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Software sustainability and Green IT

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Ivano Malavolta
Ivano Malavolta

This document discusses software sustainability from Ivano Malavolta, an assistant professor. It discusses how ICT is unsustainable due to the large amounts of energy consumed by platforms like YouTube. It also discusses research on improving the energy efficiency of software, including a case study on the KPMG software platform. Additionally, it discusses experiments on the energy impact of progressive web apps and service workers. Finally, it proposes using design decision maps to help frame sustainability concerns when planning software projects.

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Ivano Malavolta VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM Ivano Malavolta Assistant professor Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Software sustainability and Green IT
Ivano Malavolta Hello
Ivano Malavolta Our platform for experimenting on software – energy efficiency – performance A PLATFORM A MASTER COURSE The Green Lab Students measure real software products A COLLABORATION PLATFORM Industry-driven experiments
Ivano Malavolta amsterdamyoungacademy.nl
Ivano Malavolta Software sustainability? 1
Ivano Malavolta
Ivano Malavolta Total number of views: 3,362,297,996 Total energy consumed: ~672 GWh in less than 7 years x27,000 for 7 years! ICT is unsustainable Total energy per view: 0.2 kWh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/average-household-electricity-consumption
Ivano Malavolta CPU: 500 - 2,000 mW GSM: 800 mW Display: 400 mW GPS: 176 mW Gyroscope: 130 mW Microphone: 101 mW Bluetooth: 100 mW Accelerometer: 21 mW Battery charge efficiency: 90% Where does this energy go?
Ivano Malavolta Energy loss: • Low utilization • Cooling • Lighting PUE = "Good" PUE = 1.4 = 30% loss Where does this energy go? Min utilization rate: 10% Max utilization rate: 80%
Ivano Malavolta ”The number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every 2 years" (Moore's law) Is hardware efficient?
Ivano Malavolta "The energy efficiency of hardware doubles every 1.5 years" (Koomey's law) Is hardware efficient?
Ivano Malavolta "Software gets slower more rapidly than hardware gets faster" (Wirth's law) Ok, so what about software?
Ivano Malavolta Nathan P. Myhrvold, Microsoft, ACM 1997 Why is software consuming more and more? 1. Software is a gas Software always expands to fit whatever container it is stored in 2. Software grows until it becomes limited by Moore's Law The initial growth of software is rapid, like gas expanding, but is inevitably limited by the rate of increase in hardware speed 3. Software growth makes Moore's Law possible People buy new hardware because the software requires it 4. Software is only limited by human ambition and expectation We'll always find new algorithms, new applications, and new users
Ivano Malavolta Energy efficiency in the back-end2
Ivano Malavolta Research questions • .NET Platform supporting Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) processes. • Thousands of users worldwide • ~11.000 eLOCs • Personalized questionnaires • Dashboard and reports for results overview The KPMG case
Ivano Malavolta Collaboration between academia and industry We want to consume less energy Introduction to Qubus We are interested in releases and deployment strategies Validation of general characteristics Qubus 6.2.3 or Qubus 6.5.7? Centralized or Distributed? Empirical experiment Clarifications and refinements Results discussion Preliminary experiment definition The KPMG case
Ivano Malavolta Research questions How can we improve the energy efficiency of Qubus? • Which release is more energy efficient? • Qubus 6.2.3 VS Qubus 6.5.7 • Which deployment strategy is more energy efficient? • Centralized VS Distributed VS
Ivano Malavolta Old - C Old - D New - C New - D Results Scenario 1 Old - C Old - D New - C New - D Scenario 2 Know precisely the usage scenarios of your software applications! Using a higher number of machines does NOT always imply higher energy consumption Energyconsumption
Ivano Malavolta Energy efficiency in the front-end3
Ivano Malavolta Average Daily Hours per Mobile App Visitor by Age Source: comScore Mobile Metrix, U.S., Age 18+, June 2017 Why mobile apps?
Ivano Malavolta The journey of a Progressive Web Application (PWA) 1. The user accesses the website as usual https://goo.gl/KIZydg
Ivano Malavolta The journey of a PWA 1. The user accesses the website as usual 2. After the 3rd-4th visit, the website asks to be installed https://goo.gl/KIZydg
Ivano Malavolta The journey of a PWA 1. The user accesses the website as usual 2. After the 3rd-4th visit, the website asks to be installed 3. From now on, the app lives in the home screen, runs full-screen, can receive push notifications https://goo.gl/KIZydg
Ivano Malavolta Service workers Implemented in JavaScript Multithreading → runs in a separate thread w.r.t. the main thread Used for: • push notifications • background operations • content caching – offline functionality
Ivano Malavolta PWAs have been advertised as: • performance boosters • network savers • providers of better UX However…
Ivano Malavolta Experiment design What we measure Energy consumption of the device in Joules Factor Treatments SW status <on, off> Android device <high-end, low-end> Network condition <2G, WiFi> What we control What we measure
Ivano Malavolta Experiment design • All possible combinations of treatments • 8 combinations x 7 PWAs x 8 runs à • each run executes a typical usage scenario (10-15 gestures) 448 runs SW status Device Network on low-end 2G on low-end WiFi on high-end 2G on high-end WiFi off low-end 2G off low-end WiFi off high-end 2G off high-end WiFi
Ivano Malavolta Results Low-end High-end Smaller difference in the high-end device Service workers DO NOT influence the energy consumption of a PWA running on a mobile device
Ivano Malavolta Taking decisions about software sustainability4
Ivano Malavolta What is software sustainability? Direct impact (sustainable software) Inward looking SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE SYSTEM ENERGY EFFICIENCY MAINTAINABILITY STABILITY Indirect impact (software for sustainability) Outward looking SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE SYSTEM TRUSTABILITY USABILITY SURVIVABILITY Is software sustainability only about the system itself?
Ivano Malavolta ECO NO M IC SO CIAL ENVIRO NM ENTAL TECHNICAL SO FTW ARE IM M ED IATE IM PAC T EN AB LIN G IM PAC T SYSTEM IC IM PAC T Lago, P. © 2016-2018 SoSA: A Software Sustainability Assessment Method. Available at: https://goo.gl/HuY6tf Condori-Fernandez, N., & Lago, P. (2018). Characterizing the contribution of quality requirements to software sustainability, Journal of Systems and Software, 137, 289-305. Why should we care? Sustainability is multi-dimensional A new perspective on sustainability
Ivano Malavolta ECO NO M IC SO CIAL ENVIRO NM ENTAL TECHNICAL SO FTW ARE IM M ED IATE IM PAC T EN AB LIN G IM PAC T SYSTEM IC IM PAC T Why should we care? A new perspective on sustainability Lago, P. © 2016-2018 SoSA: A Software Sustainability Assessment Method. Available at: https://goo.gl/HuY6tf Condori-Fernandez, N., & Lago, P. (2018). Characterizing the contribution of quality requirements to software sustainability, Journal of Systems and Software, 137, 289-305.
Ivano Malavolta Design Decision Maps framing Sustainability Concerns [notation] Philips Lightning (now Signify) Design decision maps
Ivano Malavolta Decision maps + planned effects + monitoring KPMG Qubus platform
Ivano Malavolta Amsterdam Smart City Decision maps for scoping the sustainability of a project
Ivano Malavolta Wrap up Ivano Malavolta Total number of views: 2,307,082,001 Total energy consumed: ~450 GWh in less than 3 years x 41,000 ICT is unsustainable Total energy per view: 0.2 kWh Ivano Malavolta Research questions • .NET Platform supporting Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) processes. • Thousands of users worldwide • ~11.000 eLOCs • Personalized questionnaires • Dashboard and reports for results overview The KPMG case Ivano Malavolta Service workers Implemented in JavaScript Multithreading → runs in a separate thread w.r.t. the main thread Used for: • push notifications • background operations • content caching – offline functionality Ivano Malavolta Design Decision Maps framing Sustainability Concerns [notation] Philips Lightning (now Signify) Design decision maps
Ivano Malavolta Acknowledgements Some slides of this presentation have been inspired by talks by: • Patricia Lago • Giuseppe Procaccianti • Roberto Verdecchia

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Software sustainability and Green IT

  • 1. Ivano Malavolta VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT AMSTERDAM Ivano Malavolta Assistant professor Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Software sustainability and Green IT
  • 3. Ivano Malavolta Our platform for experimenting on software – energy efficiency – performance A PLATFORM A MASTER COURSE The Green Lab Students measure real software products A COLLABORATION PLATFORM Industry-driven experiments
  • 7. Ivano Malavolta Total number of views: 3,362,297,996 Total energy consumed: ~672 GWh in less than 7 years x27,000 for 7 years! ICT is unsustainable Total energy per view: 0.2 kWh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0 http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/average-household-electricity-consumption
  • 8. Ivano Malavolta CPU: 500 - 2,000 mW GSM: 800 mW Display: 400 mW GPS: 176 mW Gyroscope: 130 mW Microphone: 101 mW Bluetooth: 100 mW Accelerometer: 21 mW Battery charge efficiency: 90% Where does this energy go?
  • 9. Ivano Malavolta Energy loss: • Low utilization • Cooling • Lighting PUE = "Good" PUE = 1.4 = 30% loss Where does this energy go? Min utilization rate: 10% Max utilization rate: 80%
  • 10. Ivano Malavolta ”The number of transistors in a circuit doubles about every 2 years" (Moore's law) Is hardware efficient?
  • 11. Ivano Malavolta "The energy efficiency of hardware doubles every 1.5 years" (Koomey's law) Is hardware efficient?
  • 12. Ivano Malavolta "Software gets slower more rapidly than hardware gets faster" (Wirth's law) Ok, so what about software?
  • 13. Ivano Malavolta Nathan P. Myhrvold, Microsoft, ACM 1997 Why is software consuming more and more? 1. Software is a gas Software always expands to fit whatever container it is stored in 2. Software grows until it becomes limited by Moore's Law The initial growth of software is rapid, like gas expanding, but is inevitably limited by the rate of increase in hardware speed 3. Software growth makes Moore's Law possible People buy new hardware because the software requires it 4. Software is only limited by human ambition and expectation We'll always find new algorithms, new applications, and new users
  • 15. Ivano Malavolta Research questions • .NET Platform supporting Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) processes. • Thousands of users worldwide • ~11.000 eLOCs • Personalized questionnaires • Dashboard and reports for results overview The KPMG case
  • 16. Ivano Malavolta Collaboration between academia and industry We want to consume less energy Introduction to Qubus We are interested in releases and deployment strategies Validation of general characteristics Qubus 6.2.3 or Qubus 6.5.7? Centralized or Distributed? Empirical experiment Clarifications and refinements Results discussion Preliminary experiment definition The KPMG case
  • 17. Ivano Malavolta Research questions How can we improve the energy efficiency of Qubus? • Which release is more energy efficient? • Qubus 6.2.3 VS Qubus 6.5.7 • Which deployment strategy is more energy efficient? • Centralized VS Distributed VS
  • 18. Ivano Malavolta Old - C Old - D New - C New - D Results Scenario 1 Old - C Old - D New - C New - D Scenario 2 Know precisely the usage scenarios of your software applications! Using a higher number of machines does NOT always imply higher energy consumption Energyconsumption
  • 20. Ivano Malavolta Average Daily Hours per Mobile App Visitor by Age Source: comScore Mobile Metrix, U.S., Age 18+, June 2017 Why mobile apps?
  • 21. Ivano Malavolta The journey of a Progressive Web Application (PWA) 1. The user accesses the website as usual https://goo.gl/KIZydg
  • 22. Ivano Malavolta The journey of a PWA 1. The user accesses the website as usual 2. After the 3rd-4th visit, the website asks to be installed https://goo.gl/KIZydg
  • 23. Ivano Malavolta The journey of a PWA 1. The user accesses the website as usual 2. After the 3rd-4th visit, the website asks to be installed 3. From now on, the app lives in the home screen, runs full-screen, can receive push notifications https://goo.gl/KIZydg
  • 24. Ivano Malavolta Service workers Implemented in JavaScript Multithreading → runs in a separate thread w.r.t. the main thread Used for: • push notifications • background operations • content caching – offline functionality
  • 25. Ivano Malavolta PWAs have been advertised as: • performance boosters • network savers • providers of better UX However…
  • 26. Ivano Malavolta Experiment design What we measure Energy consumption of the device in Joules Factor Treatments SW status <on, off> Android device <high-end, low-end> Network condition <2G, WiFi> What we control What we measure
  • 27. Ivano Malavolta Experiment design • All possible combinations of treatments • 8 combinations x 7 PWAs x 8 runs à • each run executes a typical usage scenario (10-15 gestures) 448 runs SW status Device Network on low-end 2G on low-end WiFi on high-end 2G on high-end WiFi off low-end 2G off low-end WiFi off high-end 2G off high-end WiFi
  • 28. Ivano Malavolta Results Low-end High-end Smaller difference in the high-end device Service workers DO NOT influence the energy consumption of a PWA running on a mobile device
  • 29. Ivano Malavolta Taking decisions about software sustainability4
  • 30. Ivano Malavolta What is software sustainability? Direct impact (sustainable software) Inward looking SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE SYSTEM ENERGY EFFICIENCY MAINTAINABILITY STABILITY Indirect impact (software for sustainability) Outward looking SOFTWARE-INTENSIVE SYSTEM TRUSTABILITY USABILITY SURVIVABILITY Is software sustainability only about the system itself?
  • 31. Ivano Malavolta ECO NO M IC SO CIAL ENVIRO NM ENTAL TECHNICAL SO FTW ARE IM M ED IATE IM PAC T EN AB LIN G IM PAC T SYSTEM IC IM PAC T Lago, P. © 2016-2018 SoSA: A Software Sustainability Assessment Method. Available at: https://goo.gl/HuY6tf Condori-Fernandez, N., & Lago, P. (2018). Characterizing the contribution of quality requirements to software sustainability, Journal of Systems and Software, 137, 289-305. Why should we care? Sustainability is multi-dimensional A new perspective on sustainability
  • 32. Ivano Malavolta ECO NO M IC SO CIAL ENVIRO NM ENTAL TECHNICAL SO FTW ARE IM M ED IATE IM PAC T EN AB LIN G IM PAC T SYSTEM IC IM PAC T Why should we care? A new perspective on sustainability Lago, P. © 2016-2018 SoSA: A Software Sustainability Assessment Method. Available at: https://goo.gl/HuY6tf Condori-Fernandez, N., & Lago, P. (2018). Characterizing the contribution of quality requirements to software sustainability, Journal of Systems and Software, 137, 289-305.
  • 33. Ivano Malavolta Design Decision Maps framing Sustainability Concerns [notation] Philips Lightning (now Signify) Design decision maps
  • 34. Ivano Malavolta Decision maps + planned effects + monitoring KPMG Qubus platform
  • 35. Ivano Malavolta Amsterdam Smart City Decision maps for scoping the sustainability of a project
  • 36. Ivano Malavolta Wrap up Ivano Malavolta Total number of views: 2,307,082,001 Total energy consumed: ~450 GWh in less than 3 years x 41,000 ICT is unsustainable Total energy per view: 0.2 kWh Ivano Malavolta Research questions • .NET Platform supporting Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) processes. • Thousands of users worldwide • ~11.000 eLOCs • Personalized questionnaires • Dashboard and reports for results overview The KPMG case Ivano Malavolta Service workers Implemented in JavaScript Multithreading → runs in a separate thread w.r.t. the main thread Used for: • push notifications • background operations • content caching – offline functionality Ivano Malavolta Design Decision Maps framing Sustainability Concerns [notation] Philips Lightning (now Signify) Design decision maps
  • 37. Ivano Malavolta Acknowledgements Some slides of this presentation have been inspired by talks by: • Patricia Lago • Giuseppe Procaccianti • Roberto Verdecchia