Transformer is an important component of an
electrical distribution system. Hence it is important to
monitor transformers for problems before faults occur. This
system is about design and implementation of embedded
system to monitor and record key parameters of a
distribution transformer like load currents,voltage and
temperature. It is installed at the distribution transformer
site and the above parameters are recorded using the analog
to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The
obtained parameters are processed and recorded in the
system memory. If any abnormality or an emergency
situation occurs the system takes immediate action to avoid it.
This system will help the transformers to operate smoothly
and identify problems before any failure. proposed system is
low cost, easy to use capable of monitoring and displaying
data using matlab[1,6].
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
Feeder protection systems aim to safely and reliably isolate faults while maintaining power supply. Unit and non-unit schemes are used. Non-unit schemes include time-graded overcurrent protection which operates relays closer to faults first. Distance and impedance relays also detect faults within a set distance. Earth fault protection separately monitors ground faults. Protection coordination is important to isolate only faulty areas.
SWICTH GEAR AND PROTECTION (2170906)
DISTANCE RELAY
• There are mainly Three types of distance relay
1) Impedance Relay
2) Reactance Relay
3) Mho Relay
Gsm based transformer fault detection systemKabilesh K
This document describes a GSM-based system for remotely monitoring and detecting faults in distribution transformers. The system uses sensors to monitor the transformer's voltage, temperature, power consumption, and oil level. It sends alerts via GSM if any of these exceed safe limits. A microcontroller processes the sensor data and triggers a relay to disconnect the transformer if a fault is detected, sending an SMS alert. This allows faults to be addressed before complete failure occurs, improving reliability while reducing costs compared to manual monitoring.
Distribution transformers are used to reduce high primary voltages to lower utilization voltages for consumers. They come in various types including large distribution transformers used to receive energy from high voltage levels and distribute to substations or industries, and single-phase pole mounted transformers used for residential overhead distribution. Voltage regulation is the percentage difference between no-load and full-load voltages, and is affected by the voltage drop due to current flowing through the transformer windings. Losses in distribution transformers include core losses, copper losses from winding resistance, and stray losses from stray fluxes.
The document describes a project report on three phase fault analysis with auto reset. It includes a block diagram of the project, descriptions of the hardware components used including transformers, voltage regulators, 555 timers, and relays. It also includes schematic and layout diagrams and details on testing the hardware. The system is designed to automatically disconnect the three phase power supply in the event of a fault, with the supply automatically resetting for temporary faults but remaining tripped for permanent faults.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
Surface factor for local corona (K1) = 0.7
Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
2. Critical disruptive voltage (Vc) = 28√(sdP/K)
= 28√(10.4×10-3×2.5×
Feeder protection systems aim to safely and reliably isolate faults while maintaining power supply. Unit and non-unit schemes are used. Non-unit schemes include time-graded overcurrent protection which operates relays closer to faults first. Distance and impedance relays also detect faults within a set distance. Earth fault protection separately monitors ground faults. Protection coordination is important to isolate only faulty areas.
Electro-mechanical relays operate using electromagnetic attraction or induction. Common relay types include attracted armature, balanced beam, and induction disc/cup relays. Relays can be instantaneous, have a definite time lag, or be inverse-time depending on how their operating time relates to current. Relays are used in applications like overcurrent protection. Modern relays also include static and numerical relays.
Classification Of Power System StabilityAravind Shaji
The Slide Deals With Power System Stability. Contents Include
Power System Stability Overview
Power System Stability: A Proposed Definition
Need of Stability Classification
Classification of stability
Power System Stability Classification
Rotor Angle Stability
Voltage Stability
Frequency Stability
Rotor Angle Stability vs. Voltage Stability
References
Directional and differential relays operate based on the direction and magnitude of current flow in a circuit. Directional relays only operate when power flows in a specific direction, typically away from a protected zone. Differential relays compare current magnitudes at both ends of a protected zone and operate when there is a difference, indicating an internal fault. Percentage or biased beam differential relays include a restraining coil to prevent operation under heavy load conditions by requiring a higher differential current threshold. Translay systems use voltage balance between relay windings rather than current transformer secondaries to protect long cable runs while avoiding accuracy issues of traditional voltage balance schemes.
The document provides an overview of the 33/11kV Phidim substation located in Phidim, Panchthar district, Nepal. It was established in 2058 BS by Nepal Electricity Authority. The substation steps down electricity from the national 33kV grid to 11kV to supply power to local areas. It is responsible for controlling energy exchange, load shedding, fault analysis and improving the transmission system. The substation layout, single line diagram, and organizational structure are presented. Key equipment used includes transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, lightning arrestors, and insulators.
1. Power theft is a major problem in India, costing billions of rupees annually. Common methods of theft include tampering with meters, bypassing meters, and illegal taps of distribution lines.
2. Technical solutions proposed to detect power theft include electronic tamper detection meters, pre-payment meters, plastic meter enclosures, and using programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and GSM networks to automatically read meters and detect anomalies.
3. A PLC-based system would install meters with PLC modules high on power poles to transmit usage data through power lines to displays in homes, while a second meter verifies usage to detect theft. GSM networks could also enable automatic remote meter reading to
The document outlines various components of a power system protection system. It discusses the need for protection to maintain reliable power supply and minimize equipment damage. The key elements to be protected include generators, transformers, transmission lines, and busbars. Protection schemes for each element are then described, such as differential protection for generators and transformers, Buchholz relays for transformers, and distance and line differential protection for transmission lines.
This document describes receiving end circle diagrams used to visualize load flow over a transmission line. It provides the following key points:
1) Receiving end circle diagrams are derived from voltage phasor diagrams and have different centers for the voltage circles, with a common active and reactive power axis.
2) They can be used to understand how an inductive or capacitive load will affect the reactive power supplied by the source.
3) The center of the receiving end circle is located based on the receiving end voltage magnitude and angle. The radius depends on the sending and receiving end voltage magnitudes.
4) The receiving end circle allows determining the total power received based on the operating point located from the known real power received
This document provides an overview of switchgear equipment used in the Amberkhana substation in Sylhet, Bangladesh. It discusses key components like current transformers, potential transformers, circuit breakers including vacuum and SF6 types, air break switches, isolators, oil switches, relays, surge arresters, and fuses. The substation transforms electricity from 33kV to 11kV and distributes power to surrounding areas. Protective devices are necessary to safely transfer power and protect electrical equipment from faults and abnormal conditions.
Townsend ’s theory
Introduction
Ionization by collision
Townsend’s current growth equation
Current Growth in the Presence of Secondary Processes
Townsend’s secondary ionization coefficient
Townsend’s Criterion for Breakdown
Breakdown in Electronegative Gases
Report on remote control home appliances.Sonal Bansal
This document describes a project to develop a remote control system for home appliances. It presents the circuit design for a remote control receiver that can control home appliances like lamps, fans, and radios using infrared signals from a TV or DVD remote control. The circuit includes an IR receiver module, decade counter IC, LED indicators, relay, and other components. Working of the individual components like the IR sensor, counter IC, diode, and relay are explained. The report also discusses implementing the circuit on a breadboard and PCB, and presents results showing the remote control system can successfully control connected appliances within a 10m range. It concludes the system provides a low-cost solution for remote home appliance control.
This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
Automatic load sharing of transformer using microcontrollerPrakhar Anand
1. ABSTRACT:-
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level.
The main aim is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing.
Due to overload on transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may get burnt.
Thus by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller.
The micro controller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the second transformer will share the extra load.
Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and damage is prevented. Main modules used here are sensing unit, control unit and micro-control.
A GSM modem is also used to inform the control station about switching.
The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted power supply, and short circuit protection.
2. OBJECTIVE:-
To design & fabrication of a hardware which will monitor the performance of the load sharing process by taking power consumed by the load into consideration.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Transformer is the vital component in the electric power transmission and distribution system.
The problems of overloading, voltage variation and heating effects are very common. It takes a lot of time for its repair and also involves lot of expenditure.
This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it may be burnt.
So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected. This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer through microcontroller and change over relay.
The microcontroller compares the load on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the slave transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer and share the extra load.
Therefore, a number of transformers work efficiently under overload condition and the damage can be prevented.
In this work, the slave transformers share the load of master transformer in the case of over load and over temperature conditions.
A sensor circuit containing microcontroller, current transformer etc. is designed to log the data from master transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave transformer will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Power quality refers to maintaining the electric power within acceptable tolerances to allow devices to function properly without loss of performance. It is defined by parameters such as voltage, frequency and purity of waveform. Poor power quality can be caused by issues like sags, swells, transients, harmonics and grounding problems. The susceptibility of electrical equipment depends on the weakest component. While all devices are susceptible to some degree, the goal is to balance maintaining adequate power quality with designing equipment to have sufficient immunity to power quality issues.
Monitoring of Distribution Transformer Parameters Using PlcIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a system to monitor parameters like load, currents, temperatures and voltages of distribution transformers using a programmable logic controller (PLC). Sensors are used to detect faults like overloading, overvoltage, undervoltage, phase-to-phase faults, and overtemperature.
2) A PLC, relays, and sensors are used to automate monitoring and protect transformers from internal and external faults. The PLC continuously monitors sensor inputs and controls outputs to protect the transformer.
3) Testing showed the system could successfully detect and indicate overvoltage, undervoltage and overcurrent faults by illuminating corresponding LED lights. The system helps make distribution transformers more robust and reliable.
IRJET- Transformer Monitoring and Protection System using AVR Atmega16 Mi...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a RF-based distribution transformer monitoring system. The system monitors key parameters like load current, voltage, and oil temperature. Sensors collect this data which is sent via RF to a central monitoring station. Parameters are analyzed to identify potential failures from overloading or overheating. The system aims to program a microcontroller to continuously monitor a transformer and cut power via a relay if unsafe conditions are detected, to protect the transformer and power distribution system. It was implemented using an ATmega16 microcontroller, sensors, RF module, LCD display, and relay to automatically monitor and shut off a transformer if parameters exceed safe levels.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
Parameter controlling of boiler in power plants using fuzzy logic controllereSAT Journals
Abstract Boilers are used industrially both for electric power generation and for supplying process stream in thermal power plants and its control is very important in many field applications. In some situation conventional PID control technique is being used for control purpose. These conventional controllers are not well suitable for some unusual conditions like load disturbances. Fuzzy logic control technique is being used to overcome these problems. A closed loop control system incorporating fuzzy logic has been developed for a class of industrial control systems. A unique fuzzy logic controller (FLC) structured with an efficient realization and a small rule base that can be easily implemented in existing industrial controllers. Fuzzy logic control system is much closer to human thinking and natural language than traditional control systems. This paper describes a fuzzy control technique and its implementation in boiler controls. Here a PIC microcontroller is being used where fuzzy control algorithm is implemented. Keywords: Fuzzy logic control, fuzzy logic controller, boiler controls, PIC microcontroller
IRJET- GSM Based Transformer Fault Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a GSM-based transformer fault monitoring system that was developed to monitor key parameters of distribution transformers remotely using low-cost GSM technology. The system senses parameters like voltage, temperature, overload, oil quality and level using sensors connected to a microcontroller. If any abnormalities are detected, the microcontroller sends SMS alerts to designated phones. This allows faults to be identified early, improving reliability and reducing maintenance costs compared to manual monitoring of remote transformers. The developed prototype was tested successfully in the laboratory to demonstrate monitoring of parameters and SMS alerts for various faults.
Here my project theme is to monitor and control Transformer health using Arduino, as we all know there are both internal and external faults occur in the transformer, for internal faults we use Buchholz relay and Differential protection relay for external but it is not efficient with time. so,we use Arduino for real time protection, here we fix some values to the Arduino in the program itself according to the rating of the transformer by that we monitor and control whenever the faults occur
IRJET- Power Stolen Prevention by using PIC16882 MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a system to prevent power theft using a PIC16F886 microcontroller. The system monitors the input voltage and uses a TRIAC triggered by the microcontroller to regulate the output voltage supplied to loads. It aims to limit power theft by cutting off power to loads that are illegally connected. The microcontroller calculates the firing angle for the TRIAC based on input from a zero-crossing detector and potential transformer. This allows it to stabilize the output voltage between 210-240V even when the input voltage varies from 280V to 220V. The system provides over and under voltage protection and could help reduce power theft and losses for utilities by up to 30%.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an electrode regulation system for electric arc furnaces. The system controls the electric arc through regulating the position of electrodes using hydraulic cylinders controlled by a PID controller. Sensors measure voltage and current to calculate impedance and power. The controller compares these to setpoints and outputs signals to move the electrodes accordingly, while also providing protections like raising electrodes during short circuits or contact with nonconductive materials. The system aims to efficiently transfer electric energy to the furnace through controlling the electric arc.
IRJET- Technique to Prevent Power Theft Losses using Static DeviceIRJET Journal
This document describes a technique to prevent power theft using a static device. It aims to control voltage across a load by monitoring incoming voltage and calculating firing angles for a TRIAC. The system includes a microcontroller, zero crossing detector, TRIAC, driver circuit, and potential transformer. It can provide a constant output voltage between 210-240V even if the input voltage varies from 230-300V. For illegal consumers using banned hooks or bypassing the meter, it will provide an output of 300V to potentially damage their devices and prevent theft. The system aims to reduce theft losses for power companies and stabilize supply voltages.
This document describes a static voltage stabilizer that uses a DSP-based controller to regulate voltage levels. It discusses how static voltage stabilizers improve upon traditional servo-controlled stabilizers by using electronic circuits and feedback control to achieve faster voltage correction without moving parts. The key components are a buck-boost transformer, an IGBT power stage controlled by a TMS320F28069 microcontroller to generate the necessary voltages, and current and voltage sensors for feedback. Pulse width modulation is used to control the IGBTs. The stabilizer can operate in boost mode to increase voltage levels and buck mode to decrease voltages levels as needed to maintain the output at the desired level. Hardware and simulations of a single phase implementation are also presented
Distribution and Load Sharing of Transformer Automatically by using Microcont...IRJET Journal
This document describes a system for automatically distributing load and sharing load between transformers using a microcontroller. The system monitors the load on the main transformer and connects additional transformers in parallel when the load exceeds the rating of the main transformer to prevent overloading. It uses current transformers to sense the load, a microcontroller to compare the load to a threshold and control relays, and relays to connect additional transformers as needed. When the load is heavy, the second transformer connects to help share the extra load, and a third transformer can connect if needed. The system aims to protect transformers from overloading and overheating while providing uninterrupted power by automatically distributing the load across multiple transformers.
Transformer monitoring and controlling with GSM based systemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed system for monitoring and controlling a distribution transformer using GSM technology. The system would monitor key parameters like voltage, current, temperature, oil level and detect any issues. Sensors would collect this data and send it to an Arduino controller. The controller would analyze the data and if any problems were detected, it would send an alert message using a GSM modem to notify operators remotely. This system aims to monitor transformers in real-time to detect issues early and prevent failures, allowing for more efficient maintenance and reducing costs. It could provide parameter updates at regular intervals to a control station for monitoring transformer health remotely.
This document provides an overview and introduction to a project that aims to develop a substation monitoring and control system using a GSM modem. The system will monitor key parameters of distribution transformers like temperature, output current and voltage. It will automatically send this data via GSM to help utilities better manage transformer health and prevent failures. This will increase reliability and reduce costs. The system design involves using a microcontroller to read sensors on the transformer and transmit readings to a remote PC through a GSM modem. This allows for remote monitoring and control of substation equipment condition.
transformer protection from over heatingbishow kandel
This project aims to develop a protection model for distribution transformers to prevent overheating and related faults. A temperature sensor will monitor the transformer oil temperature and send signals to a microcontroller. If the temperature exceeds safe levels, the microcontroller will activate a DC fan or cut power to the load by controlling relays. This automated system could help reduce maintenance costs and downtime by addressing faults more quickly without human intervention. The project team hopes to apply their theoretical knowledge of transformer protection in a practical implementation.
Monitoring and data logging system for a generatorMoon Shahzad
This document describes the design of a monitoring and data logging system for a generator. The system includes speed control, voltage control, and data logging capabilities. Sensors measure current, voltage, temperature, frequency, and RPM to control speed and voltage. The microcontroller interfaces with an ADC to read sensor values and control parameters. Data is logged and can be uploaded to a web page. The system provides automatic and manual operation as well as protection functions.
IRJET- Real Time Transformer Health Monitoring System using GSM and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a real-time transformer health monitoring system using GSM and IoT. The system monitors key indicators of distribution transformers like load currents, transformer oil temperature, winding temperature and voltage of three phases. Sensors measure these parameters and send the data via GSM to a computer server. This allows utility operators to remotely monitor transformer condition and identify issues before failures occur, improving reliability and reducing costs. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller, sensors, GSM module and ESP8266 WiFi module to measure parameters, send data via mobile networks and provide real-time transformer monitoring via IoT.
This document describes an automated system for controlling maximum load using an 8051 microcontroller. The system monitors energy consumption using an energy meter and calculates the instantaneous load. It compares the load to the permitted maximum and triggers load shedding by tripping circuits if exceeded. This allows controlling maximum demand without human intervention. Exceeding limits increases utility bills significantly due to penalties, so this system helps consumers reduce costs by preventing excess load. The system is programmed in embedded C and provides an economical, accurate way to control maximum demand for various applications like industries and buildings.
The document discusses the design of a microcontroller-based system for parameter measurement and protection of electrical transformers using power line communication. It aims to monitor transformer parameters like voltage, current, temperature and protect against overcurrent and overvoltage faults. The system uses current and voltage sensors connected to a microcontroller to measure parameters. If a fault is detected, the microcontroller sends a trip signal to a relay to disconnect the transformer. It is intended to provide improved reliability compared to traditional electromechanical protection techniques.
IRJET- PLC Based Intelligent Control of SubstationIRJET Journal
This document describes a PLC-based intelligent control system for a substation. The system uses a PLC to continuously monitor voltage and current values in the substation. If the values exceed rated limits, the PLC will signal the contactor to trip the circuit breaker, protecting the equipment from faults. The system includes current and potential transformers to step voltages down before sending signals to the PLC for monitoring. This automated monitoring and protection system provides faster response times than previous electromechanical systems, improving safety and reliability.
temperature dependent dc fan speed controller withou using micrcontrollerDeepak Yadav
This document describes the development of an automatic fan system that controls fan speed based on room temperature. It uses a LM35 temperature sensor to detect temperature changes and an LM3914 integrated circuit to automatically adjust the fan speed through relays. The system aims to enable automatic fan speed control, develop an automatic fan system that changes speed according to temperature, and allow users to view the temperature and speed status on an LCD display. It works by sensing temperature with the LM35 sensor and sending the output to the LM3914 IC, which activates relays to change the fan speed as the temperature rises or falls.
Similar to Transformer Parameters Monitoring System using MATLAB Simulink (20)
Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
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Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses theoretical estimates for the costs of compressing and transporting CO2 from a hypothetical carbon capture and storage project at the Saline Joniche Power Plant in Italy. It first provides background on the power plant project from 2008 that proposed converting the site to coal power. It then details the methodology used to size the compression system, estimating power needs for multi-stage compression up to pipeline pressures. Costs are considered for constructing, operating, and maintaining both the compression plant and pipeline to a potential offshore storage site. The aim is to evaluate retrofitting the existing plant with carbon capture and storage as a way to enable continued coal power production consistent with climate goals.
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In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research article about optimizing digital-based MSME e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses how the pandemic severely impacted MSMEs, with many going out of business. However, digitalization and e-commerce provide opportunities for MSMEs to transform their business models. The article reviews literature showing how technologies like websites, social media, and mobile applications can help MSMEs reach more customers online. Case studies of MSMEs in different countries found that those utilizing digital tools through e-commerce were more successful compared to those relying only on offline sales. The article concludes digitalization is both a challenge and opportunity for MSMEs to adapt their traditional business models and survive or grow
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction to Project ManagementPrakhyath Rai
Introduction to Project Management: Introduction, Project and Importance of Project Management, Contract Management, Activities Covered by Software Project Management, Plans, Methods and Methodologies, some ways of categorizing Software Projects, Stakeholders, Setting Objectives, Business Case, Project Success and Failure, Management and Management Control, Project Management life cycle, Traditional versus Modern Project Management Practices.
Profiling of Cafe Business in Talavera, Nueva Ecija: A Basis for Development ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed to profile the coffee shops in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, to develop a standardized checklist for aspiring entrepreneurs. The researchers surveyed 10 coffee shop owners in the municipality of Talavera. Through surveys, the researchers delved into the Owner's Demographic, Business details, Financial Requirements, and other requirements needed to consider starting up a coffee shop. Furthermore, through accurate analysis, the data obtained from the coffee shop owners are arranged to derive key insights. By analyzing this data, the study identifies best practices associated with start-up coffee shops’ profitability in Talavera. These findings were translated into a standardized checklist outlining essential procedures including the lists of equipment needed, financial requirements, and the Traditional and Social Media Marketing techniques. This standardized checklist served as a valuable tool for aspiring and existing coffee shop owners in Talavera, streamlining operations, ensuring consistency, and contributing to business success.
Best Practices of Clothing Businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, A Foundation ...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study primarily aimed to determine the best practices of clothing businesses to use it as a foundation of strategic business advancements. Moreover, the frequency with which the business's best practices are tracked, which best practices are the most targeted of the apparel firms to be retained, and how does best practices can be used as strategic business advancement. The respondents of the study is the owners of clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija. Data were collected and analyzed using a quantitative approach and utilizing a descriptive research design. Unveiling best practices of clothing businesses as a foundation for strategic business advancement through statistical analysis: frequency and percentage, and weighted means analyzing the data in terms of identifying the most to the least important performance indicators of the businesses among all of the variables. Based on the survey conducted on clothing businesses in Talavera, Nueva Ecija, several best practices emerge across different areas of business operations. These practices are categorized into three main sections, section one being the Business Profile and Legal Requirements, followed by the tracking of indicators in terms of Product, Place, Promotion, and Price, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) covering finance, marketing, production, technical, and distribution aspects. The research study delved into identifying the core best practices of clothing businesses, serving as a strategic guide for their advancement. Through meticulous analysis, several key findings emerged. Firstly, prioritizing product factors, such as maintaining optimal stock levels and maximizing customer satisfaction, was deemed essential for driving sales and fostering loyalty. Additionally, selecting the right store location was crucial for visibility and accessibility, directly impacting footfall and sales. Vigilance towards competitors and demographic shifts was highlighted as essential for maintaining relevance. Understanding the relationship between marketing spend and customer acquisition proved pivotal for optimizing budgets and achieving a higher ROI. Strategic analysis of profit margins across clothing items emerged as crucial for maximizing profitability and revenue. Creating a positive customer experience, investing in employee training, and implementing effective inventory management practices were also identified as critical success factors. In essence, these findings underscored the holistic approach needed for sustainable growth in the clothing business, emphasizing the importance of product management, marketing strategies, customer experience, and operational efficiency.
Conservation of Taksar through Economic RegenerationPriyankaKarn3
This was our 9th Sem Design Studio Project, introduced as Conservation of Taksar Bazar, Bhojpur, an ancient city famous for Taksar- Making Coins. Taksar Bazaar has a civilization of Newars shifted from Patan, with huge socio-economic and cultural significance having a settlement of about 300 years. But in the present scenario, Taksar Bazar has lost its charm and importance, due to various reasons like, migration, unemployment, shift of economic activities to Bhojpur and many more. The scenario was so pityful that when we went to make inventories, take survey and study the site, the people and the context, we barely found any youth of our age! Many houses were vacant, the earthquake devasted and ruined heritages.
Conservation of those heritages, ancient marvels,a nd history was in dire need, so we proposed the Conservation of Taksar through economic regeneration because the lack of economy was the main reason for the people to leave the settlement and the reason for the overall declination.
A brief introduction to quadcopter (drone) working. It provides an overview of flight stability, dynamics, general control system block diagram, and the electronic hardware.
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router, tablets, smartphones or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based network.
Types of IP address-
Dynamic means "constantly changing “ .dynamic IP addresses aren't more powerful, but they can change.
Static means staying the same. Static. Stand. Stable. Yes, static IP addresses don't change.
Most IP addresses assigned today by Internet Service Providers are dynamic IP addresses. It's more cost effective for the ISP and you.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.