At our college, a professor told us to prove by a semi-formal demonstration (without complete induction):
He said that that example was taken from a high school book - maybe I din't get something, but I really have no idea to prove that without using complete induction.
Any idea of smart demonstration?
Thanks for your help. (Excuse my bad English.)
First note that $$ u^3-u = (u-1)u(u+1)$$
Given that $u$ is odd.In this case, $u-1$ and $u+1$ are even and one of them is divisible by 4. This follows from the basic observation that one of any two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 4. So, $(u-1)(u+1)$ is divisible by $4 \times 2 =8$.
Also, one of any three consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 3. So, one of $u-1,u,u+1$ is divisible by 3.
So, $(u^3-u)$ is divisible by 8 and 3, which are co-prime. So, it is divisible by $8\times 3=24$
Factor it: $u^3-u=u(u^2-1)=u(u-1)(u+1)$. Now show that one of the three factors must be divisible by $4$ and another by $2$, and that one must be divisible by $3$.
Observe that $u^3-u=(u-1)u(u+1)$. Now $3$ consequtive numbers are always divisible by $3$. So $3\mid u^3-u.$ Since $u$ is odd $\Rightarrow$ $u-1, \ u+1$ are even. Prove that one of $u-1, \ u+1$ is divisible by $4$ and the other by $2$. Conclude that $24\mid u^3-u.$
Another proof.
I assume you know the following formula:
$$1^2+2^2+...+k^2 = \frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}$$
for all integer $k\geq 0$.
If $u$ is odd then $u=2k+1$ for some integer $k\geq 0$. Expanding: $$\begin{eqnarray}u^3-u &=& (2k+1)^3-(2k+1) \\ &=& 8k^3 + 12k^2 + 6k + 1 - (2k+1) \\ &=& 8k^3 + 12k^2 + 4k \\ &=& 4k(2k+1)(k+1) \\ &=& 24\frac{k(k+1)(2k+1)}{6}\end{eqnarray}$$
So if $u$ is odd, then $\frac{u^3-u}{24}$ is the sum of the first $k=\frac{u-1}{2}$ squares, and hence is an integer.
Hint $ $ Induction step: $\rm\:24\:|\:f(n) = n^3\!-n\:\Rightarrow\:24\:|\:f(n\!+\!2) = f(n) + 6(n\!+\!1)^2\:$ by $\rm\:n\!+\!1\:$ is even.
Remark $\ $ If we telescsope this we obtain a nice representation showing the factor of $24$.
$$\rm\begin{eqnarray} f(2n\!+\!1)\! -\! f(1)\, &=&\,\rm f(2n\!+\!1)\!&&\rm-\ f(2n\!-\!1) &&\rm+\ \,\cdots\, + f(5)\!&&\rm-\ f(3) &&\rm +\ \ f(3)\!&&\rm-\ f(1) \\ \,&=&\,\rm &&\!\!\!\!\!\rm6(2n)^2&&+\ \,\cdots\, + &&\!\!\!6\cdot4^2&& +&&\!\!\!6\cdot2^2\end{eqnarray}$$
So, using $\rm\:f(1) = 0,\:$ and pulling out a factor of $\,4\,$ from the RHS via $\rm\,(2k)^2 = 4\cdot k^2$ we obtain
$$\rm\ f(2n\!+\!1)\, =\, 24\, (n^2 + (n\!-\!1)^2 +\, \cdots\, + 2^2 + 1^2)$$
making the factor of $24$ clear. This is essentially the result in Thomas's answer except that we have derived it mechanically (requiring no insight or special knowledge), using only the very simple idea of telescopy - about which you can find much more written in many of my prior posts on telescopy.
Here is a slightly different proof, showing $u(u^2 - 1)$ is divisible by $24$ when $u$ is odd.
Since $u$ is odd, $u$ is of the form $2k + 1$, where $k$ is an integer.
Rewriting, we have:
$$(2k + 1)((2k + 1)^2 - 1)$$
$$(2k + 1)(4k^2 + 4k)$$
$$(2k + 1)4k(k + 1)$$
Let $m$ denote this last expression.
Every integer (and thus $k$) is of one of the three forms: $3q$, $3q - 1$, or $3q - 2$, where $q$ is an integer.
Case $k$ = $3q$:
$k$ is divisible by $3$ and either $k$ or $k + 1$ is even (and thus divisible by $2$).
Thus $m$ is of the form $4(3)(2)h$ = $24h$ and therefore divisible by $24$.
Case $k$ = $3q - 1$:
$k + 1$ is divisible by $3$ and either $k$ or $k + 1$ is even (and thus divisible by $2$).
Thus $m$ is of the form $4(3)(2)h$ = $24h$ and therefore divisible by $24$.
Case $k$ = $3q - 2$:
$2k + 1$ = $6q - 3$ is divisible by $3$ and either $k$ or $k + 1$ is even (and thus divisible by $2$).
Thus $m$ is of the form $4(3)(2)h$ = $24h$ and therefore divisible by $24$.
Q.E.D.
This very old question recently popped up, and none of the answers given are the one that occurred to me first. Here it is: $u^3-u=u(u^2-1)$. It is well known that the square of any odd number is $\equiv 1 \bmod 8$, meaning that $8\mid (u^2-1)$. It is also well known that if $3\not \mid u$ then $u^2 \equiv 1 \bmod 3$. Hence, either $3\mid u$ or $3\mid (u^2-1)$. Therefore, $3\mid u(u^2-1)$ and $8\mid u(u^2-1)$, meaning $24\mid u(u^2-1)=u^3-u$ QED.
