Preserving the Integrity of the Scholarly Record
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Presentation delivered by Peter Burnhill at the Edinburgh Digital Preservation meeting at the National Library of Scotland on 16 February 2015.
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Preserving the Integrity of the Scholarly Record
- 1. Preserving The Integrity of The Scholarly Record http://www.flickr.com/photos/shinez/5000985919/ Peter Burnhill, EDINA @ University of Edinburgh NaAonal Library of Scotland George IV Bridge 5.30pm 16th February
- 2. Preserving The Integrity of The Scholarly Record http://www.flickr.com/photos/shinez/5000985919/ Peter Burnhill, EDINA @ University of Edinburgh NaAonal Library of Scotland George IV Bridge 5.30pm 16th February Take Home Message: 1) Archive Streams of Issued Content 2) Avoid Reference Rot
- 3. The Scholarly Record & Serials … [a focus on the digital] ‘The Scholarly Record’ has a fuzzy edge ‘e-‐journals’ Websites, Databases, Repositories ‘Book-‐length work’
- 4. The Scholarly Record & Serials … [a focus on the digital] ConAnuing Resources, inc. Serials ‘The Scholarly Record’ has a fuzzy edge ‘e-‐journals’ Websites, Databases, Repositories ‘Book-‐length work’
- 5. The Scholarly Record & Serials … [a focus on the digital] ConAnuing Resources, inc. Serials ‘The Scholarly Record’ has a fuzzy edge Issued in Parts (Serials) Content changes over Ame (IntegraAng) ‘e-‐journals’ Websites, Databases, Repositories ‘Book-‐length work’
- 6. The Scholarly Record & Serials … [a focus on the digital] ConAnuing Resources, inc. Serials ‘The Scholarly Record’ has a fuzzy edge Other ‘resources needed for scholarship’ Issued in Parts (Serials) Content changes over Ame (IntegraAng) ‘e-‐journals’ Websites, Databases, Repositories ‘Book-‐length work’ ‘Gov Docs’
- 7. 1. What exactly is the scholarly record? • What of that now ‘issued on the Web’? • And what if we limit focus to what could get an ISSN? 2. Whose responsibility is it to act as steward? Each research library; library consorAa; naAonal/state libraries/archives? & is this a naAonal, or a trans-‐naAonal challenge? The following quesAons are implicit:
- 8. An Article, once available in print on-shelf locally … … is now online & accessed remotely, ‘anytime/anywhere’ => Improved Ease of Access J But what of Continuity of Access? Will it be still be there tomorrow?
- 9. Libraries boast of ‘e-collections’, but maybe now they only have ‘e-connections’ Picture credit: hgp://somanybooksblog.com/2009/03/27/library-‐tour/ => real & present danger for the integrity of what is published as scholarly record
- 10. This is a global challenge: trans-national action %age of 132,806 ISSN issued for e-serials (December 2013) US: 20% UK: 8.6% Rest of World: 71% Researchers (& libraries/publishers) in any one country are dependent upon content written and published as serials in countries other than their own
- 11. So, who is offering digital shelving? ① Web-scale not-for-profit archiving agencies: ② National libraries … ③ Research libraries: consortia & specialist centres … Ingesting content with archival intent … National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 12. Many archiving organisations a Good Thing “Digital information is best preserved by replicating it at multiple archives run by autonomous organizations” B. Cooper and H. Garcia-Molina (2002) Some bad stuff will happen!
- 13. A Project to Pilot an E-‐journal PreservaAon Registry Service Need to know who is looking after what & how?
- 14. ISSN Register E-J Preservation Registry Service E-Journal Preservation Registry user requirements (a) (b) ISSN-‐L as kernel field METADATA on extant e-serials METADATA on preservation action Digital Preservation Agencies Pilot: CLOCKSS, Portico; BL, KB; UK LOCKSS Alliance A Project to Pilot an E-‐journal PreservaAon Registry Service Need to know who is looking after what & how?
- 15. ISSN Register E-J Preservation Registry Service E-Journal Preservation Registry user requirements (a) (b) ISSN-‐L as kernel field METADATA on extant e-serials METADATA on preservation action Digital Preservation Agencies Pilot: CLOCKSS, Portico; BL, KB; UK LOCKSS Alliance A Project to Pilot an E-‐journal PreservaAon Registry Service Need to know who is looking after what & how? The Keepers Registry "Tales from the Keepers Registry" Serials Review 39.1 (2013)
- 16. … to discover who is looking a5er what thekeepers.org as Global Monitor *New in 2014* Library of Congress and Scholars Portal now reporAng in
- 17. e-‐journals should be easy – right? the Keepers Registry recorded In 2011, 16,558 Atles ‘ingested & archived’ by at least 1 ‘keeper’ in 2013, 21,557 in 2014, 26,195 now 26,712 9,731 'ingested & archived' by 3+ … more archiving & as more archives report into Registry ! Some signs of Progress: Wrigen & produced by Julie Brown, 1989
- 18. “Are we there yet?” … “Don’t think so” ‘Ingest Ratio’= titles being ingested by one or more Keeper / ‘online serials’ in ISSN Register = 26,195 / 136,965 [in March 2014] => 19% (We do not know about 80% of all resources having ISSN) ‘KeepSafe Ratio’ = titles being ingested by 3+ Keepers / ‘online serials’ in ISSN Register = 9,656 / 136,965 => 7%
- 19. Evidence on what libraries care about Using Title List Comparison tool in Members Area of Keepers Registry As reported in: P. Burnhill (2013) Tales from The Keepers Registry: Serial Issues About Archiving & the Web. Serials Review 39 (1), 3–20. hgp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arAcle/pii/S0098791313000178, & hgps://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/6682 In 2011/12 three major research libraries in the USA (Columbia, Cornell & Duke) checked archival status of serial Atles regarded as important ‘Ingest RaKo’ = 22% to 28%, ie about a quarter => fate of c.75% is unknown
- 20. very many ‘at risk’ e-‐journals from many small publishers BIG publishers act early but incompletely Priority: find economic way to archive content from …
- 21. … logs for the UK OpenURL Router* • 8.5m full text requests in UK during 2012 => 53,311 online Atles requested Analysis in 2013:: ‘Ingest RaKo’ = 32% (16,985/53,311) => over two thirds 68% (36,326 Atles) held by none! Evidence based on what Researchers Use * As reported in Keepers Registry Blog, OpenURL Router passes ‘discovery’ requests to commercial OpenURL resolver services; developed & delivered by EDINA as part of Jisc support for UK universiAes & colleges
- 22. … logs for the UK OpenURL Router* • 8.5m full text requests in UK during 2012 => 53,311 online Atles requested Analysis in 2013:: ‘Ingest RaKo’ = 32% (16,985/53,311) => over two thirds 68% (36,326 Atles) held by none! Evidence based on what Researchers Use * As reported in Keepers Registry Blog, OpenURL Router passes ‘discovery’ requests to commercial OpenURL resolver services; developed & delivered by EDINA as part of Jisc support for UK universiAes & colleges “I believe we've … a problem here.” [John Swigert, Jr.]
- 23. Another threat to the integrity of the record Language Technology Group Funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ‘Reference Rot’ When what was referenced & cited ceases to say the same thing, or ‘has ceased to be’ hJp://www.snorgtees.com/this-‐parrot-‐has-‐ceased-‐to-‐be Reference Rot = Link Rot + Content Drift “when links to web resources no longer point to what they once did”
- 25. + Content Drift: What is at end of URI has changed, or gone! http://dl00.org 2000 http://dl00.org 2004 http://dl00.org 2005 http://dl00.org 2008 (a) Dynamic content as values on webpage changes over Ame (b) StaKc content but very different (o{en unrelated) web pages
- 26. Hiberlink: Time Travel for The Scholarly Web 1. Threat: Creating evidence on extent of ‘Reference Rot’ – Main focus: references (& URIs) made in Journal Articles • "Scholarly Context Not Found: One in Five Articles Suffers from Reference Rot" – PLOS One paper published on 26 December 2014. • Harvard Law Library & permaCC reference rot in Supreme Court judgments • http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb – Also looked at Reference Rot & the e-Thesis, ETD2014 2. Remedy: Opportunities for productive intervention – Identify workflows: preparation, publication, ingest – Prototype tools to avoid or limit reference rot – Pro-active or ‘transactional’ archiving as remedy • Embedding such ‘solutions’ in existing tools & infrastructure • Propose/test new infrastructure for temporal referencing – supporting & using the Memento protocol
- 27. Peter Burnhill, EDINAhgp://www.res|ulliving.com/wp-‐content/uploads/2013/12/Time-‐1024x861.jpg Preserving the integrity of the scholarly record
- 28. • Robust Link - re-factor the HTML link that is returned ‘Infrastructure’ to Enable Remedy <a href="http://www.bnf.fr"> Link to the BNF </a> b) Augment Link with a set of Datetime & location pairs <a href="http://www.bnf.fr" mset="2014-05-19, http://archive.today/zdpAn 2014-05-15 memento"> Link to the BNF </a> a) Take simple URI - to French National Library (say) hgp://robustlinks.mementoweb.org/
- 29. Remedy for The Integrity of The Scholarly Record Envisage the best opportuniAes for IntervenAon to make Remedy, to ‘flash-‐freeze’, either to avoid reference rot or to ‘stop the rot’. 3 basic workflows: ① Study: PreparaAon -‐> (Review) -‐> Submission ② PublicaAon: Editorial -‐> (Revision) -‐> Acceptance -‐> Issue ③ Post-‐PublicaAon: Deposit/Ingest -‐> Provide/Access -‐> Use IdenPfy the Actors involved in: ① ComposiAon: author/creator ② Public Release: editor/referee/copy ③ CuraAon: librarian / repository manager / archivist
- 30. Hiberlink Plug-in: help authors & middle-folk do the right thing: ① Triggers archiving of referenced web content when it is noted in: – Zotero - used by authors to manage references https://www.zotero.org/ – Open Journal System (OJS) - used by OA publishers https://pkp.sfu.ca/ojs/ ② Returns Datetime URI for archived content that can be used in the citation Two-step Remedy To Avoid Reference Rot
- 31. Time’s Up! thekeepers.org hiberlink.org • See also • thekeepers.blogs.edina.ac.uk • safenet.blogs.edina.ac.uk/ HelpDesk: edina@ed.ac.uk