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In 1990’s we use books to write any information or data we are using cloud
storages for storing data.
Early we have typing phones now we have smart phones.
In Olden days we use floppy disk now we are using pendrives to store data.
Olden times a film catridge records 2.5 minute at 24 frames per seconds.
In 1885 kodak box camera no. 1 cam with films of 100 exposures but now a
smartphone can hold 10,000 photos.
Previously in olden days we used to get the internet speed around 0.1 MBPS.
 In olden days we used to walk for long distances but now we are using cars and
bikes for small distances.. 4

This instrument was further developed by many others.
 In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a
United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of
the human voice.
The telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly
with each other across large distances.
Telephones rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government and
households and are today some of the most widely used small appliances.
The history of the internet in India began with the launch of the Educational
Research Network(ERNET) in 1986.
The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-
owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited(VSNL) on 14 August 1995.
At start we get the broadband speed of below 1MBPS
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4G networking: -
 4G is the current mainstream wireless cellular service offered to cell phone users, exhibiting
performance roughly 10 times faster than 3G service.
 One of the most important features in the 4G mobile networks is the domination of high-
speed packet transmissions or burst traffic in the channels.
 The same codes used in the 2G-3G networks are applied to 4G mobile or wireless networks, the
detection of very short bursts will be a serious problem due to their very poor partial correlation
properties.
 Recent study has indicated that traditional multilayer network architecture based on the open system
interconnection(OSI) model may not be well suited for 4G mobile network, where transactions of short
packets will be the major part of the traffic in the channels.
 As the packets from different mobiles carry completely different channel characteristics, the receiver
should execute all necessary algorithms, such as channel estimation, interactions with all upper layers
and so on, within a very short period of time.
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 The most popular are the Apple iPhone, and the newest:Android, a mobile OS developed by GOOGLE, is the
first completely open-source mobile OS, meaning that it is free to any cell phone mobile network.
 Since 2008 customizable OSs allow the user to download apps like games, GPS, utilities, and other tools.
Users can also create their own apps and publish them, e.g. to Apple's App Store
 Now a Days Many types of operating systems (OS) are available for smartphones,
including ANROID, BLACKBERRY OS, WEB OS, IOS,Professional (touch screen).
 The Windows Mobile Professional Smartphones (Pocket PC or Windows Mobile PDA) are like personal digital
assistants (PDA) and have touchscreen abilities.
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INTERNET OF THINGS: -
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances,
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors,and connectivity which enables
these things to connect, collect and exchange data, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency
improvements, economic benefits, and reduced human exertions.
Smart home: -
 IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of home automation, which can include lighting,
heating and air conditioning, media and security systems.
 Long term benefits could include energy savings by automatically ensuring lights and electronics are
turned off.
 A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and
appliances.
 This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as Siri.
 This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home
devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge.
 There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart
home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Apple's HomePod, and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. 10

VOICE ASSISTANTS: -
 The Google Assistant is a virtual assistant powered by artificial intelligence and developed
by Google that is primarily available on mobile and smart home devices. Unlike Google Now,
the Google Assistant can engage in two-way conversations.
 Assistant initially debuted in May 2016 as part of Google's messaging app Allo, and its
voice-activated speaker Google Home.
 After a period of exclusivity on the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones, it began to be deployed
on other Android devices in February 2017, including third-party smartphones and Android
Wear (now Wear OS), and was released as a standalone app on the iOS operating system in
May.
 Alongside the announcement of a software development kit in April 2017, the Assistant has
been, and is being, further extended to support a large variety of devices, including cars and
smart home appliances.
 The functionality of the Assistant can also be enhanced by third-party developers.
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 Alexa offers weather reports provided by AccuWeather and news provided by TuneIn from a
variety of sources including local radio stations, NPR, and ESPN.
 Additionally, Alexa-supported devices stream music from the owner's Amazon Music accounts and have built-in
support for Pandora and Spotify accounts.
 Alexa can play music from streaming services such as Apple Music and Google Play Music from a phone or
tablet. Alexa can manage voice-controlled alarms, timers, and shopping and to-do lists, and can
access Wikipedia articles.
 Alexa devices will respond to questions about items in the user's Google Calendar.
 When questions are asked, Alexa converts sound waves into text which allows it to gather information from
various sources. Behind the scenes, the data gathered is then parsed by Wolfram's technology to generate
suitable and accurate answers.
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WHAT ABOUT FUTURE TECHNOLOGY???
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 Paper batteries are made using a combination of nanotubes made using a
combination of nano tubes made from carbon and paper made from cellulose.
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 The nanotubes made from carbon are then added.
 The black piece of paper can power a small light.
Flexible paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation
of gadgets.
Thw ambition is to produce reams of paper that could one day power a car.
The power battery was a glimpse in to the future of power storage.

ADVANTAGES: -
Used as both battery and capacitor.
It is flexible.
It is ultra thin energy storage device.
Long lasting.
Non toxic.
Steady power production.
High efficiency.
It occupies less space.
It is light weight.
Can be recharged.
Can be disposed easily.
Avaliable in different sizes
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DISADVANTAGES: -
Prone to tearing
Nano tubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of
procedures like electrolysis and laser ablation.
Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs.
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USES:-
 Pace makers.
 Used in headphones.
 Poweres smart cards and RF id cards.
 Used as alternate to the convetional batteries in gadgets.

5G TECHNOLOGY: -
5G is the fifth generation of cellular mobile communications.
It succeeds the 4G (LTE/WiMax), 3G (UMTS) and 2G (GSM) systems.
 5G performance targets include high data rate, reduced latency,
energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity and massive
device connectivity.
The first phase of 5G specifications in Release-15 will be completed
by March 2019, to accommodate early commercial deployment.
 The second phase in Release-16 will be completed by March 2020,
for submission to the ITU as a candidate IMT-2020 technology.
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The ITU IMT-2020 standard provides for speeds up to 20 gigabits per second and has only
been demonstrated with millimeter waves of 15 gigahertz and higher frequency.
The more recent 3GPP standard includes any network using the NR New Radio software.
 5G New Radio can include lower frequencies, from 600 MHz to 6 GHz.
 However, the speeds in these lower frequencies are only modestly higher than new 4G
systems, estimated at 15% to 50% faster.
 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be modestly higher than 4G with a similar amount
of spectrum and antennas.
 Adding LAA (Licensed Assisted Access) to a 4G configuration can add hundreds of
megabits per second to the speed.
 Until there is substantial field testing, 5G speeds can only be estimated. Qualcomn, the
leading chipmaker, presented at Mobile World Congress a model that has been cited by
many.The simulation predicts 490 Mbit/s median speeds for a common configuration of
3.5 GHz 5G Massive MIMO.
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GOOGLE DUPLEX:-
Till now we used the virtual assistants for browsing and opening
applications but now google has introduced its google duplex to take
calls.
Google Duplex is the technology behind a new Google Assistant
feature.
Duplex is a completely automated system that places calls on your
behalf, complete with a natural-sounding human voice instead of a
robotic one.
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LETS SEE A VEDIO ABOUT GOOGLE DUPLEX:
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