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The document discusses web servers and their architecture. It begins by defining a web server as specialized software that responds to client requests from web browsers. It then describes the common three-tier architecture of web applications with tiers for the client interface, middle application logic, and database information. The document focuses on how web servers use HTTP to communicate with clients through a request-response protocol and provides examples of GET and POST requests. It also discusses leading web servers like Apache, IIS, and others as well as factors to consider when selecting a web server.

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FT228/3 Web Development Web Servers
Introduction Web Browse r Client Web Server Server A web server is specialised software that responds to client (I.e. web browser) requests Every web site requires a web server to process client requests and ‘serve up’ the pages Web servers used to service Internet, intranets and extranets Note that web server in this context is software. Server machine is also referred to as the web server.
System architecture A web server is part of a multi-tier application (also called n-tier application Functionality is divided into separate tiers or groupings Tiers can be on same computer or on separate computers Web applications are often three tiered: • Information tier (also called data tier) • Middle tier • Client tier (user interface tier)
Common web system architecture Web Browse r Application tier Database Client tier Middle tier Information tier Application User interface. The client interacts with the middle tier to make requests and to retrieve data from the information tier Controls the interactions between the application clients and application data. Enforces business rules. implements presentation logic. Web server typically supports this tier. Maintains data for the application. Data typically stores in a relational database management system (RDBMS)
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Resources: Databases Application e.g. “Get me a webpage” “Post this data to the server” Request e.g. “here’s the web page” Response Basic function of web server is to act as HTTP server Web servers communicate with clients using a Response-Request protocol: HTTP Web Browse r Client Web Server Server
• A request is generated by a client (by browser software) - Most common requests are “Get” and “Post” • Request reaches the appropriate web-server • Request is processed by the web-server • A response is formulated by the web server and sent back to the client (e.g. web page contents) Client-Server model and HTTP
Client-Server model and HTTP • HTTP is the de facto standard for transferring World Wide Web documents • Usually to port 80 • HTTP messages (requests and responses) between client and server are human readable
• Request – Get resource – Type of browser – Name of host – etc • First line is request-line. Contains the nature of the Request e.g. – GET: Get a file from the server – POST: Post data to the server – PUT: Store some resource Http: Requests from client
Http: Requests from client: HTML Examples <body> <form method= “post” action =“process.jsp”> Word to look up: <Input type = text Name = “word”> <input types = “submit”> </form> </body> HTML code for a form Indicates a post request Data in form is posted to the server
Http: Requests from client: HTML Examples <body> <form method= “get” action =“process.jsp”> Word to look up: <Input type = text Name = “word”> <input types = “submit”> </form> </body> HTML code for a form Indicates a get request Not usually used for forms Sends any parameters in the query string as www.hostname?name=word& etc
Http: Response from web server • Response – 200 = Status code • All’s well – Type of server – Other contents etc HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 22 July 1998 18:40:55 GMT Server: Apache 1.3.5 (Unix) PHP/3.0.6 Last-Modified: Mon, 19 July 1997 16:03:22 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 12987 ...
HTTP Response Status Codes • 1XX: Provide information to the client • 2XX: Correct response has occurred. • 3XX: Browser must carry out some further action in order for the request to be successful. For example, the code 301 indicates that the resource that was requested has been permanently moved to another location. • 4XX: Something has gone wrong; for example, the most frequent status code that is returned is 404 which indicates that the resource that has been requested cannot be found. • 5XX: Server has experienced a problem. For example, the status code 503 indicates that the service requested has not been able to be carried out.
Accessing web servers • Must know host name on which web server resides • Remote web servers accessed using • URL: http://www.dtl.com/default.asp • OR IP address http://207.60.134.230 • Local web servers (on same machine) accessed using machine name or localhost Protocol Domain name Page name
web server functionality • HTTP Server (at a minimum) But usually includes many other functions such as: • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server (for Email) • Web development and publishing functionality • Support for specific server side technologies e.g. JSP, SSIs • Security features • And more
Leading web servers Server Vendor Comment IIS (Internet Information Server) Microsoft Bundled with Windows operating system. Supports Active Server Pages Apache Freeware Free. Most used web server. Netscape Netscape Free. High performance. Compatible with Unix or Windows OSs
Leading web servers Server Vendor Comment Domino IBM Supports multiple operating systems. About $500 ONE webserver SUN Cost about $1500. Supports multiple operating systems. Plus hundreds more…. E.g. Blazix See ttp://www.macronimous.com/resources/web_servers_demystifyed.asp http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1363221 Sambar Freeware Free Zeus Zeus About $1,500
Market Share for Web Servers Developer July 2005 Percent August 2005 Percent Change Apache 47030635 69.60 48895205 69.46 -0.14 Microsoft 13871645 20.53 14384006 20.43 -0.10 Sun 1842812 2.73 1864788 2.65 -0.08 Zeus 608121 0.90 580675 0.82 -0.08 Source: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2005/08/01/web_server_survey_turns_10_finds_70_million_sites.html 70 million domains surveyed
Web server market share top 1000 companies Source: http://www.port80software.com/surveys/top1000webservers/ May 2005 Survey of top 1000 companies Conclusions?
Comparisons Source: serverwatch.com Server Performance Reliability IIS 9 9 Ease of Use Support 8 8 Apache 10 10 6 9 Netscape 9 10 8 8 Sambar (features) 8 10 10 2
Selecting a web server Various criteria Performance e.g. how many client requests per second can be processed? Load balancing? Ease of Use How easy to set up , administer, learn? Support What support is provided by the vendor? Reliability How robust is the web server? How liable to crash? How easily recovered?
Selecting a web server (cont.) Functionality •server side techologies supported? (as add-ons? – e.g. TomCat for Apache) e.g. ASP? JSP? CGI? etc •Logging •Proxy server Price How must does it cost to buy and maintain? Operating system What operating system(s) does the web server support? Security What security functionality is offered? e.g. SSL? See http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1363221 for examples of assessments
Proxy servers Proxy server: specific purpose web server: In an enterprise that uses the Internet, the proxy server is like a “buffer” between user computers’ and the Internet. The proxy server sits between the users’ workstations and the Internet so that the enterprise can ensure security and improved performance. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server.
Proxy Servers • Improved performance - caching reduces external requests (View/Refresh forces external request) • Security  filters requests/ firewall
Web servers • More details on examples of web servers • IIS • Apache • Blazix
Internet Information Server •IIS – supplied by Microsoft •Enterprise level web server •Popular with large corporations •Must run on Windows operating system •Usually associated with web applications built using Active Server Pages •Also supports CGI and Server side includes •Scaled down version of IIS is called Personal Web Server (PWS) – good for small businesses, individuals
Apache web server Most popular web server (almost 70% of all web sites use it – Apache.org July 2005) Freeware. Frequent updates. Maintained by the Apache Software Foundation - Website www.apache.org Welcome! - The Apache Software Foundation.htm Runs on Unix, Linux and Windows operating systems Supports a range of server-side technologies, but can require additional software installation To support Java server pages, need Tomcat with Apache
Blazix web server • Lightweight web server (about 1.5M) • Supports java technologies (JSP, servlets etc • Similar to Tomcat in configuration and interface see directories.. • Freeware • Limited support • Available at www.blazix.com
Question • Development selecting a new web server: Currently using websites built in JSP, running on Blazix web server, running on Linux servers. The number of users is trebling every two months and they now want to upgrade to an industry standard web server. Their parent company uses Internet Information Server and would like them to use IIS • Considerations? Issues?
To support java server pages, require additional software: Tomcat Tomcat is a free open source implementation of java server pages and java servlets, developed as part of the Jakarta project under the Apache Software Foundation Tomcat can be used with Apache web server, or in standalone mode (It can also be installed to work with IIS or Netscape..) More info at: http://www.ccl.net/cca/software/UNIX/apache/tomcatfaq.shtml Apache web server: Tomcat
Tomcat Operation • To use Tomcat web server working need to know about: • Environment variables • How to start and stop the server • How to configure Tomcat to pick up web files from your directory
Extract source zip file into a directory on hard disk. Default directory is jakarta-tomcat-version#. A set of subdirectories are automatically created (bin, conf, doc etc) Tomcat uses two environment variables: environment variables JAVA_HOME and CATALINA_HOME Tomcat Installation point to directory containing JDK I.e. c:jdk.1…. point to directory containing Tomcat c:jakarta…etc Access through MS-DOS Or control panel Should be installed on lab machine but may want to install to zip drive
Tomcat environment variables • Java_home points to directory in which jdk is held • Catalina_home points to tomcat directory (e.g. c:apachetomcat 5.0) - in Tomcat version 5, it should be automatically created. • Both can be set through DOS e.g. set Java_Home=C:jdk1.4….. • Will need to do this if either is incorrect on your machine OR if you’re installing Tomcat to a ZIP or USBkey drive. • If installing to ZIP or USB key drive, could edit the startup.bat command so that it always sets the environment variables correctly (by adding the two SET commands)
From DOS prompt, go to directly where TomCat is installed e.g. C:jakarta-tomcat-…. Go to the subdirectory bin To START: Type: startup into the DOS prompt This will start up Tomcat in another DOS window. Tomcat server executes on TCP port 8080 (in case another server is using the default port 80) Tomcat - Starting up
To TEST: To test Tomcat, in browser type URL: http://localhost:8080/ (or http://127.0.0.1:8080/) This will access the Tomcat documentation welcome page if server working properly To STOP Tomcat when it is running : type shutdown at DOS prompt Tomcat - Test/Stop
To configure Tomcat to find web files from your directory(e.g. U: drive) • By default, Tomcat looks in its own WEBAPPS directory for web application files (e.g. jsps, html etc) • To hold application files elsewhere, need to edit the server.xml configuration file (in the conf directory) to look in alternate location. Both <host> and <context> element need to be changed - • Always make a backup of server.xml before changing!
To point Tomcat to directories other than default (e.g. u: drive) (1) In server.xml: • ... change Host name parameter appbase from ‘webapps’ to the preferred directory you want (e.g. U:/webapps) • <Host name="localhost" debug="0" appBase=“u:webapps" reloadable = "true"
(2) In server.xml: Add a <context> element just under the <host element… (A context represents a web application).. If you set up 20 web applications, might need 20 different context elements within Tomcat. <Context docBase=“U:/webapps" path=""> </Context> To point Tomcat to directories other than default (e.g. u: drive)
Tomcat - to set up an application directory To create a new web application (e.g. survey) in your web application directory Tomcat directory : 1. create a subdirectory of your WEBAPPs directory in which to hold the web application files. e.g. > u:webappssurvey This directory is now the top level directory for the web application SURVEY, accessed as http://www.somedomainname/survey/
Tomcat - setting up an application directory 2. Create a special subdirectory of your web application directory called WEB-INF. Special configuration files (e.g. Web.xml) are stored in this. Don’t need the files now – but DO need the directory. > f:webappssurveyWEB-INF 3. Test server by putting a html file into the main application directory (e.g. survey) and call it from browser http://locahost:8080/survey/htmlfilename..
Typical Tomcat installation problems • Environment variable java_home incorrect • Not putting 8080 in URL (http://localhost:8080) • Not configuring server.xml to look at correct location of your web files • Not starting the server… • Not re-starting the server when you’ve added/ changed your files • Not re-setting the environment variables when DOS session re-started

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web-servers3952 (1)qwjelkjqwlkjkqlwe.ppt

  • 2. Introduction Web Browse r Client Web Server Server A web server is specialised software that responds to client (I.e. web browser) requests Every web site requires a web server to process client requests and ‘serve up’ the pages Web servers used to service Internet, intranets and extranets Note that web server in this context is software. Server machine is also referred to as the web server.
  • 3. System architecture A web server is part of a multi-tier application (also called n-tier application Functionality is divided into separate tiers or groupings Tiers can be on same computer or on separate computers Web applications are often three tiered: • Information tier (also called data tier) • Middle tier • Client tier (user interface tier)
  • 4. Common web system architecture Web Browse r Application tier Database Client tier Middle tier Information tier Application User interface. The client interacts with the middle tier to make requests and to retrieve data from the information tier Controls the interactions between the application clients and application data. Enforces business rules. implements presentation logic. Web server typically supports this tier. Maintains data for the application. Data typically stores in a relational database management system (RDBMS)
  • 5. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Resources: Databases Application e.g. “Get me a webpage” “Post this data to the server” Request e.g. “here’s the web page” Response Basic function of web server is to act as HTTP server Web servers communicate with clients using a Response-Request protocol: HTTP Web Browse r Client Web Server Server
  • 6. • A request is generated by a client (by browser software) - Most common requests are “Get” and “Post” • Request reaches the appropriate web-server • Request is processed by the web-server • A response is formulated by the web server and sent back to the client (e.g. web page contents) Client-Server model and HTTP
  • 7. Client-Server model and HTTP • HTTP is the de facto standard for transferring World Wide Web documents • Usually to port 80 • HTTP messages (requests and responses) between client and server are human readable
  • 8. • Request – Get resource – Type of browser – Name of host – etc • First line is request-line. Contains the nature of the Request e.g. – GET: Get a file from the server – POST: Post data to the server – PUT: Store some resource Http: Requests from client
  • 9. Http: Requests from client: HTML Examples <body> <form method= “post” action =“process.jsp”> Word to look up: <Input type = text Name = “word”> <input types = “submit”> </form> </body> HTML code for a form Indicates a post request Data in form is posted to the server
  • 10. Http: Requests from client: HTML Examples <body> <form method= “get” action =“process.jsp”> Word to look up: <Input type = text Name = “word”> <input types = “submit”> </form> </body> HTML code for a form Indicates a get request Not usually used for forms Sends any parameters in the query string as www.hostname?name=word& etc
  • 11. Http: Response from web server • Response – 200 = Status code • All’s well – Type of server – Other contents etc HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Thu, 22 July 1998 18:40:55 GMT Server: Apache 1.3.5 (Unix) PHP/3.0.6 Last-Modified: Mon, 19 July 1997 16:03:22 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 12987 ...
  • 12. HTTP Response Status Codes • 1XX: Provide information to the client • 2XX: Correct response has occurred. • 3XX: Browser must carry out some further action in order for the request to be successful. For example, the code 301 indicates that the resource that was requested has been permanently moved to another location. • 4XX: Something has gone wrong; for example, the most frequent status code that is returned is 404 which indicates that the resource that has been requested cannot be found. • 5XX: Server has experienced a problem. For example, the status code 503 indicates that the service requested has not been able to be carried out.
  • 13. Accessing web servers • Must know host name on which web server resides • Remote web servers accessed using • URL: http://www.dtl.com/default.asp • OR IP address http://207.60.134.230 • Local web servers (on same machine) accessed using machine name or localhost Protocol Domain name Page name
  • 14. web server functionality • HTTP Server (at a minimum) But usually includes many other functions such as: • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server (for Email) • Web development and publishing functionality • Support for specific server side technologies e.g. JSP, SSIs • Security features • And more
  • 15. Leading web servers Server Vendor Comment IIS (Internet Information Server) Microsoft Bundled with Windows operating system. Supports Active Server Pages Apache Freeware Free. Most used web server. Netscape Netscape Free. High performance. Compatible with Unix or Windows OSs
  • 16. Leading web servers Server Vendor Comment Domino IBM Supports multiple operating systems. About $500 ONE webserver SUN Cost about $1500. Supports multiple operating systems. Plus hundreds more…. E.g. Blazix See ttp://www.macronimous.com/resources/web_servers_demystifyed.asp http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1363221 Sambar Freeware Free Zeus Zeus About $1,500
  • 17. Market Share for Web Servers Developer July 2005 Percent August 2005 Percent Change Apache 47030635 69.60 48895205 69.46 -0.14 Microsoft 13871645 20.53 14384006 20.43 -0.10 Sun 1842812 2.73 1864788 2.65 -0.08 Zeus 608121 0.90 580675 0.82 -0.08 Source: http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2005/08/01/web_server_survey_turns_10_finds_70_million_sites.html 70 million domains surveyed
  • 18. Web server market share top 1000 companies Source: http://www.port80software.com/surveys/top1000webservers/ May 2005 Survey of top 1000 companies Conclusions?
  • 19. Comparisons Source: serverwatch.com Server Performance Reliability IIS 9 9 Ease of Use Support 8 8 Apache 10 10 6 9 Netscape 9 10 8 8 Sambar (features) 8 10 10 2
  • 20. Selecting a web server Various criteria Performance e.g. how many client requests per second can be processed? Load balancing? Ease of Use How easy to set up , administer, learn? Support What support is provided by the vendor? Reliability How robust is the web server? How liable to crash? How easily recovered?
  • 21. Selecting a web server (cont.) Functionality •server side techologies supported? (as add-ons? – e.g. TomCat for Apache) e.g. ASP? JSP? CGI? etc •Logging •Proxy server Price How must does it cost to buy and maintain? Operating system What operating system(s) does the web server support? Security What security functionality is offered? e.g. SSL? See http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1363221 for examples of assessments
  • 22. Proxy servers Proxy server: specific purpose web server: In an enterprise that uses the Internet, the proxy server is like a “buffer” between user computers’ and the Internet. The proxy server sits between the users’ workstations and the Internet so that the enterprise can ensure security and improved performance. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server.
  • 23. Proxy Servers • Improved performance - caching reduces external requests (View/Refresh forces external request) • Security  filters requests/ firewall
  • 24. Web servers • More details on examples of web servers • IIS • Apache • Blazix
  • 25. Internet Information Server •IIS – supplied by Microsoft •Enterprise level web server •Popular with large corporations •Must run on Windows operating system •Usually associated with web applications built using Active Server Pages •Also supports CGI and Server side includes •Scaled down version of IIS is called Personal Web Server (PWS) – good for small businesses, individuals
  • 26. Apache web server Most popular web server (almost 70% of all web sites use it – Apache.org July 2005) Freeware. Frequent updates. Maintained by the Apache Software Foundation - Website www.apache.org Welcome! - The Apache Software Foundation.htm Runs on Unix, Linux and Windows operating systems Supports a range of server-side technologies, but can require additional software installation To support Java server pages, need Tomcat with Apache
  • 27. Blazix web server • Lightweight web server (about 1.5M) • Supports java technologies (JSP, servlets etc • Similar to Tomcat in configuration and interface see directories.. • Freeware • Limited support • Available at www.blazix.com
  • 28. Question • Development selecting a new web server: Currently using websites built in JSP, running on Blazix web server, running on Linux servers. The number of users is trebling every two months and they now want to upgrade to an industry standard web server. Their parent company uses Internet Information Server and would like them to use IIS • Considerations? Issues?
  • 29. To support java server pages, require additional software: Tomcat Tomcat is a free open source implementation of java server pages and java servlets, developed as part of the Jakarta project under the Apache Software Foundation Tomcat can be used with Apache web server, or in standalone mode (It can also be installed to work with IIS or Netscape..) More info at: http://www.ccl.net/cca/software/UNIX/apache/tomcatfaq.shtml Apache web server: Tomcat
  • 30. Tomcat Operation • To use Tomcat web server working need to know about: • Environment variables • How to start and stop the server • How to configure Tomcat to pick up web files from your directory
  • 31. Extract source zip file into a directory on hard disk. Default directory is jakarta-tomcat-version#. A set of subdirectories are automatically created (bin, conf, doc etc) Tomcat uses two environment variables: environment variables JAVA_HOME and CATALINA_HOME Tomcat Installation point to directory containing JDK I.e. c:jdk.1…. point to directory containing Tomcat c:jakarta…etc Access through MS-DOS Or control panel Should be installed on lab machine but may want to install to zip drive
  • 32. Tomcat environment variables • Java_home points to directory in which jdk is held • Catalina_home points to tomcat directory (e.g. c:apachetomcat 5.0) - in Tomcat version 5, it should be automatically created. • Both can be set through DOS e.g. set Java_Home=C:jdk1.4….. • Will need to do this if either is incorrect on your machine OR if you’re installing Tomcat to a ZIP or USBkey drive. • If installing to ZIP or USB key drive, could edit the startup.bat command so that it always sets the environment variables correctly (by adding the two SET commands)
  • 33. From DOS prompt, go to directly where TomCat is installed e.g. C:jakarta-tomcat-…. Go to the subdirectory bin To START: Type: startup into the DOS prompt This will start up Tomcat in another DOS window. Tomcat server executes on TCP port 8080 (in case another server is using the default port 80) Tomcat - Starting up
  • 34. To TEST: To test Tomcat, in browser type URL: http://localhost:8080/ (or http://127.0.0.1:8080/) This will access the Tomcat documentation welcome page if server working properly To STOP Tomcat when it is running : type shutdown at DOS prompt Tomcat - Test/Stop
  • 35. To configure Tomcat to find web files from your directory(e.g. U: drive) • By default, Tomcat looks in its own WEBAPPS directory for web application files (e.g. jsps, html etc) • To hold application files elsewhere, need to edit the server.xml configuration file (in the conf directory) to look in alternate location. Both <host> and <context> element need to be changed - • Always make a backup of server.xml before changing!
  • 36. To point Tomcat to directories other than default (e.g. u: drive) (1) In server.xml: • ... change Host name parameter appbase from ‘webapps’ to the preferred directory you want (e.g. U:/webapps) • <Host name="localhost" debug="0" appBase=“u:webapps" reloadable = "true"
  • 37. (2) In server.xml: Add a <context> element just under the <host element… (A context represents a web application).. If you set up 20 web applications, might need 20 different context elements within Tomcat. <Context docBase=“U:/webapps" path=""> </Context> To point Tomcat to directories other than default (e.g. u: drive)
  • 38. Tomcat - to set up an application directory To create a new web application (e.g. survey) in your web application directory Tomcat directory : 1. create a subdirectory of your WEBAPPs directory in which to hold the web application files. e.g. > u:webappssurvey This directory is now the top level directory for the web application SURVEY, accessed as http://www.somedomainname/survey/
  • 39. Tomcat - setting up an application directory 2. Create a special subdirectory of your web application directory called WEB-INF. Special configuration files (e.g. Web.xml) are stored in this. Don’t need the files now – but DO need the directory. > f:webappssurveyWEB-INF 3. Test server by putting a html file into the main application directory (e.g. survey) and call it from browser http://locahost:8080/survey/htmlfilename..
  • 40. Typical Tomcat installation problems • Environment variable java_home incorrect • Not putting 8080 in URL (http://localhost:8080) • Not configuring server.xml to look at correct location of your web files • Not starting the server… • Not re-starting the server when you’ve added/ changed your files • Not re-setting the environment variables when DOS session re-started