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Week 5

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Ray Brannon
Ray Brannon

- Between 10-33% of youth have experienced cyberbullying, which includes having private material shared without permission, receiving threatening messages, and having embarrassing photos posted without consent. - While bullying occurs more frequently offline, cyberbullying affects around 1 in 3 online teens and can cause extreme distress. - New technologies have diversified the ways bullying can occur, but the underlying behaviors of bullying have not changed - only the means through which it happens. Addressing the issue requires understanding that bullying crosses all boundaries where children interact.

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Week 5
The Societal Consequences Digital Health Emotional & Physical Health Economic imperative Political inclusion Critical thinking Personal safety
Critical Thinking – Digital Literacy
 
 
Or simply…media that is created to be shared freely http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIOClX1jPE&feature=related
A Gateway for Dangerous Behavior?
Visit these sites at your own risk!
http://omegle.com/ http://www.chatroulette.com/
Cyber Bullying and Social Isolation: Phoebe & Alexis
Anonymity Breeds Irresponsibility The problem, say Formspring's critics, is the site offers a perfect haven for cyberbulllying. As the "Edumacation" blog puts it: "Anyone who works with young people can quickly point out that anonymity nearly always breeds irresponsibility." The recent suicide of 15-year-old Pheobe Prince has drawn attention to the problem of bullying in cyberspace because victims often have no idea who is tormenting them. A Boycott Formspring Group on Facebook claims almost 7,300 members. http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/media/do-you-know-who-your-children-are-online-formsprings-raunchy-f/19452194/?a_dgi=aolshare_email A young person speaks..then tribute http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lyYjZyeN80 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1Y5hH1ScY0&feature=related
Cyberbullying What the research is telling us… Amanda Lenhart Youth Online Safety Working Group May 6, 2010 Washington, DC
Teen internet use basics 93% of teens 12-17 go online 63% of online teens go online daily 89% of online teens go online from home, and most of them go online from home most often 77% of teen go online at school 71% go online from friends or relatives house 60% go online from a library 27% go online on their mobile phone 76% of households with teens go online via broadband, 10% via dial up, and 12% do not have access at home. May 2010
What are teens doing online? 94% go online to do research for school assignments; 48% do so on a typical day. 81% go to websites about movies, TV shows, music groups, or sports stars 64% of online teens have created some kind of content online 62% go online to get news 57% have watched a video on a video-sharing site like YouTube or GoogleVideo 55% go online to get information about a college, university or other school that they are thinking about attending. 48% have bought something online like books, clothes or music 31% have looked online for health, dieting or physical fitness information; 17% have looked online for sensitive health information May 2010
How else are teens connecting? 75% of teens have a cell phone No gender or race/ethnic differences in ownership 50% of teens with phones talk to friends daily 54% of teens send text messages daily 27% use their phone to go online 73% of teens use an online social network site 37% of SNS users send messages through social networks daily 80% of teens have a game console 51% of teens have a portable gaming device Teens connect and interact with others online through games May 2010
Concerns in Online Safety Sphere Inappropriate contact Strangers Bullies Inappropriate content Accidental Exposure Deliberate Exposure May 2010
Bullying Olweus (1993) “ A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself." This definition includes three important components: 1. Bullying is aggressive behavior that involves unwanted, negative actions. 2. Bullying involves a pattern of behavior repeated over time 3. Bullying involves an imbalance of power or strength.” Bullying Physical Relational/Verbal -Internet May 2010
Online Harassment & Cyberbullying Online harassment: aggressive behavior, “harm doing,” insults, denigration, impersonation, exclusion, outing, activities associated with hacking – stealing information, breaking into accounts, damaging websites, profiles etc. (Willard, 2006) Cyberbullying: online harassment that is repeated over time Involves a power imbalance between a perpetrator and a victim. Power imbalance may be differences in online skills. Other complicating factor -- perpetrators are also often victims, sometimes online, sometimes elsewhere. Internet bullying can be particularly hard to disentangle. (Willard, 2006) May 2010
What makes online harassment & bullying different? Technology is vehicle Persistence of content Editable, alterable Distributability of content Speed Breadth Dis-inhibition over computer-mediated communication Invasive May 2010
Pew Internet: Online Harassment 32% of online teens have experienced one of the following forms of online harassment: 15% of teens reported having private material (IM, txt, email) forwarded without permission 13% had received threatening messages 13% said someone had spread a rumor about them online 6% had someone post an embarrassing picture of them online without permission (Lenhart, 2007) 26% of teens have been harassed via their cell phones either by voice or text (Lenhart, 2010) May 2010
01/30/11
Cyberbullying Other research shows prevalence of cyberbullying or online harassment between 9% and 33% of youth ages 10-18. (Wolak et al, 2007, Ybarra et al, 2007) Much of the difference is definitional and depends on how the question was asked. Specific activities often yield higher levels of response than blanket definitions. Mid-teens (ages 14-17) is the age of greatest prevalence of online harassment & bullying (Pew, 2007, Hinduja & Patchin, 2008) Perpetrators of online bullying (similar to offline bullying) are generally the same age as their victim. (Wolak, 2007) May 2010
Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds May 2010 ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
Online Harassment (2) Girls, particularly older girls, report more online harassment; 38% of all online girls reported experiencing some type of harassment (Pew, 2007) Social network users are also more likely to report online harassment – 39% of SNS users have experience it. (Pew, 2007) But most teens (67%) think bullying & harassment happens more OFFLINE. (Pew, 2007) May 2010
Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds by environment May 2010 ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
Online (or not) Harassment School is by far the most common place youth report being bullied (31%) versus elsewhere (e.g., 13% online) The prevalence rate of Internet harassment (both perpetration and victimization) appears to be stable (2006-2008) . The majority (59%) of Internet harassment comes from other minors Youth who report being harassed online report a myriad of concurrent psychosocial problems offline, too Source: Michele Ybarra & colleagues work on the 2005 Youth Internet Safety Survey fielded by UNH CCRC & 2007-2008 Growing up with Media research funded by the CDC. May 2010
Why should we worry? Bullying is broadly associated with: School violence Delinquency Suicidal ideation Bullied teens (and often bullies themselves) have higher levels of: Depression and other psychological problems Substance abuse Delinquency / School avoidance Weapon-carrying Poor parent/caregiver relationships Offline victimization/sexual abuse/physical abuse May 2010
Why should we worry (2)? Some research suggests that significant portions of teens aren’t bothered by online harassment or bullying Research suggests that 1/3 of teens (34%) are distressed by online harassment. (Wolak et al, 2007) Distressed = “Extremely or very upset or afraid” Teens who are high internet users are more likely to be distressed (Wolak, 2007) May 2010
Overlap of cyberbullying & internet victimization May 2010 (Ybarra, 2010)
Differences between cyberbullying & internet harassment Cyberbullying is not more common than Internet harassment On average (between 2007-2008): 37% were harassed, 14% were bullied online in the past year Cyberbullying is not more damaging than Internet harassment Among those cyberbullied, 15% report being very / extremely upset Among those harassed, between 17-34% report being very / extremely upset May 2010
Cell phone-based harassment 75% of teens have cell phones 54% of all teens text message daily 26% have been harassed through their cell phone by voice calls or text messages 47% have sent a text message they regretted sending And then there’s sexting – which is generally not a form of harassment itself, but when the images are shared, can lead to harassment and bullying. May 2010
01/30/11
Sending Sexts No difference by gender Oldest teens most likely to have sent 8% of 17 year olds 4% of 12 year olds 17% who pay for all the costs of the phone send sexts vs. 3% of others May 2010
Receiving Sexts Again, no gender differences and increases by age 4% of 12 year olds 20% of 16 year olds 30% of 17 year olds Sending texts, having unlimited texting plan increases receipt May 2010
Sexting Scenarios Between two romantic partners, as a part of, instead of, or as a prelude to sex – never leaves couple Between two romantic partners – but shared with others Between two people where at least one would like to be in a relationship – shows interest May 2010
Element of coercion for some sexting “ When I was about 14-15 years old, I received/sent these types of pictures. Boys usually ask for them or start that type of conversation. My boyfriend, or someone I really liked asked for them. And I felt like if I didn’t do it, they wouldn’t continue to talk to me. At the time, it was no big deal. But now looking back it was definitely inappropriate and over the line.” - 17 year old girl May 2010
Summary Somewhere between 1/10 th and 1/3 rd of teens are being bullied online Bullying still happens more offline – at school – than online. For the majority of teens, it isn’t distressing, but for a minority, cyberbullying is extremely serious and paired with major problems that can affect their lives, their schools and their community. Venues for bullying have diversified, and with it comes increased visibility. But impulse behind behaviors hasn’t changed – just the vehicle. May 2010
Final Thoughts Need more high-quality, national data on this issue. Coordination in the definitions of cyberbullying. When thinking about solutions, important to remember that bullying crosses boundaries – it’s everywhere that children are Stay tuned for more work from Growing up with Media study (Ybarra - CDC) and research on cyberbullying and suicide by Hinduja & Patchin May 2010
Thirty-two percent of online teens have experienced some form of harassment via the Internet, a problem also known as "cyberbullying." According to recent data, 15% of online teens have had private material forwarded without permission, 13% have received threatening messages and 6% have had embarrassing photos posted without permission.
 

More Related Content

Week 5

  • 2. The Societal Consequences Digital Health Emotional & Physical Health Economic imperative Political inclusion Critical thinking Personal safety
  • 3. Critical Thinking – Digital Literacy
  • 4.  
  • 5.  
  • 6. Or simply…media that is created to be shared freely http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpIOClX1jPE&feature=related
  • 7. A Gateway for Dangerous Behavior?
  • 8. Visit these sites at your own risk!
  • 10. Cyber Bullying and Social Isolation: Phoebe & Alexis
  • 11. Anonymity Breeds Irresponsibility The problem, say Formspring's critics, is the site offers a perfect haven for cyberbulllying. As the "Edumacation" blog puts it: "Anyone who works with young people can quickly point out that anonymity nearly always breeds irresponsibility." The recent suicide of 15-year-old Pheobe Prince has drawn attention to the problem of bullying in cyberspace because victims often have no idea who is tormenting them. A Boycott Formspring Group on Facebook claims almost 7,300 members. http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/media/do-you-know-who-your-children-are-online-formsprings-raunchy-f/19452194/?a_dgi=aolshare_email A young person speaks..then tribute http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lyYjZyeN80 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1Y5hH1ScY0&feature=related
  • 12. Cyberbullying What the research is telling us… Amanda Lenhart Youth Online Safety Working Group May 6, 2010 Washington, DC
  • 13. Teen internet use basics 93% of teens 12-17 go online 63% of online teens go online daily 89% of online teens go online from home, and most of them go online from home most often 77% of teen go online at school 71% go online from friends or relatives house 60% go online from a library 27% go online on their mobile phone 76% of households with teens go online via broadband, 10% via dial up, and 12% do not have access at home. May 2010
  • 14. What are teens doing online? 94% go online to do research for school assignments; 48% do so on a typical day. 81% go to websites about movies, TV shows, music groups, or sports stars 64% of online teens have created some kind of content online 62% go online to get news 57% have watched a video on a video-sharing site like YouTube or GoogleVideo 55% go online to get information about a college, university or other school that they are thinking about attending. 48% have bought something online like books, clothes or music 31% have looked online for health, dieting or physical fitness information; 17% have looked online for sensitive health information May 2010
  • 15. How else are teens connecting? 75% of teens have a cell phone No gender or race/ethnic differences in ownership 50% of teens with phones talk to friends daily 54% of teens send text messages daily 27% use their phone to go online 73% of teens use an online social network site 37% of SNS users send messages through social networks daily 80% of teens have a game console 51% of teens have a portable gaming device Teens connect and interact with others online through games May 2010
  • 16. Concerns in Online Safety Sphere Inappropriate contact Strangers Bullies Inappropriate content Accidental Exposure Deliberate Exposure May 2010
  • 17. Bullying Olweus (1993) “ A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself." This definition includes three important components: 1. Bullying is aggressive behavior that involves unwanted, negative actions. 2. Bullying involves a pattern of behavior repeated over time 3. Bullying involves an imbalance of power or strength.” Bullying Physical Relational/Verbal -Internet May 2010
  • 18. Online Harassment & Cyberbullying Online harassment: aggressive behavior, “harm doing,” insults, denigration, impersonation, exclusion, outing, activities associated with hacking – stealing information, breaking into accounts, damaging websites, profiles etc. (Willard, 2006) Cyberbullying: online harassment that is repeated over time Involves a power imbalance between a perpetrator and a victim. Power imbalance may be differences in online skills. Other complicating factor -- perpetrators are also often victims, sometimes online, sometimes elsewhere. Internet bullying can be particularly hard to disentangle. (Willard, 2006) May 2010
  • 19. What makes online harassment & bullying different? Technology is vehicle Persistence of content Editable, alterable Distributability of content Speed Breadth Dis-inhibition over computer-mediated communication Invasive May 2010
  • 20. Pew Internet: Online Harassment 32% of online teens have experienced one of the following forms of online harassment: 15% of teens reported having private material (IM, txt, email) forwarded without permission 13% had received threatening messages 13% said someone had spread a rumor about them online 6% had someone post an embarrassing picture of them online without permission (Lenhart, 2007) 26% of teens have been harassed via their cell phones either by voice or text (Lenhart, 2010) May 2010
  • 22. Cyberbullying Other research shows prevalence of cyberbullying or online harassment between 9% and 33% of youth ages 10-18. (Wolak et al, 2007, Ybarra et al, 2007) Much of the difference is definitional and depends on how the question was asked. Specific activities often yield higher levels of response than blanket definitions. Mid-teens (ages 14-17) is the age of greatest prevalence of online harassment & bullying (Pew, 2007, Hinduja & Patchin, 2008) Perpetrators of online bullying (similar to offline bullying) are generally the same age as their victim. (Wolak, 2007) May 2010
  • 23. Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds May 2010 ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
  • 24. Online Harassment (2) Girls, particularly older girls, report more online harassment; 38% of all online girls reported experiencing some type of harassment (Pew, 2007) Social network users are also more likely to report online harassment – 39% of SNS users have experience it. (Pew, 2007) But most teens (67%) think bullying & harassment happens more OFFLINE. (Pew, 2007) May 2010
  • 25. Frequency of bullying victimization among 11-16 year olds by environment May 2010 ( n =1,193) (Ybarra, 2009)
  • 26. Online (or not) Harassment School is by far the most common place youth report being bullied (31%) versus elsewhere (e.g., 13% online) The prevalence rate of Internet harassment (both perpetration and victimization) appears to be stable (2006-2008) . The majority (59%) of Internet harassment comes from other minors Youth who report being harassed online report a myriad of concurrent psychosocial problems offline, too Source: Michele Ybarra & colleagues work on the 2005 Youth Internet Safety Survey fielded by UNH CCRC & 2007-2008 Growing up with Media research funded by the CDC. May 2010
  • 27. Why should we worry? Bullying is broadly associated with: School violence Delinquency Suicidal ideation Bullied teens (and often bullies themselves) have higher levels of: Depression and other psychological problems Substance abuse Delinquency / School avoidance Weapon-carrying Poor parent/caregiver relationships Offline victimization/sexual abuse/physical abuse May 2010
  • 28. Why should we worry (2)? Some research suggests that significant portions of teens aren’t bothered by online harassment or bullying Research suggests that 1/3 of teens (34%) are distressed by online harassment. (Wolak et al, 2007) Distressed = “Extremely or very upset or afraid” Teens who are high internet users are more likely to be distressed (Wolak, 2007) May 2010
  • 29. Overlap of cyberbullying & internet victimization May 2010 (Ybarra, 2010)
  • 30. Differences between cyberbullying & internet harassment Cyberbullying is not more common than Internet harassment On average (between 2007-2008): 37% were harassed, 14% were bullied online in the past year Cyberbullying is not more damaging than Internet harassment Among those cyberbullied, 15% report being very / extremely upset Among those harassed, between 17-34% report being very / extremely upset May 2010
  • 31. Cell phone-based harassment 75% of teens have cell phones 54% of all teens text message daily 26% have been harassed through their cell phone by voice calls or text messages 47% have sent a text message they regretted sending And then there’s sexting – which is generally not a form of harassment itself, but when the images are shared, can lead to harassment and bullying. May 2010
  • 33. Sending Sexts No difference by gender Oldest teens most likely to have sent 8% of 17 year olds 4% of 12 year olds 17% who pay for all the costs of the phone send sexts vs. 3% of others May 2010
  • 34. Receiving Sexts Again, no gender differences and increases by age 4% of 12 year olds 20% of 16 year olds 30% of 17 year olds Sending texts, having unlimited texting plan increases receipt May 2010
  • 35. Sexting Scenarios Between two romantic partners, as a part of, instead of, or as a prelude to sex – never leaves couple Between two romantic partners – but shared with others Between two people where at least one would like to be in a relationship – shows interest May 2010
  • 36. Element of coercion for some sexting “ When I was about 14-15 years old, I received/sent these types of pictures. Boys usually ask for them or start that type of conversation. My boyfriend, or someone I really liked asked for them. And I felt like if I didn’t do it, they wouldn’t continue to talk to me. At the time, it was no big deal. But now looking back it was definitely inappropriate and over the line.” - 17 year old girl May 2010
  • 37. Summary Somewhere between 1/10 th and 1/3 rd of teens are being bullied online Bullying still happens more offline – at school – than online. For the majority of teens, it isn’t distressing, but for a minority, cyberbullying is extremely serious and paired with major problems that can affect their lives, their schools and their community. Venues for bullying have diversified, and with it comes increased visibility. But impulse behind behaviors hasn’t changed – just the vehicle. May 2010
  • 38. Final Thoughts Need more high-quality, national data on this issue. Coordination in the definitions of cyberbullying. When thinking about solutions, important to remember that bullying crosses boundaries – it’s everywhere that children are Stay tuned for more work from Growing up with Media study (Ybarra - CDC) and research on cyberbullying and suicide by Hinduja & Patchin May 2010
  • 39. Thirty-two percent of online teens have experienced some form of harassment via the Internet, a problem also known as "cyberbullying." According to recent data, 15% of online teens have had private material forwarded without permission, 13% have received threatening messages and 6% have had embarrassing photos posted without permission.
  • 40.  

Editor's Notes

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  2. In order for us to create the most effective and targeted solutions, we have to know the exact nature of the problem.
  3. Library access and CELL PHONE ACCESS is particularly important to African American, and to a lesser extent English-Speaking Hispanic students. One quarter of low income teens (HHI under $30K) and 25% of African American teens say they go online most often from school, compared to 15% of online teens overall. Fewer low SES and African American teens go online daily 53% of af-am, vs 67% of white teens 75% of high income teens go online daily, compared to 39% of low SES teens. Slight decrease in teens going online from home since we first asked – broader use/access and also wide variety of access points/mobile access.
  4. Not just email, IM, but social networks, mobile devices and gaming platforms are all used to connect, talk and interact with others. And thus also may become platforms for bullying, too. This is where teens are - particularly outside of school - online, connected to each other by various means at all times.
  5. Online safety concerns breakdown roughly into two parts – concerns over harmful contact and concern over harmful content. What we’re focusing on here today is online CONTACT, rather than content and specifically, online bullying aka cyberbullying.
  6. Definition of bullying downloaded from http://olweus.org/public/bullying.page on May 12, 2009 and is also contained in Dan Olweus’ 1993 book “Bullying at School”: Olweus D. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell Publishing: Hoboken, NJ, 1993
  7. Source: Willard, N. Cyberbullying & Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Electronic Aggression. Center for Safe and Responsible Internet use: Eugene, OR. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.csriu.org on May 11, 2009. Online – identity can be shrouded. Youth who are physically bullied can/do retaliate online. Can be hard to determine who instigated and where. These are the “bully-victims” and the “instigator-victims.” Other definitions of cyberbullying used in major research projects on the topic: “ willful use of the Internet as a technological medium through which harm or discomfort is intentionally and repeatedly inflicted through indirect aggression that targets a specific person or group of persons.” (Williams and Guerra, 2007) “ an overt, intentional act of aggression towards another person online” (19% of young and regular internet users reported experiencing this) (Ybarra, & Mitchell, 2004) “ Willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text.” (Patchin & Hinduja, 2006)
  8. Invasive – computer and the internet bring the bullying into the sphere of the home, and cell phones, which are generally personal devices carried everywhere, mean that the bullying never stops.
  9. Pew data is measuring online harassment, as our questions did not ask about repetition or power imbalance. 15% had private comm forwarded with out permission 13% had a rumor spread about them 13% received a threatening message or comm 6% had embarrassing picture posted w/out permission Limitations: we missed a big one Missing spoofed/faked profile But Teens are also endlessly creative when it comes to bullying (and many other things) e.g., Text bombing=when a person sends 1000 of texts to one number… can be difficult to block, must pay for each text – can run up $100s in bills & makes it impossible to receive communication from others. Bullying in games – e.g., killing a player’s character quickly and repeatedly so gamer can’t play the game. Sources in this slide: Lenhart, A. (2007) Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project, Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Lenhart, A., et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
  10. Lenhart, A et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx p. 86
  11. 9% data point is from: Wolak J, Mitchell KJ and Finkelhor D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S51-S58 33% data point is from: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation] Lenhart, A. Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project:Washington, DC. 2007. Available from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Hinduja S and Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. J Deviant Behavior 2008;29: 129-156. Data unclear on likelihood of victims knowing perpetrator – 45-89% say they know who is harassing them. No major differences in SES, race/ethnicity, parent education in likelihood of being harassed online. (Pew 2007 data)
  12. Slide source: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation]
  13. Lenhart, A. Cyberbullying. Pew Internet & American Life Project:Washington, DC. 2007. Available from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2007/Cyberbullying.aspx Worth noting: Journal of Adolescent Health December 2007 issue has a special issue entirely devoted to research on Cyberbullying. Other research points to girls as more likely victims, or to boys and girls experiencing online bullying and harassment equally. (Wolak et al, 2007) – answers here not 100% conclusive. Ybarra data suggests that bullying does happen more at school than online. See following slide…
  14. Source: Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Espelage D. A comparison of bullying online and offline: Findings from a national survey. Presented to AERA Annual Meeting, April 16, 2009. [presentation]
  15. Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177. Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec;41(6 Suppl 1):S42-50. Ybarra ML. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004 Apr;7(2):247-57.
  16. These are the “concurrent psychosocial problems” from Ybarra’s work. Source info for statements above: (see previous slides or bibliography for full cites) Bullying is broadly associated with: School violence – (Olweus, 2009 website ) Delinquency – (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007) Suicidal ideation (Hinduja & Patchin, in press @ Archives of Suicide Research) Depression and other psychological problems (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2007) Substance abuse (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2007) Delinquency / School avoidance (Hinduja & Patchin, 2007) Weapon-carrying (Nansel, 2003) Poor parent/caregiver relationships/offline victimization (Ybarra, 2007, Wolak, 2006)
  17. Wolak J, Mitchell KJ and Finkelhor D. Does Online Harassment Constitute Bullying? An Exploration of Online Harassment by Known Peers and Online-Only Contacts. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec: 41 S51-S58 Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177.
  18. Ybarra, Michele. (2010) “ Youth Internet Victimization: Myths and Truths,” [Presentation] NASPAG conference, Las Vegas, April 15, 2010 http://is4k.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/NASPAG_2010_Las-Vegas-NV2.pdf
  19. Ybarra, Michele. (2010) “ Youth Internet Victimization: Myths and Truths,” [Presentation] NASPAG conference, Las Vegas, April 15, 2010 http://is4k.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/NASPAG_2010_Las-Vegas-NV2.pdf
  20. Lenhart, A et al. (2010) Teens and Mobile Phones. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Teens-and-Mobile-Phones.aspx
  21. Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
  22. Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
  23. Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
  24. Lenhart, A. (2009) Teens and Sexting. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Washington, DC. http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Sexting.aspx
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