Ucc one sided coin actual
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This document contains references and information from multiple psychology studies and sources. It discusses the scientific principles of psychology, including empirical falsifiability, parsimony of theory, experimental control, and measurement accuracy. It also addresses debates around whether psychology can be considered a true science and examines issues like the placebo problem, expertise problem, and experience problem in psychotherapy research.
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Ucc one sided coin actual
- 1. Brian Hughes School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway
- 4. Smith, T. W., Limon, J. P., Gallo, L. C., & Ngu, L. Q. (1996). J Personality Social Psychol, 70, 1012-1024.
- 5. • “Helping is intrinsically good” • “Psychotherapy works because it’s psychotherapy” • “Positivity is great” • “Women are great” • “Qualitative approaches to psychology are (a) positive, (b) womanly , and (c) therefore great”
- 11. Leydesdorff & Rafols (2009). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60, 348-362.
- 13. • Some philosophical assumptions – Determinism – Empiricism – Skepticism • Some methodological principles – Observation – Measurement – Experimentation • Some reasoning principles – Parsimony – Falsification – Objectivity
- 21. • Some philosophical assumptions – Determinism – Empiricism – Skepticism • Some methodological principles – Observation – Measurement – Experimentation • Some reasoning principles – Parsimony – Falsification – Objectivity
- 22. HOT! NOT! Physics Chemistry Psychology Empirical Yes Yes Yes falsifiability Parsimony of Yes Yes Most of the time theory Experimental Yes Yes To an extent control Measurement Yes Yes Kind of accuracy Facilitates Yes Yes A bit prediction
- 23. HOT! NOT! Psychology Meteorology Astrophysics Empirical Yes Yes Kind of falsifiability Parsimony of Most of the time Not really Yes theory Experimental To an extent No No control Measurement Kind of Kind of Within limits accuracy Facilitates A bit A bit Who knows? prediction
- 24. HOT! NOT! Psychology Palaeontology Botany Empirical Yes No No falsifiability Parsimony of Most of the time Hard to say Not a priority theory Experimental To an extent No No control Measurement Patchy track Kind of Within limits accuracy record Facilitates A bit Not a priority Not a priority prediction
- 25. HOT! NOT! Psychology UFOlogy Astrology Empirical Yes Absolutely none Absolutely none falsifiability Parsimony of The antithesis of Most of the time Not at all theory parsimony Experimental To an extent Err, nope No attempt control Measurement Track record of Kind of Not a priority accuracy utter failure Facilitates A bit Not a priority Afraid not! prediction
- 26. Question: Is psychology a science? Short Answer:
- 30. Smith, T. W., Limon, J. P., Gallo, L. C., & Ngu, L. Q. (1996). J Personality Social Psychol, 70, 1012-1024.
- 31. Hughes, B. M., & Callinan, S. (2007). Psychology & Health, 22, 457-472.
- 35. • “Do to others as you would have them do to you” • “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself” • “Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself” • “What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor” • “Not one of you truly believes until you wish for others what you wish for yourself”
- 37. “Usual” Blood Pressure 100 university staff; 67 women, 33 men; aged 26 to 63 (mean 37.9) Regression Analysis β p Model 1 (19.3%) Gender +.27 .009 Age +.18 .063 BMI +.15 .147 Model 2 (+ 4.7%) Social support –.22 .018 [Depression] –.03 .778 [Perceived stress] –.02 .825 p < .001 for both models Hughes, B. M. & Howard, S. (2009). Social support reduces resting cardiovascular function in women. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 22, 537-548.
- 38. O'Donovan, A., & Hughes, B. M. (2008). Access to social support in life and in the laboratory: Combined impact on cardiovascular reactivity to stress and state anxiety. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 1147-1156.
- 40. • What type of social support (e.g., group work, peer mentoring, etc.) would provide effective couples counselling? • Practice – Exposure to couples with cohesive relationships • Evidence – Exposure to couples with discordant relationships leads to greater happiness, confidence, and benefit-finding Buunk, B. P., & Hoorens, V. (1992). Social support and stress: The role of social comparison and social exchange processes. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 445-457.
- 43. • ‘Placebo’ problem – Most studies have inadequate control conditions • ‘Expertise’ problem – No difference between trained vs. untrained therapists • ‘Experience’ problem – No difference between experts vs. novices • ‘Generic effectiveness’ problem – ‘Dodo bird’ conjecture
- 45. Wampold et al. (1997)
- 46. p of hypothesis that effect deviates from zero (i.e., probability that both therapies are the same) Wampold et al. (1997)
- 47. “Small” effect size (d of .21 equivalent to r = .1, or 1% of variance) Wampold et al. (1997)
- 49. Wampold, B. E., Imel, Z. E., and Miller, S. D. (2009). Barriers to the dissemination of empirically supported treatments: Matching evidence to messages. The Behavior Therapist, 32, 144-155
- 60. “Peer-reviewed journals, positivist epistemology, and quantitative methods work… to reduce women’s participation in psychology.” (p. 96) “*In addressing discrimination against women+ the new Qualitative Methods in Psychology Section should also provide an important forum…” (p. 96) The Psychologist (2006) On behalf of the British Psychological Society’s Standing Committee for the Promotion of Equal Opportunities
- 62. Validity Construct validity External validity Internal validity Reliability Inter-rater reliability Test-retest reliability
- 63. Group vs. Individual Differences
- 64. Group vs. Individual Differences
- 65. Group vs. Individual Differences
- 66. Tendency to notice sex differences and to under- emphasize ‘sex similarities’ File-drawer problem
- 67. Psychology, done Psychologists, and scientifically, can the societies they teach us much about work in, will have the world… social value-systems And value-systems …but in doing so influence the way requires prioritisation we form subjective of objectivity over judgements values! brian.hughes@nuigalway.ie http://thesciencebit.net
- 68. Psychology, done Psychologists, and scientifically, can the societies they teach us much about work in, will have the world… social value-systems And value-systems …but in doing so influence the way requires prioritisation we form subjective of objectivity over judgements values! brian.hughes@nuigalway.ie http://thesciencebit.net