordinates and a GSM module to send alert messages with the coordinates and a Google Maps link to emergency services. The system can also detect if the driver has consumed alcohol using an alcohol sensor. The key components are an Arduino Uno microcontroller, GPS and GSM modules, sensors, and it has the advantages of quickly identifying accident locations and providing immediate medical assistance in remote areas.
This document describes a smart blind walking stick that uses ultrasonic sensors and other components to help blind people navigate independently. The stick detects nearby objects using ultrasonic sensors and notifies the user via voice commands from a playback module. It determines distances to nearby objects and warns the user if objects are close through different voice alerts. The stick is powered by an Arduino microcontroller and includes additional sensors, displays, and circuits to accurately detect obstacles and assist blind users in walking confidently without needing assistance from others. The goal is to help overcome challenges faced by blind people through an improved walking stick that provides object detection and distance information.
This document summarizes a student project to create a digital navigation system for blind people as an alternative to a walking cane. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor and microcontroller to detect obstacles and a vibrating motor to provide distance feedback to the user. Initial testing showed the prototype could accurately measure distances and differentiate between distance intervals. However, users had difficulty distinguishing the intensity of vibrations corresponding to different distances. Further development is needed to improve the feedback mechanism so blind users can safely navigate independently.
IRJET- Railway Track Crack and Obstacle Detection using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system to detect cracks and obstacles on railway tracks using sensors. The system uses an Arduino board along with ultrasonic sensors to detect cracks and IR sensors to detect obstacles. When a crack or obstacle is detected, the system uses a GSM module to send an SMS with the location from the GPS module to alert authorities. The system is presented as a low-cost and effective alternative to existing visual inspection and other techniques to improve railway safety.
IRJET-Voice Assisted Blind Stick using Ultrasonic SensorIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a voice assisted blind stick that uses ultrasonic sensors to help blind or visually impaired people avoid obstacles.
2. The stick detects obstacles using ultrasonic sensors and provides voice alerts to the user about the distance to obstacles.
3. It was developed to allow blind people to travel independently and avoid obstacles through voice alerts from the stick's ultrasonic sensors.
This document describes a proposed smart bus transportation system that uses various sensors and IoT devices to provide real-time passenger information. The system would use an FPGA controller, IR sensors to count passengers, a GPS module to track bus location, and an IoT module to send passenger and location data to an app. This would allow passengers to see seat availability and estimated time of arrival for buses, helping them make better travel decisions. The document reviews related works using IoT for transportation systems and provides a block diagram of the key components of the proposed smart bus system.
Adaptive array antennas and switched beam array antennas have become core components in future mobile networks. Adaptive arrays can steer beams in any direction of interest while nulling interfering signals, allowing them to track and locate signals. Switched beam arrays have several fixed beam patterns and must decide which beam to access at any given time, with the overall goal of increasing gain based on the user's location.
This document describes the design of a smart electronic guiding stick for blind people. It uses multiple sensors interfaced with a microcontroller to provide alerts and feedback to help with navigation. The sensors include ultrasonic sensors for obstacle detection, IR sensors for pit and staircase detection, water and fire sensors for hazard avoidance, and a light sensor. The microcontroller outputs alerts through a buzzer, vibrator, and LEDs. Software like AVR Studio and Proteus were used. The goal is to provide a low-cost solution that makes navigation safer and more secure for blind users through real-time monitoring and dual feedback systems.
1. The document describes the design of a "smart stick" device to help blind people navigate safely. It uses various sensors like ultrasonic, infrared, water, fire, and light sensors connected to a microcontroller to detect obstacles, stairs, water, fire, and light levels.
2. The block diagram shows the microcontroller interfaced with these sensors. The ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles and alerts the user with vibrations. The IR sensor detects pits and stairs. Other sensors detect hazards like water and fire.
3. The document discusses the working of the ATmega16 microcontroller and the various sensors in detail, explaining how ultrasonic, infrared, water, and fire detection is achieved through sound waves,
This document presents information on smart antennas. It discusses that smart antennas dynamically adjust their radiation pattern to improve performance by maximizing gain towards desired signals and minimizing it towards interferers. It describes the main types as switched beam antennas which form fixed beams and adaptive arrays which can create infinite patterns adjusted in real time. Adaptive arrays can customize patterns for each user and suppress interference more effectively. Smart antennas provide advantages like extended range, higher capacity and reduced interference. Their applications include cellular networks, satellites and electronic warfare.
The designing of a
blind stick consists of stick with many advance features like automatic obstacle presence
detection with audio alarm, water body detection in front of the blind person with alarm. If
the stick is lost there is small remote through which the person can track the blind stick.
The smart blind cane is successfully designed consistent with all the objectives achieved.
Sensor Stick walking aid for the blindsIJRES Journal
In this paper, few methods of aiding and guiding visually impaired persons are presented. They are analyzed and studied thoroughly. Some commercially available systems help in aiding people with disabilities of seeing and give information refereeing to the location of the users. We propose an intelligent” stick equipped with an ultrasonic sensor that takes information about the environment. This information is processed and is delivered to the handle stick and thus can be interpreted by the users. The stick will produce beeping sound with varying speed according to the distances of obstacles. This stick will provide assists to visually impaired persons by providing informations related to obstacles distances. This device was tested with blind persons and results are presented.
The document describes an automated innovative wheelchair that is controlled by the neck position of the user. It uses infrared LEDs and photosensors to detect neck movement and generate control signals. The signals are encoded and transmitted to a receiver section that controls the wheelchair motors. This system allows quadriplegic patients and others unable to use their hands or voice to control a wheelchair through simple neck movements. It provides an affordable alternative to existing wheelchairs controlled by joysticks, eye tracking, voice, or other methods.
This paper depicts ultrasonic visually impaired strolling stay with the utilization of arduino. As indicated by WHO, Visually weakened can go from gentle extreme. Around the world, between 300 million individuals are outwardly impeded because of different causes. Roughly 50 million People are thoroughly Blind Approximately 80 of visual deficiency happens in individuals over 50years old enough. In the event that u notice them, you can think about it they cant stroll without the assistance of other. For Blind People with no Support Its Difficult to arrive at their Destination. They faces numerous issues in their day by day schedule everyday life. Vision misfortune was connected by methods for self destructive considerations of self destruction endeavors, in another investigation from south Korea. Individuals with visual Impairment regularly endure significant psychosocial results, the creators wrote in the British Journal Of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology is a part of medication and medical procedure which manages the determination and therapy of eye issues. ShobhanaSonwane | PriyankaGaidhane | Diksha Mohane | Nikita Gajbhiye | Akansha Patil | Tasneem Hasan "Smart Blind Stick using Arduino" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33411.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/33411/smart-blind-stick-using-arduino/shobhanasonwane
A Novel Keyless Entry System Using Visible Light Communicationijasuc
A major conventional car key is the mechanical key. When users inserted the key into a cylinder mechanical
key and turn, users can unlock. The mechanical key may be able to be worn away for physical contact. And it
may be impossible to use. Further the mechanical key may be damaged or destroyed by mischief. So a keyless
entry system has been developed. The keyless entry system locks and unlocks using the infrared ray and radio
waves communication. The keyless entry system does not require physical contacts. Therefore, the
possibilities of damage due to mischief and be worn away are fell. However, the transmission ranges of
infrared ray and radio waves communication are not clear. Submitting data might be tapped to the malicious
people. If the information is tapped, then you have theft of the car and the risk of car break.
We propose a keyless entry system using visible light communication in order to solve this problem. Visible
light communication transmits signal using blinking light. Thus the transmission range is clear. The user can
transmit the information only to the aimed place. Therefore, the usability is improved. We measure the
durations of "take out the remote control", "put the aim" and "takes to unlock key" in order to evaluate the
usability in the experiment. We also compared with the infrared ray communication and examined the
superiority. Usability is improved in the experimental results, and usability is better than conventional
keyless entry system.
Iterative network channel decoding with cooperative space-time transmissionijasuc
This document summarizes an iterative network-channel decoding scheme for cooperative space-time transmission with network coding. The scheme uses convolutional codes as network codes at the relay node and Reed-Solomon codes as channel codes at the user nodes. An iterative joint network-channel decoder exchanges soft information between convolutional code-based network decoder and Reed-Solomon code-based channel decoders. Extrinsic information transfer analysis is performed to investigate the convergence properties of the proposed iterative decoder.
This document analyzes the impacts of various structural factors on energy consumption in cluster-based wireless sensor networks through extensive simulations. It finds that the best performance for prolonging network lifetime is achieved by locating a sufficient number of sinks around the network area rather than having a single sink located at the edge of the topology. The document discusses clustering approaches for wireless sensor networks and three models for electing cluster heads. It also outlines the experimental architecture and parameters used in the simulations.
REVIEW OVER HOLE HEALING TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ijasuc
This document summarizes and compares various hole healing techniques in wireless sensor networks. It discusses hole selection methods such as random, maximum size, nearest distance, travelling salesman problem, and weighted. The weighted method considers hole angle, distance, and depth to assign priority. It then reviews hole healing processes including Voronoi diagram based, Delaunay's triangulation, and direction adjustment approaches. Experimental results show the weighted method improves both coverage and connectivity while the travelling salesman method achieves near complete coverage with additional nodes.
COMMUNITY DETECTION USING INTER CONTACT TIME AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS BASED...ijasuc
Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) where the node connectivity is opportunistic and end-to-end path between
any pair of source and destination is not guaranteed most of the time. Hence the messages are transferred
from source to destination via intermediate nodes on hop to hop basis using store-carry-forward paradigm.
Due to quick advancement in hand held devices such as smart phone and laptop with support of wireless
communication interface carried by human being, it is possible in coming days to use DTNs for message
dissemination without setting up infrastructure. The routing task becomes challenging in DTNs due to
intermittent network connectivity and the connection opportunity arises only when node comes in
transmission range of each other. The performance of the routing protocols depend on the selection of
appropriate relay node which can deliver the message to final destination in case of source and destination
do not meet at all. Many social characteristics are exhibited by the human being like friendship,
community, similarity and centrality which can be exploited by the routing protocol in order to take the
forwarding decisions. Literature shows that by using these characteristics, the performance of DTN routing
protocols have been improved in terms of delivery probability. The existing routing schemes used
community detection using aggregated contact duration and contact frequency which does not change over
the time period. We propose community detection through Inter Contact Time (ICT) between node pair
using power law distribution where the members of community are added and removed dynamically. We
also considered single copy of each message in entire network to reduce the network overhead. The
proposed routing protocol named Social Based Single Copy Routing (SBSCR) selects the suitable relay
node from the community members only based on the social metrics such as similarity and friendship
together. ICTs show power law nature in human mobility which is used to detect the community structure at
each node. A node maintains its own community and social metrics such as similarity and friendship with
other nodes. Whenever node has to select the relay node then it selects from its community with higher
value of social metric. The simulations are conducted using ONE simulator on the real traces of campus
and conference environments. SBSCR is compared with existing schemes and results show that it
outperforms in terms of delivery probability and delivery delay with comparable overhead ratio.
Comparative Review for Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networksijasuc
Wireless Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks is one of the attractive research field that growing exponentially in the
last decade. it surrounded by much challenges that should be solved the improve establishment of such
networks. Failure of wireless link is considered as one of popular challenges faced by Mobile Ad-Hoc
Networks (MANETs). As this type of networks does not require any pre-exist hardware. As well as, every
node have the ability of roaming where it can be connected to other nodes dynamically. Therefore, the
network internal structure will be unpredictably changed frequently according to continuous activities
between nodes that simultaneously update network topology in the basis of active ad-hoc nature. This
model puts the functionality of routing operation in crucial angle in the area of research under mobile adhoc
network field due to highly dynamic nature. Adapting such kernel makes MANET indigence new
routing techniques to settle these challenges. Thereafter, tremendous amount of routing protocols proposed
to argue with ad-hoc nature. Thus, it is quite difficult to specify which protocols operate efficiently under
different mobile ad-hoc scenarios. This paper examines some of the prominent routing protocols that are
designed for mobile ad-hoc networks by describing their structures, operations, features and then
comparing their various characteristics.
Multi-Robot Sensor Relocation to Enhance Connectivity in a WSNijasuc
Ensuring connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a challenging issue, especially in hazardous
areas (like battlefield). Many applications of WSN require an important level of connectivity in the network
to detect a given event (like detection Intrusion) and forward it to the ”sink” node in order to alert users.
For these risky areas the deterministic deployment is not usually guaranteed and the network is composed
by a set of disconnected Islands. We present in our work two strategies to relocate sensors in order to
improve the connectivity using mobile Robots. These two solutions are called Multi-Robot Island-based
Relocation (MRIBR) and Multi-Robot Grid-Based Island-based Relocation (MRGIR). Through several
simulations, we show that MRGIR outperforms MRIBR. Our study can be used especially to make a tradeoff
between the number of deployed sensors and the numbers of the used mobile robots, according to the
quality needed for the application.
Impact of the temperature and humidity variations on link quality of xm1000 m...ijasuc
The core motivations of deploying a sensor network for a specific application come from the autonomy of
sensors, their reduced size, and their capabilities for computing and communicating in a short range.
However, many challenges for sensor networks still exist: minimizing energy consumptions, and ensuring
the performance of communication that may be affected by many parameters. The work described in this
paper covers mainly the analysis of the impact of the temperature and humidity variations on link quality of
XM1000 operating under TinyOS. Two-way ANOVA test has been applied and the obtained results show
that both the temperature and humidity variations impact RSSI.
Ambiences on the-fly usage of available resources through personal devicesijasuc
In smart spaces such as smart homes, computation is
embedded everywhere: in toys, appliances, or the
home’s infrastructure. Most of these devices provid
e a pool of available resources which the user can
take
advantage, interacting and creating a friendly envi
ronment. The inherent composability of these system
s
and other unique characteristics such as low-cost e
nergy, simplicity in module programming, and even
their small size, make them a suitable candidate fo
r dynamic and adaptive ambient systems. This resear
ch
work focuses on what is defined as an “ambience”, a
space with a user-defined set of computational
devices. A smart-home is modeled as a collection of
ambiences, where every ambience is capable of
providing a pool of available resources to the user
. In turn, the user is supposed to carry one or sev
eral
personal devices able to interact with the ambience
s, taking advantage of his inherent mobility. In th
is way,
the whole system can benefit from resources discove
red in the spatial proximity. A software architectu
re is
designed, which is based on the implementation of l
ow-cost algorithms able to detect and update the sy
stem
when changes in an ambience occur. Ambience middlew
are implementation works in a wide range of
architectures and OSs, while showing a negligible o
verhead in the time to perform the basic output
operations.
Steve Jobs (1955-2011) fue un empresario estadounidense y cofundador de Apple Inc. Lideró el desarrollo del iPhone 6 y iPhone 6 Plus, los sucesores del iPhone 5S anunciados en 2014. Estos nuevos modelos tenían pantallas más grandes de 4.7 y 5.5 pulgadas, mejor rendimiento con el chip A8, cámaras y Wi-Fi mejorados, y un diseño más delgado con bordes redondeados.
La PlayStation fue la primera consola de videojuegos exitosa en usar CD-ROM en lugar de cartuchos, lanzada por Sony en 1994; aunque otras compañías habían usado CD-ROM antes, la PlayStation tuvo mucho más éxito comercial y vendió más de 100 millones de unidades en 10 años, estableciéndose como la consola más popular de su generación.
UK cultural background, needs and wants
Wine cellar fulfilling expectations
Positive travel statistics
Preference and purchasing tendencies
On-line and off-line recommendations
Example
-----------------------------
"Turismo de origen Británico especializado en vino"
Visitantes Británicos, su cultura y expectativas
Bodegas que sobrepasan las expectativas del vlisitante
Datos estadísticos de viajes
Tendencias en las preferencias y compras
Recomendaciones on-line y off-line
Ejemplo
This document provides information about digital marketing and social media in China. It discusses the importance of mobile and various social media platforms in China such as WeChat, Weibo, and Taobao. It also provides case studies on how different companies have used social media platforms like WeChat to engage customers, increase brand awareness, and boost sales. The case studies cover companies from various industries like transportation, e-commerce, food, and manufacturing.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
Digital Contents Library Platform Mentor_appknotWooyong Jang
This document describes Mentor, a digital contents library platform developed by Appknot that allows anyone to easily create and distribute digital content applications. Mentor provides a container application structure that enables users to arrange and share various digital content like PDFs, videos, and more. It removes the need for designers or developers and costs less than traditional print content production. Various industries like magazines, exhibitions, education and business have adopted Mentor's digital content libraries.
Repository adalah kumpulan berbagai aplikasi Linux yang dikemas dalam bentuk CD/DVD. Terdapat 4 komponen Repository Ubuntu yaitu Main, Restricted, Universe, dan Multiverse. Cara menambah Repository Xubuntu meliputi membackup file sources.list, menutup baris aktif, mempaste Repository dari internet, dan melakukan update serta upgrade paket. Masalah umum yang mungkin terjadi adalah kegagalan update akibat lupa menutup baris sebelum mempaste Repository baru.
Samsung comenzó como una pequeña empresa exportadora en Corea del Sur en 1938 y desde entonces se ha convertido en una gran multinacional presente en diversos sectores como alta tecnología, semiconductores, construcción, petroquímica, moda, medicina y finanzas. Gracias a sus innovadores productos y invenciones, Samsung ha liderado estos sectores y ayudado a impulsar su desarrollo.
Dos estudiosos de la Universidad de California calcularon que la masa total de información producida por la humanidad cabría en disquetes apilados en una torre que mediría cuatro veces la distancia entre la Tierra y la Luna. El documento proporciona ejemplos de actividades cotidianas que implican la subida o bajada de datos a través de internet, como enviar y recibir correos electrónicos, publicar en redes sociales, chatear y modificar wikis.
About Digital Communication Methods for Visible Light Communication IJCNCJournal
The visible light communication (VLC) by LED is one of the important communication methods because LED can work as high speed and VLC sends the information by high flushing LED. We use the pulse wave modulation for the VLC with LED because LED can be controlled easily by the microcontroller, which has the digital output pins. At the pulse wave modulation, deciding the high and low voltage by the middle voltage when the receiving signal level is amplified is equal to deciding it by the threshold voltage without amplification. In this paper, we proposed two methods that adjust the threshold value using counting the slot number and measuring the signal level. The number of signal slots is constant per one symbol when we use Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). If the number of received signal slots per one symbol time is less than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is higher than the optimal value. If it is more than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is lower. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number of received signal slots. At the second proposed method, the average received signal level is not equal to the signal level because there is a ratio between the number of high slots and low slots. So, we can calculate the threshold value from the average received signal level and the slot ratio. Unfortunately, the first proposed method adjusts the threshold value after receiving the data, once the distance between the sender and the receiver is changed, then the performance becomes worse. And after adjusting the threshold, the performance becomes better. Therefore, this method should be used in stable environments. The second proposed method can change the threshold value during the signal is received. That means this method can work very quickly. So, this method can show good performance for the wide range. We show these performances as real experiments.
Controlling and Reducing of Speed for Vehicles Automatically By Using Rf Tech...IJERA Editor
This document describes a system to automatically control and reduce vehicle speed using RF technology. The system uses RF transmitters mounted in areas like curves to transmit a signal when a vehicle enters that area. Receivers in the vehicle detect this signal and send it to a microcontroller which reduces the fuel flow, slowing the vehicle. This prevents accidents by reducing speed in hazardous areas. The document provides details on the system components, working, applications, advantages and conclusions.
VEHICLE POSITION AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION USING MULTISENSOR, GSM, GPSDeepakK547422
This document presents two projects related to vehicle safety and security. The first project involves developing a fingerprint and iris scanning system for ATMs to provide more secure online transactions. The second project involves developing a system using sensors, GSM, and GPS technology to detect vehicle position and prevent accidents. It would automatically lock the vehicle if an intoxicated person tries to drive, control handheld device usage, detect overspeeding, and send alerts including location data to emergency services if an accident is detected.
Anti Collision For Train using RF PPT.pptxPoojaBan
The document describes the development of an anti-collision detection system for trains. It modifies the throttle and braking systems to integrate the new detection system. The system uses sensors to monitor the distance to the preceding train and automatically adjusts speed and distance to enhance safety. It can reduce speed before a collision if trains get too close. The system helps in congested traffic by controlling both velocity and distance between trains.
In this pape r the system used which consist of different types of sensors such as alcohol sensor,eye blink sensor,tilt sensor and also mainly used GSM modem,GPS receiver. T he eye blink sensor is used to sense the person driving the vehicle is sleeping or not. T ilt sensor is used to identify weather the vehicle is running in normal condition or not when the accident occurs . it send the information to the controller system. The Alcohol Sensor is used to sense weather the person driving the car taken Alcohol or not and this data is also given to ADC. The ADC is used i n this system because the signal comes from the Sensor are analog in nature,so we want to convert the analog signals into digital signal for this purpose ADC is used. GSM and GPS based vehicle location and tracking system will provide effective,real time vehicle location,mapping and reporting this information value.
Due to the increasing number of private cars in today's society, there are a lot of
safety problems in car reversing. This paper proposes a research program of ultrasonic
ranging car reversing radar system with higher accuracy and better warning effect. According
to the principle of ultrasonic ranging, the AT89C51 single-chip microcomputer is selected as
the core circuit, and the anti-interference error processing is adopted in the processing of the
single-chip microcomputer to solve the multiple measurement, the transmission time interval
and the dead zone measurement problem of the ultrasonic ranging. Car reversing radar
system based on ultrasonic ranging adopt transmitting and receiving circuit, will determine
the time difference in the single chip microcomputer. the results are sent to the digital display
circuit and voice broadcast circuit. Finally, it is verified by experiments that after ultrasonic
error measurement adopts error processing, under the complicated environmental conditions,
the accuracy of ranging is higher, the number of false alarms is reduced, and the device has
high reliability and practicability.
The document provides an overview of various topics related to railway signaling and communication systems used in the Kota division of Indian Railways. It discusses the role of the Divisional Railway Manager and describes four branches under DRM Kota. It then summarizes signaling systems including semaphore and color light signals. Other topics covered in brief include track circuits, points, data loggers, microwave communication, optical fiber communication, and their applications in railways.
This document discusses adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems which help drivers maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead. [1] ACC uses sensors like radar or lidar to detect the speed and distance of nearby vehicles and controls braking/acceleration accordingly. [2] More advanced systems allow vehicles to communicate with each other via technologies like Bluetooth to coordinate speeds and braking, forming "platoons" of vehicles with minimized spacing between them for improved traffic flow. [3] While ACC helps relieve driver workload, challenges remain around high costs and ensuring drivers remain attentive with such assistive systems.
Implementation of Doppler Radar Based Vehicle Speed Detection Systemijtsrd
Nowadays, vehicular accidents have been increasing from day to day. Most of them are the cause of over speeding. This thesis describes the Arduino based vehicle speed detection system using Doppler radar. The primary goal of this system is to design of the vehicle speed detector using Doppler radar which is used to reduce the amount of accidents caused by over speeding. In this system, continuous wave CW Doppler radar which is a special case that only provides a velocity output is used as a sensor and the microcontroller is used to calculate the speed of the vehicle. Moreover, the amplifier is used to amplify the voltage level to drive the microcontroller as the sensor output is in micro volts. It is also included LCD display to indicate the speed level. A Doppler radar that can determine the frequency shift that occurs in electromagnetic waves due to the motion of scatters toward or away from the observer through measurement of the phase change that occurs in electromagnetic waves during a series of pulses. The Doppler frequency is negative for objects receding from the radar. The Doppler frequency is positive for objects approaching the radar. This system can be acceptable in real time applications because it is independent of temperature, humidity, noise airflow, dust, light, etc. The results of design are tested and follow through realization. Each of the implementation is evaluated and these evaluations lead to the conclusion that the design is able to achieve high accuracy of the speed. The major components of the design are Doppler radar HB100 , Arduino Uno, LCD display and LM324. C programming language is developed in this system. The results of this work can improve the performance of automobile safety system. May Zin Tun | Kay Thwe Zin "Implementation of Doppler Radar-Based Vehicle Speed Detection System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26653.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26653/implementation-of-doppler-radar-based-vehicle-speed-detection-system/may-zin-tun
A HYBRID MODULATION METHOD FOR DIMMING IN VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION IJCNCJournal
In visible light communication in which information is superimposed on light, its communication range is visible. On the other hand, when the modulation that brightness is changed according to information is used, it is not good for the human eye because human feels flicker for the changed brightness. Therefore, the pulse width modulation which is used in the infrared remote controller, is not suitable for the visible light communication. And the pulse position modulation that sends information at the position of a pulse is often used. In pulse position modulation, for example, when one symbol uses four slots, quad information can be sent by turning on only one slot among the four slots and turning off the other three slots. In this
method, the brightness becomes ¼ and feels not flicker but darker than when it is always on. On the other hand, when inverted pulse position modulation in which these slots of ON and OFF are reversed is used, since one slot is OFF, and three slots are ON, the brightness becomes 3/4, which does not become too dark. In this paper, we propose a hybrid modulation that can vary the brightness other than 1/4(25%) or
3/4(75%) by combining these pulse position modulation and inverted pulse position modulation. We have two experiments; one is measuring its communication performance and the other is the evaluation for visual flicker by the human eye and. From the view of the communication performance, each brightness is
the same performance. So, the changing brightness does not affect to the performance. For the dimming, we interviewed 10 people how to feel the flicker in visible light communication. As the result, they do not feel the flickers. So, our proposed hybrid modulation method can be adapted for the dimming lighting
equipment.
IRJET - Avoidance of Collision between Vehicles through Li-Fi based Communica...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a system using Li-Fi communication to avoid vehicle collisions. It describes using visible light communication between vehicles to transmit data about vehicle speed, distance to nearby objects, and turn/brake signals. Sensors like ultrasonic sensors and eye blink sensors monitor speed, distances, and driver alertness to slow vehicles automatically to prevent accidents caused by lack of information sharing between drivers. The system aims to provide real-time data transmission between connected vehicles using Li-Fi for safer driving.
ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE OF SEVEN FEATURES SMART BIKEAgara Mudhalvan
In India most of the peoples are using two wheelers .In the recent days it has been found that many people are met with accidents due to several factors such as over speed, not wearing helmet, by not removing side stand, etc.,.. Accidents may happen due to the following reasons viz. 1) During after Consumption of Alcohol 2) overtaking of vehicles 3) Careless driving in speed breakers. This project will be helpful in reducing the possibility of accidents and also for antitheft system. Our Proposed system will overcome the above mentioned drawbacks. In this system, RF Sensor, REED Sensor, Ultrasonic Senor, Gas Sensors are used.
A laser range finder was used to sense the obstacles. What parameter.pdfarvindarora20042013
A laser range finder was used to sense the obstacles. What parameter will the microcontroller
record? If an obstacle is 5m away, what will be the recorded value?
Solution
The main function of the microcontroller is to record the time measurement from
the time-measuring unit, average the time measurements and calculate the distance. After the
distance is calculated, the data is transmitted to a PC. The microcontroller sends the signals to
start the counter for the time measurement unit and to send the laser light pulse. Also, the
microcontroller is used to initiate and set the parameters of the time measurement unit (speed,
mode, resolution, etc.) After the time measurement unit calculates the time, the microcontroller
reads and stores the time information. At least fifty time measurements are taken from each
distance to be measured. The more samples taken the most accurate the results are, but the more
time needed to obtain the distance measurement.
Once the microcontroller has obtained the values for the time and computes their
average, it calculates the distance value and transmits it to a PC using USART interface. Each
distance calculation should take less than 20ms. This time depends on the number of time
measurements taken and the duty factor of the pulse laser diode Laser Diode Driver
This section outlines the function of the laser driver. The main function of this driver is
to provide fast, high current pulses to drive the PLD. The PLD is operated in a short pulse mode
in order to achieve high peak powers with fast rise and fall times
The amount of current generated by the driver must be limited not to exceed the
maximum forward current of the PLD. In order to maximize the optical power of the PLD, a
collimating lens is used to minimize the divergence of the laser beam.
Receiving Channel Hardware
A small fraction of the light beam emitted by the PLD is received by an optical receiver and
focus
on the APD which photo-electrically convert the pulse of light received. The small pulse of
current
generated by the APD is converted into a TTL voltage level signal using a two-stage
transimpedance
amplifier. This voltage signal serves as the STOP signal for the time counter.
To measure the time of flight of the emitted pulsed of light, an ultra-fast counter as a TDC is
used.
TDCs are used to measure the time intervals between two events with a resolution of less than
one nanosecond. The accuracy of a pulsed TOF laser radar depends critically on the
performance of its
time measurement unit. Therefore, a high resolution and a high speed TDC is needed to
improve the system performance..
High Voltage Power Supply
To reach the proper gain and responsivity of the APD, a high voltage is used to reverse
bias the APD. This high voltage is generated and stabilized using a high voltage DC-DC
converter
which provides up to 400V output from a 5V input. The high voltage DC-DC converter must
provide a low voltage noise and low voltage ripple. Increasing the v.
IRJET- Smart Traffic Monitoring System using Ir Sensors based on Microcon...IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart traffic monitoring system using infrared sensors, a microcontroller, and GPS/GSM technology. The system aims to dynamically adjust traffic light timing based on detected vehicle density at intersections. Infrared sensors would detect vehicle presence and send this data to a microcontroller, which would then determine appropriate light durations. Location updates would also be sent via GSM to monitors. The system aims to reduce traffic congestion by optimizing green light times based on real-time traffic conditions instead of fixed schedules. It provides a framework to intelligently control lights and improve traffic flow.
IRJET- Regeneration Analysis using Erbium Doped Fiber AmplifierIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes regeneration using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of realizing an all-optical 3R regenerator for high-speed optical networks. It then discusses various components used in the system, including erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, and fiber Bragg gratings. Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the regenerator design for different parameters. The conclusions indicate that compensation techniques are needed to achieve high quality factors for transmission links operating at data rates of 40Gb/s and above.
Classification of Vehicles Based on Audio Signals using Quadratic Discriminan...ijsc
The focusof this paper is on classification of different vehicles using sound emanated from the vehicles. In this paper,quadratic discriminant analysis classifies audio signals of passing vehicles to bus, car, motor, and truck categories based on features such as short time energy, average zero cross rate, and pitch frequency of periodic segments of signals. Simulation results show that just by considering high energy feature vectors, better classification accuracy can be achieved due to the correspondence of low energy regions with noises of the background. To separate these elements, short time energy and average zero cross rate are used simultaneously.In our method, we have used a few features which are easy to be calculated in time domain and enable practical implementation of efficient classifier. Although, the computation complexity is low, the classification accuracy is comparable with other classification methods based on long feature vectors reported in literature for this problem.
IRJET- Automatic Headlight System for Automotive SafetyIRJET Journal
1) The document presents research on developing an automatic headlight system for automotive safety.
2) The system uses sensors like LDR and an Arduino board to automatically adjust headlight intensity based on ambient light conditions and detect oncoming vehicles.
3) When an oncoming vehicle is detected, the headlights will automatically switch from high to low beam to prevent glare, then switch back after the vehicle passes. This provides safety benefits over manual headlight operation.
Classification of vehicles based on audio signalsijsc
The document describes a method for classifying vehicles based on their audio signals using quadratic discriminant analysis. Feature vectors containing short-time energy, average zero-crossing rate, and pitch frequency are extracted from periodic segments of vehicle audio signals. The method achieves better classification accuracy by only considering feature vectors with high energy, as these correspond better to the vehicle sounds and exclude low energy background noise regions. Simulation results show the proposed method of separating high energy vectors based on thresholds of average energy and zero-crossing rate improves classification performance compared to considering all vectors.
Introduction to the Basic Principles of Positioning Technology lansitec
Nowadays, one parameter is missing from many scenarios, car rental, assets in warehouses, packages and containers in logistics, hospital personnel, and people who are injured but cannot be reached in an accident.
This parameter connects and automates many processes that fell apart before, improves efficiency and safety, and lowers the cost of the total flow, which in turn improves the competitiveness of the organization, customer satisfaction, and the comfort of employees. It can be widely used in industry, agriculture, logistics, consumer electronics, and aerospace.
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https://www.lansitec.com/whitepapers/lansitec-whitepaper-introduction-to-the-basic-principles-of-positioning-technology/
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A W ARNING S YSTEM F OR O VERSPEED A T T HE C ORNER U SING V ISIBLE L IGHT B ASED R OAD - T O - V EHICLE C OMMUNICATION
1. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
DOI : 10.5121/ijasuc.2015.6201 1
A WARNING SYSTEM FOR OVERSPEED AT THE
CORNER USING VISIBLE LIGHT BASED
ROAD-TO-VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
Kuniyoshi Okuda, Ryoichi Yoneda, Tomoo Nakamura and Wataru Uemura
Department of Electronics and Informatics, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
ABSTRACT
When a car enters a corner with over speed, it rises the accident risk higher. To warn the risk and urging
the caution to drivers, many of the accident-prone corners have warning rights. The driver can decelerate
the car smoothly and pass through the corner safety by those devices. However, appropriate speed for each
corner is different by curvature of the corner and characteristics of the vehicle. The driver has to suppose
the safe speed for every corner only by experience, usually. Of course too much slow causes traffic jam.
Especially at the first road in the first place for the driver, it is difficult to suppose the curvatures of the
corners. Then, we propose a visible light communication system so that the warning lights in the corner
send appropriate warning information. Visible light communication transmits a signal by blinking the light.
One of the characteristics of visible light communication is that it can use existing lighting equipment as a
transmitter. In our system, we can distribute the warning information to the driver using the visible light
communication. Though the curvature(R:radious) of the corner does not change, the speed of each vehicle
to approach the corner always to different. Focusing the distance from the corner to the car, we consider a
communication system to send different kind of information according to that distance. If the distance is
enough long, the driver has a plenty of time to decelerate the vehicle. The more the distance becomes short,
the more the driver is required rapid deceleration. Therefore, to distribute the appropriate warning
information to the driver, dividing the distance from the corner into some areas, we make the system to send
different information in each area. Generally in communication system, modulation primarily changes the
amplitude, phase or frequency. In visible light communication, change of the amplitude changes the
brightness, which causes flickering that burdens the drivers. Therefore we cannot use amplitude based
modulation. Next we consider the varying the phase. Unfortunately, it is difficult for the receiver using
photodiode or phototransistor to read the difference of the phase of the signals, because the frequency of
the light is very high in visible light communication. Then we employ 'symbol length' with the Pulse
Position Modulation (PPM).In our method, brightness does not change when the symbol length is changed.
We investigate the system performance by changing the communication speed. Short symbol length in high
frequency is sensitive and vulnerable to noise, instead of low frequency with strong against noise. Using
this characteristic of symbol length modulation, different information in each distance can be delivered by
changing the frequency. As conclusions, we propose awarning system for over speed at the corner using
visible light based road-to-vehicle communication. The installed light in the wall deliver the information
using visible light communication. In our system, lighting device delivers different information according to
the distance from the corner to the car.In our proposing method, brightness does not change by using the
PPM and symbol length modulation.
KEYWORDS
Baseband modulation, Frequency, Visible light communication
2. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
2
1.INTRODUCTION:
The well occurring locations of traffic accidents are intersection or corner. The one of cause
accidents at the corner are mainly over speed. So, bulletin boards and electric bulletin boards have
been installed in order to prevent accidents. The bulletin board shows the accident-prone location
and speed limit. Drivers apply the brake and pass through the corner seeing the bulletin board.
However bulletin boards may be overlooked. So the lights are installed in the corners to prevent
accidents (shown at Figure 1). The lights give the warning to the driver. We can intuitively
understand warning of the lights. When drivers see the lights, they slow down the speed of the car.
And they can pass thorough the corner safety. Many lights are lit day and night. This lights stand
out at night. Drivers often misjudge the distance to the wallet night. Therefore, these lights are
effective. Lights are installed at the certain corners. Its locations are where drivers often speed
exceeded. For example, the location is ICs (Inter Charges) or corners after straight. In many cases,
the lights are not installed in other locations. From the comparison, the driver may receive
warning and caution information.
Figure 1. The light installed on the wall
2. SOME PROBLEMS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Figure 2. Visible light communication
When we pass through the cornersafely, we require some information. These information include
corner radius, inclination and road conditions. In addition, car information is required. Car
information can be getin advance. Weshow theexpressionofthe car turnstationarycircular.
3. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
3
[1]
Note that ay is the lateral acceleration, V is the speed, A is the carof testability factor, l is the
wheelbase, and δ is the turning angle ay does not exceed the friction coefficient of the road. A and
l are the eigen values of the car. So when lights senda value of δ using visible light communication,
the speed is determined. So a safe speed is derived by multiplied a coefficient rate. We need to know
the information of the corner by some means. These information by using the maps and
positioning system can be determined. However there are some corner sat ICs and JCs(Junction).
Therefore the system might mistake the value.
It is possible to distribute the warning and caution information using the light from the corner.
R(Radius of curvature) of the corners are different depending on the location. A value of R and a
slope are different in each corner, respectively. The driver must obtain the information by some
means. Therefore we send the information from the light of the wall using a visible light
communication [2][3][4][5][6]. The visible light communication transmits a signal by blinking
the light (shown at figure 2). One of the characteristics of the visible light communication is that
it can use lighting equipment as a transmitter. We can deliver the information of caution and
warning to the driver using the visible light communication.
Smoother braking is made possible by getting the distance to the corner. Appropriate speed varies
depending on distance to the corner. Therefore, the amount braking the driver depresses go
increases to bring in over time, the risk is also increased. A solving problem is difficult for
information delivery.
There are several ways for the distance measurement. The distance measurement by infrared is
useful at close range. The distance measurement by radar does not matter the distance. Recently
there is also the distance measurement by the camera. These methods will need to attach some of
the sensors in the car. So we consider the distance measurement using the visible light
communication.
A modulation varies amplitude, phase or frequency. The easy modulation is to change the
amplitude. When the receiver receives strong signal strength, it can determine short distance. In
the visible light communication, varying the amplitude is equal to change the brightness [7][8]. If
the brightness is changed, it will cause flickering. And the driver will confuse. Therefore,
changing the amplitude is inappropriate for visible light communication. Next we consider the
method of changing the phase. A wavelength range of light used in the visible light
communication is from about 380nm to 780nm. That frequency is from 385THz to 790THz.
These are very high frequency. Distance estimation method using a phase is not common. In
addition, the LED is mainly used in the visible light communication. The response speed of the
LED is faster than traditional light and a high-speed communication is expected. The wave length
of the LED varies depending on the material. Therefore, changing the wavelength is difficult for
transmitter arbitrarily.
So we focus on the symbol length. If the symbol length against frequency of the noise is short, it
is susceptible to noise. And if the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is near, SN
ratio is good. When a symbol length is long, we can receive signal of low SN ratio. That is, when
the distance is far, the long signal symbol length arrives far. However, the symbol length and the
communication speed are inversely proportional. The short symbol length is sensitive to noise,
especially. This method is suitable for the envisaged system. And if the lighting infrastructure
used as a transmitter for the visible light communication, we must constant the brightness.
4. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
4
Brightness is proportional to the transmission energy. That is, Transmission energy should be
constant regardless of the code. Some modulations of the constant transmitting energy are PPM or
FSK. We can estimate the distance by changing the symbol length and combine with PPM and
FSK. In addition, it is possible to keep the constant brightness.
3. A WARNING SYSTEM FOR OVER-SPEED AT THE CORNER USING VISIBLE
LIGHT BASED ROAD-TO-VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
We propose awarning system for over-speed at the corner using visible light based road-to-vehicle
communication. We send the information using visible light communication, as mentioned in
Section 2. We show the system diagram in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Our proposed system
Our proposed method uses the baseband modulation and PPM as the modulation scheme. The
baseband modulation is sensitive to noise [7][8]. When the distance between the transmitter and
receiver is away, a high frequency is affected by noise. So the influence of the noise is different
depending on the symbol rate. Received information of each the distance between the transmitter
and the receiver is different. The proposed system sends several pieces of information by
changing the symbol rate. And the proposed system sends these signals from the light that has
been installed in the corner using visible light communication. When the distance between the
wall and the car is close, the car can receive both of low and high frequency signals. When the
distance is far, the high frequency is affected by noise. Therefore, the car may not receive the high
frequency signal. However, the car can receive low frequency signal. By knowing the maximum
value of the frequency of the signal can be received, the car is able to estimate the distance from
the light. It is necessary to consider the speed of the car when estimating. When the car runs at
high speed, a reception environment is rapidly changing. And when the car receives an optical
signal, the distance between the wall and the car is changing ever, because the car is running.
When at the corner, the car travels at a faster speed than the speed at which designers of the road
assumed, risk of an accident may occur. Our proposed system can estimate the distance to the
wall by gettingthe maximum frequency that can be received. If the car approaches the corner at
over speed, the car can pass the corner safely by the system slows down the car. Also if the driver
5. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
5
does not operate the car in sudden illness or looking aside, the system can stop the car. If the error
occurs in the received signal, the system to estimate the distance to the wall from the frequency of
signal with error and the speed.
Knowing the frequency of the maximum that can be received is important in our proposed
method. It must have a means of finding the error for that. We use a Cyclic Redundancy Check[9].
If a system calculates necessity, it will slow down and stop a car.
Transmission energy is different depending on the sign in the ASK and OOK. It is the cause of the
flickering. Therefore, we used the PPM. Transmission energy of each code is constant at PPM.
Therefore, no flickering occurs. We show in a diagram of the signal to be transmitted Figure 4.
Figure 4. Waveform of the signal to be transmitted
4. EXPERIMENT
Wecheckin the experimentproposed methodmentioned insection 3. In addition, we estimate the
relationship between the speed of the receiving frequency and the distance, and we search a use
maximum receivable frequency corresponding to the speed. Thus, it is possible todetermine the
distancetoapply thebrakesto avoidaccidents. We show thetransmitter andthe receiver inFigure5.
Figure 5. The transmitter and the receiver
Weuse the 1/32 carin the experiment. The transmitter is equipped with a microcomputer for the
control and the LED for transmission. The transmitter sends signal of the different baseband using
visible light communication. The receiver is attached to the car. The car is equipped with an
optical receiver, a pilot LED and microcomputer for control. We show block diagrams of the
transmitter and receiver in figure 6.
6. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
6
Figure 6. The transmitter and the receiver
Transmitter and receiver are controlled by the microcomputer.The microcomputer at the
transmitter sends the signal to the modulation circuit and blinks the LED.Optical signal is
converted into electrical signal by a photodetector. Electrical signal through the demodulation
circuit is processby the microcomputer.The microcomputer controlsmotorby the signal.
At first we search thecapable of receiving the maximum distance for each frequency. This
experiment obtained the two types of the distance of the car running and stopped condition.
Byacquiringdataduring running, it is possible toobtain the relationshipof thedistancebetween the
frequency and eachspeed. The carruns ata speed of7 km/h. The car is braked by receiving the
signal however it movies by inertia. Therefore, we shoot a movie, and we confirm the light of the
pilot LED. The pilot LED is turn on usually. And when the car receives signal pilot LED turn off
the light. We show the experimental environment in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Experimental environment
The transmitter changes the frequency to be sent to each measurement. Used frequencies are 5
patterns from 5 kHz to 20 kHz. We show the experimental results in Figure 8.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 10
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
)
Frequency[kHz]
stopped
drived
7. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
7
Figure 8. Experimental result
Longest reception distance of the stop is 10m. And shortest distance is 7m. When the car is
running, longest reception limit distance is 4m and shortest distance is 1.5m. We have confirmed
that the reception distance is shorter when the frequency is high from the experimental results.
The receivable frequency is low when the car is running at the same distance.
Then we estimate the reception limit distance at multiple speeds. We can know the frequency of
braking at each speed by knowing the estimation result. With knowledge of these data, the system
can determine the degree of braking to safely pass through the corners. We determined the
relationship between the distance and frequency of travel time and stop time in the experiment.
The car travels at a speed of 7km/h. Therefore, it travels at 224km/h in actual size. Therefore, we
estimate the results of from 84km/h to 168km/h from the experimental results of 224km/h and
stopped. We show the estimation results in Figure 9.
Figure 9. The estimation results
We can know the frequency used at each speed from the results of this experiment. And the
transmitter assumes the speed faster than design speed and sends signal of each frequency. The
proposed system mounted on the car receives the signal and applies the brakes as needed. And
with knowledge of the corners R(radius) and the data of the car, the system can know the velocity
through the corner safely.
The car mounted proposed system can pass the corner safety and decelerate or stop.
5. CONCLUSION
When the car entered the corner at over speed, there is a risk of an accident. Light are installed in
the corners to prevent accidents. The light prompts the warning to the driver. The driver can know
the existence of the corners when they look the light. The light is not installed at all corners. This
light is installed in a common site of accidents. By looking the light, the driver can decelerate
safety and pass through the corner. However, the driver cannot know the corner by just looking
the light. It is difficult at the corner to see for the first time especially.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 10
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
)
Frequency[kHz]
84km/h
56km/h
112km/h
140km/h
168km/h
196km/h
224km/h
8. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
8
The light that has been installed in the corner sends the information of the corner and they can
prevent accidents it is using the visible light communication. Visible light communication
transmits a signal by blink the visible light. The feature of visible light communications can treat
lighting apparatus as a transmitter. The light that is installed at the corner by using a visible light
communication can send information of the corner and warning to the car and the driver.
However the car so running often, the situation is ever-changing. The distance to the corner and
the car becomes shorter with time, and appropriate speed and the amount of brake changes. The
car decelerate slowly when it is far from the corner. However sudden braking is required when it
is close to the corner. Therefore, the distance of between the wall and the corner and the corner
information is necessary to pass through the corner safely. However knowing the distance to the
wall is difficult. Distance sensors using radio waves are valid for a short distance.
So we focus on the visible light communication that is described above. It is difficult only to
receive signals transmitted uniformly to know the distance. When the light sends information to
change the amplitude, the car can know the distance from the signal strength. However, in visible
light communication the brightness is not constant, because amplitude is brightness. It is the
cause of the flickering. Flicker is a burden of the human eye. Therefore, it is inappropriate. Next
we consider the varying phase. Frequency of visible light is very high. Therefore, changing the
phase is difficult. As well we focus on changing the frequency. However baseband modulation is
different. Baseband modulation is sensitive to noise. It is more remarkable as high frequency. S /
N is deteriorated when a long distance, an error occurs in the high-frequency signal. Therefore,
the receiver can receive the signal of low frequency and high frequency at close range. It is
possible to receive the low frequency signals in long distance. However the brightness of
baseband modulation is not constant using only baseband modulation. PPM is a certain brightness
modulation scheme. Thus, it is possible to solve the problem by using the PPM and baseband
modulation.
We propose awarning system for overspeed at the corner using visible light based road-to-vehicle
communication. The proposed system sends the information of the corner from the light that has
been installed in a corner by using the visible light communication. The receiver mounted on the
car receives the optical signal and gets the information of the corner. The receiver can calculate
the distance to the wall from the car speed and the maximum frequency that can be received.
From these information, the proposed system can brake automatically, and pass through the
corner safely or stop the car.
We use the 1/32 car in the experiment. The transmitter is equipped with a microcomputer for
control and the LED for transmission. The transmitter sends signal of the different baseband using
visible light communication. The receiver is attached to the car. The car is equipped with an
optical receiver, a pilot LED and microcomputer for control. And we search capable of receiving
the maximum distance for each frequency. By acquiring data during running, it is possible to
obtain the relationship of the distance between the frequency and each speed. Then we estimated
the reception limit distance of at multiple speeds. We can know the frequency of braking at each
speed by knowing the estimation result. It was possible to know the maximum frequency of
braking for stopping by knowing the braking distance at each speed and this data.
From the above results, with knowledge of the information of the corner, the distance to the wall
and the speed of the car, our proposed system brakes automatically and it can pass through the
corner safety and stop as necessary.
9. International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC) Vol.6, No.2, April 2015
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REFERENCES
[1] S.Horiuchi, "Motion performance of automobile", Motor RIng of Society Of Automotive Engineers
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[4] Dominic C. O'Brien, "Visible Light Communications: challenges and possibilities", PIMRC
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[5] K. Okuda, "The Key Providing System for Wireless Lan Using Visible Light Communication" Journal
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[6] K. Okuda, "A Novel Keyless Entry System Using Visible Light Communication" Journal of IJASUC,
Volume5, Number5, 2014
[7] T. Saito, "A Study for flicker on Visible Light Communication", Technical Report of IEICE CS, vol.
106, No. 450, pp. 31-35, 2007.
[8] I. Shouichi, "Reduction of Flicker by Coding and Modulation for Visible-Light Communication"
Technical Report of IEICE OCS, vol. 108, No. 39, pp. 1-4, 2008.
[9] W. W. Peterson, "Cyclic Codes for Error Detection", Proceedings of the IRE, vol.49, pp228~235
1961.
Authors
Kuniyoshi Okuda (b.1986) is a student of Ryukoku University in Japan. After studying
Electronics and Informatics at Ryukoku University, he completed his Master of
Engineering at Osaka City University. Now he is a doctor course student at Ryukoku
University.
Ryouichi Yoneda received B.E. degrees from Ryukoku University, in 2013.
Tomoo Nakamura was born in 1948, and received B.E, M.E. and D.E. degrees from
Kyoto University, in 1970, 1972, and 1988. He is a professor of Ryukoku University in
Shiga, Japan.
Wataru Uemura was born in 1977, and received B.E, M.E. and D.E. degrees from
Osaka City University, in 2000, 2002, and 2005. He is an associate professor of the
Department of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering Science,
Ryukoku University in Shiga, Japan. He is a member of IEEE, RoboCup and
others.