Questions tagged [electrons]
Electrons are subatomic particles with the symbol e−. They have a negative electric charge (-1 elementary charge. )
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Is the surface electron affinity of (tribasic) sodium- or calcium phosphate higher?
Let's imagine we have two polycrystalline samples: $\ce{Ca3(PO4)2}$ and $\ce{Na3PO4}$. A free electron is added to both. Some heat is released.
I wanted to check whether my reasoning about this ...
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Does the cathode always attain a positive charge or is it just a convention?
Suppose I have a galvanic cell composed of two half cells, one containing Zinc electrode dipped in an electrolytic solution (say of ZnSO4) while the another one having Lithium electrode dipped in ...
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Why can we see color during d-d transition of electron? [duplicate]
As we know that when a ligand approaches the transition metals, the d-orbital loses its degeneracy and in this case electron can jump from lower orbitals to higher orbitals adsorbing the visible light....
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Why do we only use the principal quantum number to calculate the energy of an electron in an H atom? [duplicate]
According to my high school textbook the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is $E = -13.6/n^2~\pu{eV}$, where $n$ is the principal quantum number of the orbital in which the electron is present.
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Correct Interpretation of Apparent Charge Transfer Coefficients
Good day guys,
I was looking over some $i$ vs $\eta $ for a redox reaction over a copper cathode, the cell has $\ce{LiBf4}$ in THF as the electrolyte. The main reaction taking place is:
$$\ce{N2 + 6 ...
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Degradation via electrolysis and electrode surface area
What is the relationship between electrode surface area and processes such as electrolysis/electrode polarization?
Let's say for example I want a fixed electric field between two electrodes in a ...
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Overlap of wave functions in Franck-Condon principle
I was revisiting the Franck-Condon-principle and was wondering about one thing.
In the Franck-Condon principle, it is stated that if an electronic transition happens, the vibrational wave functions ...
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Is this bond Ionic or Covalent, and why? AlBr [closed]
We know a compound could form between NaCl because they are +1 and -1 ions which make them both into a complete valence set.
Could a compound form between Al and Br, for example, and what type of bond ...
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Degeneracy of Orbitals
(Sorry, in advance if my question is silly or low quality but I want to ask this to someone.)
When an electron enters an orbital, it should technically have an electric Field and also magnetic field(...
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Order of Shielding Effect for orbitals
From what I know Shielding effect is the ability of inner electrons to repel outer electrons and reduce the Nuclear charge felt by the outer electrons and this is caused by electron-electron repulsion....
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Is double excitation of nitrogen possible, and would it be able to use it as a central atom in a coordination complex?
I’m 17 and in my 2nd year of high-school (we have it a tad different here in the Czech Republic) and am interested in theoretical chemistry so that’s the explanation of the nature of my question.
So, ...
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What about the aromaticity of cyclopropenylidene?
Here's a compound which we have to tell whether it's aromatic or not.
Drawing pi-orbital for the 3-membered ring, I think there are only 2 pi electrons delocalised all over the ring. The orbital ...
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Perforated Cathode in Anode Ray Experiment
While studying about the anode ray experiment (E. Goldstein), I had a doubt pop up in my head. In the experiment, a perforated cathode has been used. What is the exact reason behind that? Upon ...
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What does "predicted" mean in an electronic configuration?
I've noticed the term "(predicted)" appearing at the end of electron configurations for heavier elements. Could you explain what it signifies and the reason behind it? I haven't been able to ...
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Inter electronic repulsion in s and d orbitals
This was written in a lecture slide:
Two electrons present in the same d-orbital repel each other more strongly than do two electrons in the same s-orbital.
Why is there a difference in the amount ...
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Fundamental forces behind covalent bonding
I understand that covalent bonding is an equilibrium state between attractive and repulsive forces, but which one of the fundamental forces actually causes atoms to attract each other?
Also, am I ...
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Stability of atoms with 4 valence electrons [closed]
How do atoms with 4 valence electrons stabilize? Do they gain or lose 4 electrons?
This might be a bit of a stupid question, but I'm not sure and I can't find anything online.
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Can electrons be present outside orbitals? If yes, how does this affect chemical reactions?
In my physical chemistry textbook it is written that orbitals are regions where probability of finding electron is high (90% to 100%). But since orbitals are regions of probability, is it possible for ...
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Fundamental understanding of electrode potentials
The electrical double layer, is commonly used to describe the origins of electric potentials that is fundamental to electrochemistry. This model is quite outdated from my understanding, but it is ...
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Comparing Succesive Ionisation Energies
I am trying to understand successive ionisation energies. In particular, an explanation for why the second ionisation energy is greater than the first ionisation energy. I'm looking for a clear and ...
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Do electrons really hang around the electrode while ions go take a swim?
This answer to this post addresses "what happens if you dip a single zinc electrode into some electrolyte solution." It explains that
However, though the zinc ion can diffuse through the ...
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Electrolysis to refine metals
Why does the cathode get bigger and the anode smaller when we use copper electrodes for the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate? Why does the anode not receive electrons from the anions (e.g Sulphate and ...
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Inductive effect on stability of free radical
How does inductive effect affect the stability of free radical?
I can't seem to understand whether the carbon with the odd electron is deficient or not.
That is, whether a +I group, like alkyl, will ...
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Could someone please explain the difference between m/z and m/e in mass spectroscopy
The definition:
The abbreviation m/z is used to denote the dimensionless quantity formed by dividing the mass number of an ion by its charge number. It has long been called the mass-to-charge ratio ...
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Aqueous electrons in electrochemical cells [closed]
In the context of a zinc-copper electrochemical cell, zinc atoms at the anode are oxidized, releasing electrons and forming zinc ions that dissolve into the solution ($\ce{Zn(s) -> Zn^{2+}(aq) + 2e-...
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Do solvated electrons short circuit the electrolysis of liquid ammonia
If attempting the electrolysis of liquid ammonia using NaNH2 as an electrolyte. It is understood that Na+ will form solvated electrons. I understand that these solvated electrons can dramatically ...
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Why are Mo(NR2)3 complexes isolobal with the nitrogen atom in N2
In a Molybdenum complex of the form Mo(NR2)3, the Mo is in the oxidation state of +3, leaving it with 3 d electrons. When combined with an additional 2*3 electrons from the ligands, this leaves it ...
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Colour of coordination compounds due to d-d transition
Hexaaquanickel(II) is green but tetracyanidonickelate(II) is colourless.
On internet I found two explanations.
One used valence bond theory that claimed there is no excitation of electron in ...
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How do electrons travel through a fuel cell or flow battery with multiple cells?
I understand that if you have a fuel cell or flow battery with a single cell that electrons will go from the electrode and through an external circuit across the load which the fuel cell / flow ...
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how can I tell compton versus coherent scatter apart?
I am trying to get a better understanding of compton and coherent scatting, along with all the other interactions. It has seemed like a lot to memorize and I am trying to find ways to more easily ...
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Mg2+ ion formation [duplicate]
Why does Mg not form a Mg+1 ion, even though its second ionization energy is much higher than the first ionization energy?
(I know that an ion should resemble the noble gas closest to the element from ...
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The existence of a principal quantum level or energy shell after the loss of an electron from the outer shell of an atom
With the loss of an electron from $\ce{Li}$ ($\mathrm{1s^2\ 2s^1}$), we get $\ce{Li+}$ ($\mathrm{1s^2}$), then the 2nd shell where the electron had been revolving in $\ce{Li}$ will get disappeared or ...
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What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a H atom in n = 6 drops to ground state?
When an electron in a higher energy state jumps to a lower energy state in Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, it emits a photon which has energy equal to the difference in the energy between the final and ...
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In JJ thomson's cathode ray experiment why is the effect of gravity on the electron not considered? [closed]
Explaining the setup:
The experiment is described in the picture.
Instead of the magnets in the picture imagine two circular coils on both the sides with current running through it, this creates a ...
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How to compute solvent reorganization energy in Marcus' non-equilibrium approach?
I try to solve the following equations for some system solvated in the water. The goal is to obtain value in kcal/mol. Unfortunately, I cannot reach the desired output. May someone help me?
The ...
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Some materials emit more photoelectrons than others - why?
I've been experimenting with some materials by changing the wavelength of the incident light on the material and detecting photoelectrons, like in the diagram below:
I might get a response that looks ...
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NO coordination linear vs bent - valence electron
I'd like to count the total valence electron of following neutral complex in the ionic counting (=donor-pair):
Electron count:
$$\begin{align} \ce{Cp-} : \ce{6e-} \\ \ce{CH3-}: \ce{2e-} \\ \ce{PPh3} :...
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Why do some elements with high electronegativity exhibit metallic properties?
Metals typically have low electronegativity, which makes them form ions easily and prefer making metallic bonds to covalent. However, some of them seem to disprove that. Take, for example, gold, lead ...
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How does the same electron orbit both atoms in covalent bond? [closed]
During elementary school chemistry, when they teach about the covalent bond, they say that both atoms need the electron but they can't lose or gain them so they share it.
And for instance they show us ...
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Order of radical dimerization ability
In a question I came across recently, it was asked to arrange the following radicals in the ascending order of dimerization ability.
I have read about the triphenylmethyl radical undergoing Gomberg ...
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Why are different Aluminium valencies observed from NMR and what logic can be used to normalise molar ratios of different valency atoms?
Question 1:
I've observed different chemical shifts in 27Al Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra of commercial aqueous sodium aluminate, indicating the presence of both trivalent [Al(III)] and ...
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Where does the ionisation energy for a reaction to take place comes from? [closed]
Can anyone tell me exactly what happens during a chemical reaction in terms of ionisation energy? I know that during a reaction there is an exchange of electrons (except for those where electrons are ...
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Electrode potentials at interfaces?
My questions relates to the fundamental concept of electrochemistry, more specifically the electrode potentials.
1) First, why is there a potential difference at the interface of two phases? ...
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Measurement of the number of electrons, protons and neutrons inside an atom
How do we measure the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons inside an atom? What experiments can be conducted to determine, for example, that an iron atom contains 26 protons?
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Is there any electronic component to water conductivity?
Answers to Decrease in temperature of a aqueous salt solution decreases conductivity indicate that the electrical conductivity of salt solutions arises from the mobility of ionic species and therefore ...
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If charge is quantised, how can It delocalize?
As I was trying to understand resonance, I got to know that it was imaginary phenomenon and it is just a tool to explain mechanisms and structures that are unexplained by Lewis dot structures or ...
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Effective Nuclear Charge of Noble Gases
As stated in my textbook, the effective nuclear charge can be calculated by taking the non-valence electrons away from the atomic number, as also stated in the first calculation on Wikipedia: https://...
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What is the purpose of the solution in a galvanic cell?
In other words: What is the purpose of the solution that the electrodes are immersed in, in a galvanic cell, and is it possible to generate a current without any solution?
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Electron energy shells/ levels
Essentially, I am told electron shell closest to the nucleus is the lowest energy level and subsequent shells have higher energy (I.e. those further from the nucleus).
But..... electrons in the ...
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Why Fe 3+ is more common than Fe 2+
I heard that $\ce{Fe}(\mathrm{III})$ is more common than $\ce{Fe}(\mathrm{II})$ but I've not heard a very clear explanation. Could someone please explain this incorporating electron configurations in ...
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