The document discusses smart grids, including their key concepts, functions, benefits and the need to transition to them. Some of the main points covered are:
- A smart grid utilizes two-way communication and sensing capabilities to better manage supply and demand across the electrical generation, transmission and distribution systems.
- Drivers for smart grids include enhancing power reliability, integrating renewable energy sources, and satisfying increasing electricity demand in a sustainable manner.
- Smart grid functions allow for improved monitoring, control, fault detection and power flow management across the entire network.
- Challenges to implementing smart grids in India include inadequate infrastructure, power theft issues, and lack of consumer awareness.
2. UNIT-I
Contents:-
Electrical Grid
Concepts of Smart Grid
Need for Smart Grid
Smart Grid Drivers
Smart Grid Functions
Opportunities for Smart Grid in India
Challenges for Smart Grids
Smart Grid Implementation Challenges in India
Smart Grid Benefits
Difference between Conventional and Smart Grid Traditional Grid
3. Electrical Grid
Autonomous monitoring and controlling
Reduce losses
Advancement in the monitoring, control, and protection of the grid
component
Centralized generation facilities.
Consumer demand management and new dispatch model could
significantly improve the optimization of the electric system
4. Concepts of Smart Grid
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electrical
energy from the generating end to customer end
The network contains four important modules namely, generating
station, substation, transmission system and distribution system
A smart grid can be termed as a modern grid
A bidirectional flow
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provided a
conceptual model
6. i) Bulk Generation Domain
The bulk generation domain generates electricity in bulk quantities
(more than 300 MW)
ii)Transmission Domain
Carries bulk electricity over long distances via transmission cables
Increase in voltage is done to reduce transmission loss
High voltage transmission can minimize the loss
This domain needs to maintain stability on the electric grid by
balancing energy generation with energy demand
7. iii) Distribution Domain
Distribution of electricity is initiated with distribution substations
step-down transformers, which reduces the high voltage transported
from the generator side
The customers can be either large industries or small homes
IV) Operations Domain
The flow of electricity is managed in this domain
faulty analysis provides information about faulty location,
identification, isolation and system restoration
8. V) Service Provider Domain
supporting the business related data of a power system
Domain executes the billing and customer account management,
monitoring and controlling of energy use and energy generation, etc.
VI) Markets Domain
Here grid assets are bought and sold
Balances the supply and demand within the power system
VII) Customer Domain
The customers are end users of this conceptual model
The customer store, and manage the use of energy
9. Need for Smart Grid
Enhancement of Power Reliability
customer to access the electricity without any disruption
The power flow can be made continuous by grid load balancing and
distribution automation services.
Lack of Infrastructure
Growth of power sector can be made highly realistic only with a good
infrastructure
demands improvement in grid infrastructure.
Curtail Power Theft
losses are categorized as
Technical – Transmission Losses ,
Non technical – Power theft
10. Satisfying Power Demand
The increasing population has triggered power shortage
challenges
increase in power demand can be smartly managed by the
smart grid technologies.
Integrating Clean Power
essential to use renewable energy based power
resources rather conventional power plants
Environmental Impact
Fossil fuel based power plants has become a largest
source of carbon emission
For zero emission system it has become mandatory to
deploy renewable energy source integration to existing
grid
11. Smart Grid Drivers
Smart grid drivers are the forces that have emphasized
the need for smart grid for overcoming the challenges
faced by power sectors
For enabling a sustainable future, the smart grid is
essential
Smart Grid drivers are
Economic Competitiveness
Customer Empowerment
Inexorable Increases in Electricity Demand
Global Warming
12. Smart Grid Functions
Smart grid reacts to critical issues in a safe and secured manner
entire process of smart grid can be managed and monitored
under a single system called Wide Area Network
Functions are
Fault Current Limiting
Improved Fault Protection
Diagnosis and Notification of Equipment Condition
Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization and Control
Power Flow Control
Dynamic Capability Rating
Adaptive Protection
Automated Feeder and Line Switching
Automated Islanding and Reconnection
Real-Time Load Measurement and Management
13. Challenges for Smart Grids
Government support
Lack of policy and regulation
Compatible equipment
Capacity to absorb advanced technology
Consumer awareness
14. Smart Grid Implementation Challenges in India
Power Theft
Inadequate Grid Infrastructure
Low Metering Efficiency
Lack of Awareness
15. Difference between Conventional and Smart Grid
Traditional grid Smart grid
One-way communication Two-way communication
Centralized generation Distributed generation
Hierarchical structure Network type structure
Low level of automation High level of automation
High losses Losses are minimized
Low efficiency and reliability High efficiency and reliability
Low customer satisfaction High customer satisfaction