Stop-and-Wait ARQ Technique for Repairing Frame and Acknowledgment Transmission

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 38 Number 7- August 2016
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 384
Stop-and-Wait ARQ Technique for
RepairingFrame and Acknowledgment
Transmission
Zuhri Ramadhan1
, Andysah Putera Utama Siahaan2
Faculty of Computer Science
Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi
Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Km. 4,5 Sei Sikambing, 20122, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Abstract - In sending data, a transmission will
experience a damage or an error in the delivery
process. Corrupted data will not be used for their
intended purpose. Stop-and-Wait methods of
Automatic Repeat Request is a method that is applied
to correct errors in the process of sending the frame at
the time of transmission. Data transmission is always
done between the sending computer and the receiving
computer. This method ensures that information is not
lost due to packet drops and that the received packets
in the correct order. This is the simplest type of
method Automatic Repeat Request. Stop-and-Wait
method will automatically fix corrupted data occurs in
the transmission process. This method works by
calculating the waiting time and timeout on both
computers. If the data packets successfully sent and
the recipient receives the data properly, then it will
send an acknowledgment to the sender. It states that
the transmission was not a failure or none of the bits
sent change from 0 to 1 or vice verse. Timeout
function is to record how long the computer wait if
there is incongruity at the time of delivery. After a
specified time limit runs out, either framed or
acknowledgment will be sent again to correct the
mistake.
Keywords–ARQ, Stop-and-Wait, Transmisi Data
I. INTRODUCTION
Errors in data transmission often occur in the world
of computers that have been distributed [4]. Errors
sometimes occur due to disconnection of
communication due to several factors. Some of them
are the extinction of the electric current, the weak
force between the network and the delivery can also
occur on other technical factors. This influence can
hinder the data at the time of delivery. Data
transmission consists of frames and acknowledgments
which are successfully sent. However, some bits is
damaged or lost when the transmission progress[2].
The method is often done to control errors in the
data delivery in the Automatic Repeat Request [5]. In
this method, there is called the frame and
acknowledgment. A frame is a data packet split into
small data set while the acknowledgment is a
confirmation from the receiving computer that the data
packet is already well accepted, accepted with broken
or even not at all acceptable. If the data received is not
in accordance with the procedure, the recipient's
computer will give a rebuttal that the packet should be
sent back. Information is known by the sender's
computer by way of non-receipt of acknowledgment
from the receiving computer that the data sent was
received perfectly. As settlement sending computer
will attempt to retransmit the data in the form of
pieces of a frame to the recipient's computer. This
method is called Automatic Repeat Request the
method of automatic data transmission repair damaged
or missing. There are several methods that are owned
by ARQ. This research will be conducted testing on
one of the ARQ method is a method Stop-and-Wait.
II. THEORIES
A. Data Link
Because of the possibility of errors can occur in the
transmission, as well as the receiver of data need to set
the rate of the data it receives, it is necessary to create
a control layer on any communication device that
provides functions such as flow control, error
detection and error control. The control layer is called
a data link control protocol [6]. Some of the
requirements and objectives of effective data
communication between two transmitting and
receiving stations are connected directly, such as:
a. Frame Synchronization
Block large amounts of data will be broken down
by a source into blocks of smaller called frames.
Beginning and end of each frame must be evident.
This is done because:
- The size of the receiver buffer is limited.
- The block of data in large quantities can lead
to the transmission becomes longer, resulting
in possible occurrence of errors is greater,
thus requiring an overall frame
retransmissions. With a smaller frame, the
error can be detected sooner, and the data
must be retransmitted also less.

- On a shared media, such as LANs, usually
undesirable one station occupies the media
for a long time, because it can cause long
delays in station-station another sender.
b. Flow Control
Sender station may not send frames at a faster rate
than the rate in the receiver station receives the
frames.
c. Error Handling
Bit errors caused by the transmission system
should be improved
d. Addressing
Multipoint paths, such as Local Area Network
(LAN), the identity of the two stations that
communicate must be clearly defined.
e. Similar Path Controlling
Usually not expected to have a separate
communication line physically to control
information. Therefore, the receiver must be able
to distinguish the control information from the
data that is being transmitted.
f. Path Management
Starters, maintenance, and termination data
exchange require coordination and cooperation
among station. Therefore we need a management
procedure for this exchange.
B. Flow Control
Flow Control is a technique to ensure that the
transmitting entity does not overwhelm the entity
receiving the data. The entity receiving the usually
allocate a buffer of data with a maximum length for
transfer. When data is received, the receiver must
perform some specific processing activities before
distributing the data to software which has a higher-
level [1]. When there is no flow control, receiver
buffer will overflow while processing the old data.
Stop-and-Wait flow control is the simplest form of
flow control. The process works as follows: Entities
source transmits frame. After receiving frame purpose
entities, the entities of interest will be sent a reply that
was received by the frame and ready to receive the
next frame. The sources must wait for an
acknowledgment before sending the next frame.
Interest can stop the flow of data in ways not give a
reply.
Fig. 1 Stop-and-Wait flow control
Figure 1 shows the flow control method Stop-and-
Wait. The process of sending a sequence of computer
sender to a receiver via several stages of frame
delivery and acknowledgment acceptance.
This procedure works well, but the delivery of
frames in large numbers and in a situation where the
bit length of the track is greater than the length of the
frame, it will be inefficient severe. This is due because
there is only one frame that can be sent at one time.
Bottom line, for a very high data rate, and for a great
distance between sender and receiver then by applying
the Stop-and-Wait flow control which enabled the use
of inefficient paths.
C. Error Control
Error control is associated with a mechanism to
detect and correct errors in the transmission frame.
Data is sent as a sequence of frames, the frames arrive
by the same command when sent, and each frame that
is transmitted change and a variable number of delays
before reaching the receiver [1]. There might be two
types of errors, such as:
a. Lost Frame
Frame failed to reach the other side. For example,
noise may damage the frame up to the level where
the receiver does not realize that the frame has
been transmitted.
b. Damage frame
A frame is acknowledged has arrived, but some
bits have errors. The composition has changed
during the transmission.
The most common technique for error control based
on some or all of the following elements:
a. Fault detection.
b. Positive reply.
It is to restore a positive reply to an error-free
frame is received.

c. Retransmission after the time is up.
Thesources retransmit frames unanswered after a
certain time.
d. Negative reply and retransmission
It is to return a negative reply to the error frame.
The sources retransmit the frame again.
D. Clock Tick
Clock Tick often called the cycle. Tick is the
smallest unit of time recognized by the computer [1].
The faster the clock ticks or cycles, the more CPU
instructions that can be executed in one second. Tick
clock speed expressed in megahertz or gigahertz. Each
instruction to be executed by a computer requires
some clock ticks, but sometimes some of the
instructions can be executed in one clock tick on a fast
computer. In the simulation program, tick a special
time unit used as a process or mechanism iterations
between simulations on the computer [1]. Clock Tick
often did to declare a timeout limit of a process [2].
E. Stop-and-Wait
Stop-and-Wait ARQ has a mechanism that stops if
there is a frame, then the receiver computer will wait
until the deadline specified [3]. The source sends a
single frame and waits for a reply. No data is sent until
there is an answer from the destination has arrived at
the source computer. There are two types of errors that
can occur, such as:
a. A frame that arrives at its destination is
experiencing damage or missing.
When the receiver detects the presence of damage
to the frame, the receiver will send a negative
reply to the damaged frame and the transmitter
will transmit the frame. For the case of missing
frames in the middle of the transmission, the
source computer equipped with a timer. Once the
frame is transmitted, the source computer is
waiting for a reply. If no reply is received until
the time specified timer expires, the source
computer will send back the same frame.
b. Damage to a positive reply.
As an illustration, station A sends a frame These
frames are well received by station B, which
response with a reply. ACK damaged during a
stopover and are not recognized by A, which
therefore out of line time and again sends the
same frame. Duplicate this frame arrived and
accepted by B. Thus, B receives two copies of the
same frame as if they were a different frame. To
resolve this problem, frames alternately labeled 0
or 1, and a positive reply in the form ACK0 and
ACK1. By the rules of the sliding window, ACK0
reply frame receipt numbered 1 and indicated that
the receiver is ready to receive the frame
numbered 0.
c. Damage to the negative.
The transmitter sends the same frame (the same as
the case of missing frames).
The major advantage Stop-and-Wait is its
simplicity, while its main drawback is the mechanism
that runs inefficiently. Therefore, the sliding window
flow control techniques can be adapted to obtain more
efficient use of the path again, as implemented in the
method of go-back-n ARQ and selective-reject ARQ
[1].
The following figure illustrates how the process of
Stop-and-Wait takes place step by step.
Fig. 2 Stop-and-Wait process
III. EVALUATION
The process of sending the Stop-and-Wait is a
frame per frame. The following figure will explain
how the process of sending the frame is held
computers.
Fig. 3 ComputerT send the first frame (F0)
S R
Frame 1

Fig. 4 ComputerR send first acknowledgment (ACK1)
In Figure 3 the sender's computer to perform the
delivery Frame 1 (F0) to the recipient's computer. The
process of sending data from T to R has a few ticks. If
no timeouts, the R computer sends an
acknowledgment that the frame has been received well.
Computers R will send ACK1 to T (Figure 4).
Likewise, the computer will send the next frame T if
ACK1 well received.
Fig. 5 ComputerR sendthe second frame (F1)
Fig. 6 The first frame is gone or missing
Fig. 7 Retransmitting of the first frame
Figure 5 to 7 states work process Stop-and-Wait if
having problems at the time of delivery. These
constraints can be seen in Figure 6. This can be either
damaged or missing frames. In Figure 5, Frame 2 (F1)
is sent by computer R to T but in the middle of the
shipping process, the frames are damaged or lost
(Figure 6). Timeout function to record the extent to
which the computer T await acknowledgment of
computer R. If the computer T does not get it within a
certain time, then computer T will send back Frame 2
(F1) to computer R.
This process is repeated until the computer T will
probably obtain acknowledgment that the packet
frame sent well received by Computer R.
Fig. 8 ACK1 is gone or missing
Fig. 9 Computer R is retransmitting the ACK1
In Figure 8 and 9, it can be seen the process of
sending back an ACK is damaged or lost in the
shipping process from Computer R to T. Timeout will
record whether the time has crossed the line or not. If
Computer T did not send next frame then Computer R
ensure ACK sent by it was not well received by
Computer T, so that the Computer R will send back
the ACK.
This process will be repeated until all the frames
that are in the queue resolved. Stop-and-Wait is a
method of error checking and simultaneously repair
the frame and acknowledgment of damaged or lost
during data transmission.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Stop-and-Wait method is an excellent
technique to apply in checking errors in data
transmission with a small frame shape. Stop-and-Wait
flow control function to transmit data by the number
of frames were broken up into smaller frames. By
sending a frame per frame, the delivery process will
be faster. If a larger frame sent damaged, it would take
a long time to resend the data frame and the
acknowledgment.
REFERENCES
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[2] S. K. D. dan N. A., “Analyzing the effect of timer timeout
and packet length on the performance of error control
protocols,” International Journal of Emerging Trends &
Technology in Computer Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 190-194,
2012.
[3] E. G. Varthis dan D. I. Fotiadis, “A Comparison Of Stop-
and-Wait And Go-Back-N ARQ Schemes For IEEE 802.11e
Wireless Infrared Networks,” Journal of Computer
Communications , vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1015-1025, 2006.
[4] B. M. Khan, K. M. Kumar dan M. Dinesh, “Secured
Multimedia File Transfer over Wireless Network Using LZW
Algorithm,” International Journal of Advance Research in
Computer Science and Management Studies, vol. 2, no. 7, pp.
126-133, 2014.
[5] R. R. Bukate, P. M. Ingale dan U. S. Shid, “ARQ Strategies
and Protocols for Relay Co-operative System,” International
Journal For Advance Research In Engineering And
Technology, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 24-28, 2014.
[6] I. Ma'ruf, “Prinsip Kerja Stop-and-Wait Flow Control,”
Blogspot, [Online]. Available:
http://irham93.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/prinsip-kerja-Stop-
and-Wait-flow-control.html. [Diakses 30 7 2016].
S R
Acknowledgment 1
S R
Acknowledgment 1
S R
Frame 1
S R
Frame 1
S R
Frame 2
S R
Acknowledgment 1
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