The only official intents documented are given here. They do not include directions.
It has been noted that the following intent structure works with Google Maps. It seems the current Google Maps ingests the google maps http requests. It is probably the method used by the apps you've seen. However, it likely only works with Google Maps, and since it appears to be undocumented, there is no guarantee it will continue to work with future version of Google Maps.
Intent intent = new Intent(android.content.Intent.ACTION_VIEW,Uri.parse("http://maps.google.com/maps?daddr=33.881894,-92.199623&saddr=My+Location"));
where daddr
is the destination location, and saddr
is the source location. They can either be lat/lng's or search terms. "My+Location" is a search term in the above example, so it unlikely to work in locales with a language other than English.