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Wiring devices for illumination

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Surendra Tamang

Electrical wiring devices such as switches, sockets, distribution boards, and protective devices like fuses, MCBs, and MCCBs are introduced. Key devices discussed include single pole switches, two way switches, distribution boards, power sockets, ceiling roses, PVC casing, plugs, MCBs, MCCBs, earth leakage circuit breakers, cables, energy meters, gang boxes, cable connectors, fuses, and electrical conduit. The purpose of electrical wiring is to distribute electrical power safely and efficiently within a building for control of loads. Understanding wiring devices is important for proper electrical wiring installation.

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OBJECT​:- ​INTRODUCTION TO THE WIRING DEVICES SUCH AS1 SWITCHES,SOCKETS,DISTRIBUTION BOARD ,PROTECTIVE DEVICES SUCH AS FUSE,MCB,MCCB WITH THEIR FUNCTIONS​. APPARATUS USED: 1. Single Pole Switch 2.Two Way Switch 3.Distribution Board 4.Power Socket 5. Ceiling Fuse 6.PCV ceiling 7.Plugs 8.MCB 9.MCCB 10.Cable 11.Energy Meter 12.Gang bar 13. Cable connectors 14.Changeover Switch THEORY:- Electrical wiring is the electrical power distribution through the wires in a perfect manner for economic use of wiring conductors inside a room or building with better load control. Knowing the knowledge about the wiring devices much needed so that we can perform electric wiring in an efficient way. 1.SINGLE POLE SWITCH The single-pole switch is the general-purpose workhorse of switches. It is used to control a light, receptacle, or another device from a single location. A characteristic feature of a single-pole toggle switch is that it has ON and OFF markings on the toggle. This is something you will not find on three-way or four-way switches. A single-pole switch has two brass-colored screw terminals and is wired to the "hot" (current-carrying) wire, which is usually black. One brass terminal is for the incoming hot wire, and the other is for the outgoing hot wire to the device. Most single-pole switches also include a ground terminal for connecting the circuit's ground wire. 1
2.TWO WAY SWITCH(DOUBLE-POLE SWITCH) The double-pole switch is commonly used in industrial applications but can be found in some home wiring systems. Like the single-pole switch, a double-pole has ON and OFF markings and controls a device or equipment from one location. The main difference is that a double-pole switch has four hot brass terminals (instead of two), plus a ground, allowing you to connect it to two pairs of hot wires from a 240-volt circuit. Double-pole switches are commonly rated for 30 amps (compared to 15 or 20 amps with standard switches), so they can control higher-demand appliances, motors, and machinery. 2 3. Distribution Board A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Fig:Symbol of Distribution Board 4.POWER SOCKET ​Power sockets are electric equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in buildings and at other sites. It differs from one another in voltage and current rating, shape, size, and connector type. Different systems of sockets have been standardized, and different standards are used in different parts of the world. Figure:-Power socket. 2
5.LAMP HOLDER Lampholders provide electrical connections to the lamps and support it in the lighting fixture. The use of sockets allows lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (re-lamping). There are many different standards for these lampholders, created by ​de facto and by various standards bodies. A general coding system is a letter or abbreviation followed by a number.​[1] Some miniature lamps have wire leads suitable for direct connection to wires; some reflector lamps have screw terminals for wire connections. Fig: Symbol of lamp holder. 6.CEILING ROSE a ​ceiling rose is a decorative element affixed to the ceiling from which a chandelier or light fitting is often suspended. They are typically round in shape and display a variety of ornamental designs. Fig: Ceiling Rose 7.PVC CASING PVC insulated wires are placed in plastic cashing and covered with cap. The cashing is of rectangular cross section which function is to protect the wires 8.PLUG a device for making an electrical connection between an appliance and the mains, consisting of an insulated casing with metal pins that fit into holes in a socket.
9.MCB An MCB or miniature circuit breaker is an electromagnetic device that embodies complete enclosure in a molded insulating material. The main function of an MCB is to switch the circuit, i.e., to open the circuit (which has been connected to it) automatically when the current passing through it (MCB) exceeds the value for which it is set. It can be manually switched ON and OFF as similar to normal switch if necessary. Fig:-MCB 10.MCCB ​Molded case circuit breaker, abbreviated MCCB, is a type of electrical protection device that can be used for a wide range of voltages, and frequencies of both 50 Hz and 60 Hz. The main distinctions between molded-case and miniature circuit breaker are that the MCCB can have current ratings of up to 2,500 amperes, and its trip settings are normally adjustable. An additional difference is that MCCBs tend to be much larger than MCBs 11.EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual current circuit breakers which instead detect leakage current directly. 12.CABLE An electrical cable is of two or more wires, or conductors, that form a single cable assembly from the wires being twisted, bonded or braided together. You'll find cables used most in the home and for power and signal circuits in electronic devices. 13.ENERGY CABLE
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (​kWh​). They are usually read once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods Fig:-Energy meter 14.GANG BOX Gang box is also a term in the electrical industry used to indicate a box, usually metal, which houses installed electrical componentry. A 1-gang box hosts a single component such as a switch or receptacle, a 2-gang box hosts two components side-by-side, and so on. 15.CABLE CONNECTORS A small structure which is use to join the two connectors 16.FUSE
A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending on type. Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity and response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for fuse operation​. 17.CONDUIT An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes. Conduit is generally installed by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Its use, form, and installation details are often specified by wiring regulations, such as the US National Electrical Code (NEC) and other building codes.

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Wiring devices for illumination

  • 1. OBJECT​:- ​INTRODUCTION TO THE WIRING DEVICES SUCH AS1 SWITCHES,SOCKETS,DISTRIBUTION BOARD ,PROTECTIVE DEVICES SUCH AS FUSE,MCB,MCCB WITH THEIR FUNCTIONS​. APPARATUS USED: 1. Single Pole Switch 2.Two Way Switch 3.Distribution Board 4.Power Socket 5. Ceiling Fuse 6.PCV ceiling 7.Plugs 8.MCB 9.MCCB 10.Cable 11.Energy Meter 12.Gang bar 13. Cable connectors 14.Changeover Switch THEORY:- Electrical wiring is the electrical power distribution through the wires in a perfect manner for economic use of wiring conductors inside a room or building with better load control. Knowing the knowledge about the wiring devices much needed so that we can perform electric wiring in an efficient way. 1.SINGLE POLE SWITCH The single-pole switch is the general-purpose workhorse of switches. It is used to control a light, receptacle, or another device from a single location. A characteristic feature of a single-pole toggle switch is that it has ON and OFF markings on the toggle. This is something you will not find on three-way or four-way switches. A single-pole switch has two brass-colored screw terminals and is wired to the "hot" (current-carrying) wire, which is usually black. One brass terminal is for the incoming hot wire, and the other is for the outgoing hot wire to the device. Most single-pole switches also include a ground terminal for connecting the circuit's ground wire. 1
  • 2. 2.TWO WAY SWITCH(DOUBLE-POLE SWITCH) The double-pole switch is commonly used in industrial applications but can be found in some home wiring systems. Like the single-pole switch, a double-pole has ON and OFF markings and controls a device or equipment from one location. The main difference is that a double-pole switch has four hot brass terminals (instead of two), plus a ground, allowing you to connect it to two pairs of hot wires from a 240-volt circuit. Double-pole switches are commonly rated for 30 amps (compared to 15 or 20 amps with standard switches), so they can control higher-demand appliances, motors, and machinery. 2 3. Distribution Board A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Fig:Symbol of Distribution Board 4.POWER SOCKET ​Power sockets are electric equipment to be connected to the primary alternating current (AC) power supply in buildings and at other sites. It differs from one another in voltage and current rating, shape, size, and connector type. Different systems of sockets have been standardized, and different standards are used in different parts of the world. Figure:-Power socket. 2
  • 3. 5.LAMP HOLDER Lampholders provide electrical connections to the lamps and support it in the lighting fixture. The use of sockets allows lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (re-lamping). There are many different standards for these lampholders, created by ​de facto and by various standards bodies. A general coding system is a letter or abbreviation followed by a number.​[1] Some miniature lamps have wire leads suitable for direct connection to wires; some reflector lamps have screw terminals for wire connections. Fig: Symbol of lamp holder. 6.CEILING ROSE a ​ceiling rose is a decorative element affixed to the ceiling from which a chandelier or light fitting is often suspended. They are typically round in shape and display a variety of ornamental designs. Fig: Ceiling Rose 7.PVC CASING PVC insulated wires are placed in plastic cashing and covered with cap. The cashing is of rectangular cross section which function is to protect the wires 8.PLUG a device for making an electrical connection between an appliance and the mains, consisting of an insulated casing with metal pins that fit into holes in a socket.
  • 4. 9.MCB An MCB or miniature circuit breaker is an electromagnetic device that embodies complete enclosure in a molded insulating material. The main function of an MCB is to switch the circuit, i.e., to open the circuit (which has been connected to it) automatically when the current passing through it (MCB) exceeds the value for which it is set. It can be manually switched ON and OFF as similar to normal switch if necessary. Fig:-MCB 10.MCCB ​Molded case circuit breaker, abbreviated MCCB, is a type of electrical protection device that can be used for a wide range of voltages, and frequencies of both 50 Hz and 60 Hz. The main distinctions between molded-case and miniature circuit breaker are that the MCCB can have current ratings of up to 2,500 amperes, and its trip settings are normally adjustable. An additional difference is that MCCBs tend to be much larger than MCBs 11.EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual current circuit breakers which instead detect leakage current directly. 12.CABLE An electrical cable is of two or more wires, or conductors, that form a single cable assembly from the wires being twisted, bonded or braided together. You'll find cables used most in the home and for power and signal circuits in electronic devices. 13.ENERGY CABLE
  • 5. An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (​kWh​). They are usually read once each billing period. When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak, lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load shedding during peak load periods Fig:-Energy meter 14.GANG BOX Gang box is also a term in the electrical industry used to indicate a box, usually metal, which houses installed electrical componentry. A 1-gang box hosts a single component such as a switch or receptacle, a 2-gang box hosts two components side-by-side, and so on. 15.CABLE CONNECTORS A small structure which is use to join the two connectors 16.FUSE
  • 6. A fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby interrupting the current. It is a sacrificial device; once a fuse has operated it is an open circuit, and it must be replaced or rewired, depending on type. Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity and response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure are the prime reasons for fuse operation​. 17.CONDUIT An electrical conduit is a tube used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building or structure. Electrical conduit may be made of metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay. Most conduit is rigid, but flexible conduit is used for some purposes. Conduit is generally installed by electricians at the site of installation of electrical equipment. Its use, form, and installation details are often specified by wiring regulations, such as the US National Electrical Code (NEC) and other building codes.