RF SPUTTERING.pptx engineering physics..

This document provides an introduction to thin film growth techniques focusing on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It describes various physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition methods. MBE is explained in detail, including the advantages of growth in an ultra-high vacuum environment with independent material sources and in-situ monitoring via RHEED. Different growth modes such as Frank-van der Merwe, Volmer-Weber, and Stranski-Krastanov are also summarized.

Complete Coverage on High velocity forming methods also known as high energy rate forming processes HVF and HERF. Very useful for mechanical engineering students and teachers.. Explosive forming, magnetic pulse forming, hydro forming, electro hydro forming discussed.

This document describes an investigation of the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 (LAO-STO) heterointerface using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sample was prepared using pulsed laser deposition to grow a thin film of LAO on a STO substrate, followed by ion slicing to produce a wedge-shaped cross-section for TEM analysis. The TEM results revealed a high-density two-dimensional electron gas formed at the LAO-STO interface, which has potential applications in next-generation electronic devices and holds promise for novel electronic properties.

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) involves using laser pulses to ablate material from a target that is deposited as a thin film on a substrate. PLD offers advantages like the ability to deposit complex oxide materials with precise stoichiometry. The first PLD system successfully deposited a high-temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 thin film. PLD works by ablating material from a target using high-energy laser pulses to create a plasma plume that deposits on the substrate surface. Factors like laser wavelength and background gas are known to affect the film growth process in PLD. While PLD provides good control over film composition and properties, scaling it for large area deposition remains a challenge due to

- Epitaxy involves the deposition and growth of crystalline layers on a substrate in a way that matches the substrate's crystalline structure. This results in single-crystal layers. - Common epitaxy techniques discussed are vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE), liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE), and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). - MBE involves evaporating source materials in an ultra-high vacuum and allowing them to condense on a heated substrate. It allows precise control over composition and doping at the monolayer level.

Implantation Sputtering Etching Deposition Physical Chemical Others Arc evaporation e-beam

The document discusses various thin film deposition techniques including physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Under PVD, it describes thermal evaporation and sputtering in detail. Thermal evaporation involves heating a source material until its atoms evaporate and deposit on a substrate. Sputtering uses plasma to bombard a target material, ejecting atoms that deposit on the substrate. Molecular beam epitaxy is also covered, using slow deposition of atoms from effusion cells in ultra-high vacuum to grow epitaxial thin films.

Optical fiber lasers operate based on stimulated emission of photons from excited atoms or molecules within an active medium, such as rare earth doped silica fibers. They were first developed in the 1960s and have several advantages over solid-state lasers including high beam quality, efficiency, and thermal management. Fiber lasers are fabricated by first making a preform via modified chemical vapor deposition to dope the silica with rare earth ions. The preform is then drawn into an optical fiber, which can be structured using fiber Bragg gratings to form the laser cavity. Applications include materials processing, telecommunications, medicine, and directed energy weapons.

This document discusses various applications of electroceramics and magnetic materials. It describes how multilayer ceramic capacitors use thin dielectric layers to achieve high capacitance density. Ferroelectric thin films have applications in nonvolatile memories, capacitors, sensors, and optical devices due to their dielectric, piezoelectric and electro-optic properties. Ferromagnetic materials find use in transformers, electromagnets, recording media, and sensors. The document outlines the operating principles and advantages of these various electroceramic and magnetic applications.

Principle, interaction of X-Ray with matter, imaging, film and film less techniques, types and use of filters and screens, geometric factors, Inverse square law, characteristics of films - graininess, density, speed, contrast, characteristic curves, Penetrameters, Exposure charts, Radiographic equivalence. Fluoroscopy- xero-Radiography, Computed Radiography, Computed Tomography

This document provides an overview of microfabrication and nanofabrication techniques. It discusses both top-down approaches like photolithography, nanoimprint lithography, and nanosphere lithography as well as bottom-up techniques such as carbon nanotube synthesis and molecular self-assembly. The document also covers common microfabrication processes like thin film deposition, doping, oxidation, etching, and lithography. It provides details on lithography methods, thin film deposition techniques like CVD and PVD, and etching approaches including wet and dry etching.

This document provides an overview of microfabrication and nanofabrication techniques. It discusses both top-down approaches like photolithography, nanoimprint lithography, and nanosphere lithography as well as bottom-up techniques such as carbon nanotube synthesis and molecular self-assembly. The document also covers common microfabrication processes like thin film deposition, doping, oxidation, etching, and lithography. It provides details on lithography techniques, thin film deposition methods like CVD and PVD, and etching approaches including wet and dry etching.

This document discusses nanoscience and nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanoscience as the study of structures between 1-100nm, where properties change significantly from their bulk counterparts due to high surface area to volume ratios and quantum effects. It then provides examples of how these factors enhance mechanical, electrical, optical and other properties. Applications discussed include microelectronics, energy efficiency, medicine, and textiles. In the concluding questions, it asks about the significance of nanoscale, medical applications of nanomaterials, classifications of nanomaterials, and properties such as mechanical, electrical and optical.

Recent advances in superhard nanocomposite coatings were presented. Nanocomposite coatings can be designed using various methods like combining two nanocrystalline phases or embedding nanocrystalline phases in an amorphous matrix to improve hardness and toughness. Coatings are synthesized using methods like chemical vapor deposition or magnetron sputtering. Properties are evaluated through nanoindentation, scratch adhesion testing, and measuring fracture toughness. Designing coatings with optimal parameters can yield both high hardness and toughness for industrial applications.

Recent advances in superhard nanocomposite coatings were presented. Nanocomposite coatings can be designed using various methods like combining two nanocrystalline phases or embedding nanocrystalline phases in an amorphous matrix to improve hardness and toughness. Coatings are synthesized using methods like chemical vapor deposition or magnetron sputtering. Properties are evaluated through nanoindentation, scratch adhesion testing, and measuring fracture toughness. Designing coatings with optimized parameters can provide both high hardness and toughness making nanocomposite coatings suitable for industrial applications.

The document discusses various applications of electroceramics and ferroelectric thin films. It describes multilayer ceramic capacitors which use alternate dielectric and electrode layers. Ferroelectric thin films can be used in non-volatile memories, capacitors, sensors, and acoustic wave substrates. It also discusses ferroelectric RAM and the advantages it provides over other memory types. Other applications mentioned include actuators, capacitors, pyroelectric detectors, and substrates for surface acoustic waves.

Radiographic testing uses x-rays or gamma rays to detect defects in welds. X-rays are produced when electrons collide with heavy metal targets, while gamma rays come from radioactive sources. The material is exposed to radiation, and defects appear as variations in density on the processed film. Trained inspectors can interpret the film to locate cracks, pores, inclusions and other issues. While gamma rays have advantages like portability, x-rays generally provide higher quality images for precise defect analysis of welds. Both techniques provide a permanent radiographic record but require safety precautions due to invisible radiation.

CSS chapter 1 notes

Chlorine and Nitric acid

20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN Introduction and Definition History of Information Design Need of Information Design Types of Information Design Identifying audience Defining the audience and their needs Inclusivity and Visual impairment Case study.

This was our 9th Sem Design Studio Project, introduced as Conservation of Taksar Bazar, Bhojpur, an ancient city famous for Taksar- Making Coins. Taksar Bazaar has a civilization of Newars shifted from Patan, with huge socio-economic and cultural significance having a settlement of about 300 years. But in the present scenario, Taksar Bazar has lost its charm and importance, due to various reasons like, migration, unemployment, shift of economic activities to Bhojpur and many more. The scenario was so pityful that when we went to make inventories, take survey and study the site, the people and the context, we barely found any youth of our age! Many houses were vacant, the earthquake devasted and ruined heritages. Conservation of those heritages, ancient marvels,a nd history was in dire need, so we proposed the Conservation of Taksar through economic regeneration because the lack of economy was the main reason for the people to leave the settlement and the reason for the overall declination.

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router, tablets, smartphones or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based network. Types of IP address- Dynamic means "constantly changing “ .dynamic IP addresses aren't more powerful, but they can change. Static means staying the same. Static. Stand. Stable. Yes, static IP addresses don't change. Most IP addresses assigned today by Internet Service Providers are dynamic IP addresses. It's more cost effective for the ISP and you.

Very Important design

Contains material on corona effect in power systems

Kiln

In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.

Talk covering Guardrails , Jailbreak, What is an alignment problem? RLHF, EU AI Act, Machine & Graph unlearning, Bias, Inconsistency, Probing, Interpretability, Bias

Energy market

OCS Training Institute is pleased to co-operate with a Global provider of Rig Inspection/Audits, Commission-ing, Compliance & Acceptance as well as & Engineering for Offshore Drilling Rigs, to deliver Drilling Rig Inspec-tion Workshops (RIW) which teaches the inspection & maintenance procedures required to ensure equipment integrity. Candidates learn to implement the relevant standards & understand industry requirements so that they can verify the condition of a rig’s equipment & improve safety, thus reducing the number of accidents and protecting the asset.

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