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Observation and interviewing

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Yaowaluck Promdee
Yaowaluck Promdee

Observation techniques and Interviewing techniques, definitions, examples, qulitative method, technique for research

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Interviewing and Observation 322131 Human Computer Interaction By Yaowaluck Promdee, Sumonta Kasemvilas
Reviews (last session) Requirement Gathering ✘1. One-on-one interviews ✘2. Group interviews ✘3. Facilitated sessions ✘4. Joint application development (JAD) ✘5. Questionnaires ✘6. Prototyping ✘7. Use cases ✘8. Following people around ✘9. Request for proposals (RFPs) ✘ 10.Brainstorming
Lean Canvas (last session) Product | Market
Observation Definitions and technique
Observation ob·ser·va·tion Noun 1. the act of observing or the state of being observed 2. a comment or remark 3. detailed examination of phenomena prior to analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation: the patient was under observation Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 1. Observation monitor http://www.nzilbb.canterbury.ac.nz/ Scientific observation is “a systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting chosen for study” (Kawulich 2005) Kawulich, Barbara B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method .
Observations Research role ✗ A relationship acquired by and ascribed to the researcher in interactive data collection. ✘ There are different roles with regard to observation: 1) Interviewer 2) Naturalistic Observer 3) Participant Observer 4) Participant Researcher 5) Inside Observer Figure2. focus group room is equipped with two wide-angled cameras www.rp.edu.sg
Variations in Approaches to Observation A single observation of limited Multiple observations; long-term duration (e.g., 30 minutes). duration (e.g., months, even years). Narrow focus: Only a single Broad focus: Holistic view of the activity or element or characteristic is observed. characteristic being observed and all of its elements is sought. The purpose of the The purpose of the No explanation is False explanations are observation is fully explained observation is given to any of the given; participants are to all involved. explained to some of participants. deceived about the the participants. purpose of the observation. Full-participant Partial Onlooker; observation participation observer is an outsider Participants know Some but not Participants do not know that observations are being all of the that observations are being made and they know who is participants made or that there is making them. know the observer. someone observing them. Role of the Observer How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others How the Purpose of the Observation Is Portrayed to Others Duration of the Observations Focus of the Observations
Role of the Observer Variations in Approaches to Observation Full- participant Observation Onlooker Observer is an outsider Partial participant
Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others Figure3. Overt observations: program staff and participants know that observations are being made and who the observer is hechingerreport.org Figure4. Observer role known by some, not by other www.ukedchat.com Figure5. participants do not know that observations are bing made or that there is an observer travelthayer.wordpress.com
Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘How the Purpose of the Observer Is Portrayed to Others Full explanation of real purpose to everyone Partial explanation Covert evaluations False explanations: deceived staff and/or participants about research purpose 1 2 43
Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘Duration of the Observations Figure7. Long-term, multiple observations (e.g., months, years) ex. Consumer behavior research rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com Figure6. Single observation, limited duration (e.g., 1 hour) ex business observation by interviewing http://www.wiccadirectory.com/
Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘Focus of the observations 1. Narrow focus: single element or component in the setting observed. 2. Broad focus: holistic view of the entire setting and all of its elements is sought Narrow focus Broad focus
Observation > Strengths/ Weaknesses ✘Strengths ✘Allows you to watch what people do rather than rely on what they say (self- report) ✘You are more likely to discover unmet user needs as you watch them do their work and can identify areas they struggle ✘You can truly understand how users get their work done in context ✘Allows for observing subtleties of work - - you'll see things like post-it note cheat sheets they require to remember how to get through system ✘Weaknesses ✘Can be a significant time commitment, particularly if you observe for extended periods of time ✘Difficult to be "a fly on the wall" and really just observe without interrupting by just being there or asking questions along the way ✘Relies on observers' interpretation ✘Can be challenging to know what to pay attention to if a lot is going on Reference: wiki.fluidproject.org
“You can observe a lot just watching” - Yogi Berra “Of course, observing people isn’t only one way to begin designing and effective user interface” - Scott Klemmer www.hci-class.org
Interviewing Definitions and technique
Interview in·ter·view Noun 1. a formal meeting in which one or more perso ns question, consult, or evaluate another person. 2. a meeting or conversation in which a writer o r reporter asks questions of one or more persons from whom materials sought for a newspaper story, television broadcast, etc. Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 8. behavior interviewing http://www.careerealism.com/ The qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say. (Kvale,1996) Kvale, Steinar. Interviews An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, 1996
Types of interviews 1. Informal-conversation Questions emerge from the immediate context 2. Semi-structured Topics selected in advance Researcher determines sequence and wording during interview. 3. Standardized open-ended Exact wording and sequence of questions predetermined.
Types of topic questions Feelings questions Sensory question Background/ demographic questions Knowledge questions Experience/ behavior questions Opinion/ Values question
Interviewing techniques Figure 9. Face-to-face interviews www.fdmgroup.com Figure 10. webcam interviews www.interview-skills.co.uk Figure 11. Telephone interviews www.ambition-in-motion.com
Interviewing techniques Figure 12. Email interviews Figure 13. Instant message/ Chat interview http://howtowriteabusinessplan.com/
Interviewing technique tips ✘Preparation tips: 1. Learn as much as you can about the person you are interviewing prior to the interview in order to form questions that are specific to the person. 2. Plan ahead, and set aside an adequate amount of time that suits the interviewing technique you employ. 3. Check your recording equipment in advance to make sure everything is working correctly, and have a backup recorder ready to go in case of technical difficulties. 4. Prepare your questions carefully for any type of interview technique by spending the time to write good interview questions.
Interviewing technique tips ✘Interviewing tips: 1. Start the interview with small talk to put your interview subject at ease. 2. Respect the person you are interviewing by following their wishes if your subject chooses to not answer a specific question. 4. Stay ready to adapt your questions if an answer to one of your questions triggers another question that pertains to your research. 5. Keep the interview focused by redirecting the conversation with additional questions when the person you are interviewing strays too far from the focus of your interview questions.
QUESTIONs?
A Case study
Topics ✘Education ✘Environment ✘Public health ✘Technology ✘Others ✘Childs and youth ✘Older ✘Worker, Adult ✘Disable ✘Others
WORKSHOP AND ASSIGNMENTS

More Related Content

Observation and interviewing

  • 1. Interviewing and Observation 322131 Human Computer Interaction By Yaowaluck Promdee, Sumonta Kasemvilas
  • 2. Reviews (last session) Requirement Gathering ✘1. One-on-one interviews ✘2. Group interviews ✘3. Facilitated sessions ✘4. Joint application development (JAD) ✘5. Questionnaires ✘6. Prototyping ✘7. Use cases ✘8. Following people around ✘9. Request for proposals (RFPs) ✘ 10.Brainstorming
  • 3. Lean Canvas (last session) Product | Market
  • 5. Observation ob·ser·va·tion Noun 1. the act of observing or the state of being observed 2. a comment or remark 3. detailed examination of phenomena prior to analysis, diagnosis, or interpretation: the patient was under observation Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 1. Observation monitor http://www.nzilbb.canterbury.ac.nz/ Scientific observation is “a systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting chosen for study” (Kawulich 2005) Kawulich, Barbara B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method .
  • 6. Observations Research role ✗ A relationship acquired by and ascribed to the researcher in interactive data collection. ✘ There are different roles with regard to observation: 1) Interviewer 2) Naturalistic Observer 3) Participant Observer 4) Participant Researcher 5) Inside Observer Figure2. focus group room is equipped with two wide-angled cameras www.rp.edu.sg
  • 7. Variations in Approaches to Observation A single observation of limited Multiple observations; long-term duration (e.g., 30 minutes). duration (e.g., months, even years). Narrow focus: Only a single Broad focus: Holistic view of the activity or element or characteristic is observed. characteristic being observed and all of its elements is sought. The purpose of the The purpose of the No explanation is False explanations are observation is fully explained observation is given to any of the given; participants are to all involved. explained to some of participants. deceived about the the participants. purpose of the observation. Full-participant Partial Onlooker; observation participation observer is an outsider Participants know Some but not Participants do not know that observations are being all of the that observations are being made and they know who is participants made or that there is making them. know the observer. someone observing them. Role of the Observer How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others How the Purpose of the Observation Is Portrayed to Others Duration of the Observations Focus of the Observations
  • 8. Role of the Observer Variations in Approaches to Observation Full- participant Observation Onlooker Observer is an outsider Partial participant
  • 9. Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘How the Observer Is Portrayed to Others Figure3. Overt observations: program staff and participants know that observations are being made and who the observer is hechingerreport.org Figure4. Observer role known by some, not by other www.ukedchat.com Figure5. participants do not know that observations are bing made or that there is an observer travelthayer.wordpress.com
  • 10. Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘How the Purpose of the Observer Is Portrayed to Others Full explanation of real purpose to everyone Partial explanation Covert evaluations False explanations: deceived staff and/or participants about research purpose 1 2 43
  • 11. Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘Duration of the Observations Figure7. Long-term, multiple observations (e.g., months, years) ex. Consumer behavior research rmsbunkerblog.wordpress.com Figure6. Single observation, limited duration (e.g., 1 hour) ex business observation by interviewing http://www.wiccadirectory.com/
  • 12. Variations in Approaches to Observation ✘Focus of the observations 1. Narrow focus: single element or component in the setting observed. 2. Broad focus: holistic view of the entire setting and all of its elements is sought Narrow focus Broad focus
  • 13. Observation > Strengths/ Weaknesses ✘Strengths ✘Allows you to watch what people do rather than rely on what they say (self- report) ✘You are more likely to discover unmet user needs as you watch them do their work and can identify areas they struggle ✘You can truly understand how users get their work done in context ✘Allows for observing subtleties of work - - you'll see things like post-it note cheat sheets they require to remember how to get through system ✘Weaknesses ✘Can be a significant time commitment, particularly if you observe for extended periods of time ✘Difficult to be "a fly on the wall" and really just observe without interrupting by just being there or asking questions along the way ✘Relies on observers' interpretation ✘Can be challenging to know what to pay attention to if a lot is going on Reference: wiki.fluidproject.org
  • 14. “You can observe a lot just watching” - Yogi Berra “Of course, observing people isn’t only one way to begin designing and effective user interface” - Scott Klemmer www.hci-class.org
  • 16. Interview in·ter·view Noun 1. a formal meeting in which one or more perso ns question, consult, or evaluate another person. 2. a meeting or conversation in which a writer o r reporter asks questions of one or more persons from whom materials sought for a newspaper story, television broadcast, etc. Reference: http://dictionary.reference.com/ Figure 8. behavior interviewing http://www.careerealism.com/ The qualitative research interview seeks to describe and the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main task in interviewing is to understand the meaning of what the interviewees say. (Kvale,1996) Kvale, Steinar. Interviews An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications, 1996
  • 17. Types of interviews 1. Informal-conversation Questions emerge from the immediate context 2. Semi-structured Topics selected in advance Researcher determines sequence and wording during interview. 3. Standardized open-ended Exact wording and sequence of questions predetermined.
  • 18. Types of topic questions Feelings questions Sensory question Background/ demographic questions Knowledge questions Experience/ behavior questions Opinion/ Values question
  • 19. Interviewing techniques Figure 9. Face-to-face interviews www.fdmgroup.com Figure 10. webcam interviews www.interview-skills.co.uk Figure 11. Telephone interviews www.ambition-in-motion.com
  • 20. Interviewing techniques Figure 12. Email interviews Figure 13. Instant message/ Chat interview http://howtowriteabusinessplan.com/
  • 21. Interviewing technique tips ✘Preparation tips: 1. Learn as much as you can about the person you are interviewing prior to the interview in order to form questions that are specific to the person. 2. Plan ahead, and set aside an adequate amount of time that suits the interviewing technique you employ. 3. Check your recording equipment in advance to make sure everything is working correctly, and have a backup recorder ready to go in case of technical difficulties. 4. Prepare your questions carefully for any type of interview technique by spending the time to write good interview questions.
  • 22. Interviewing technique tips ✘Interviewing tips: 1. Start the interview with small talk to put your interview subject at ease. 2. Respect the person you are interviewing by following their wishes if your subject chooses to not answer a specific question. 4. Stay ready to adapt your questions if an answer to one of your questions triggers another question that pertains to your research. 5. Keep the interview focused by redirecting the conversation with additional questions when the person you are interviewing strays too far from the focus of your interview questions.

Editor's Notes

  1. การสังเกตการ (observation) เป็นการเก็บข้อมูลโดยใช้สายตารับรู้ปรากฏการณ์ ภายใต้กรอบแนวคิดทฤษฏีหรือสมมุติฐานที่กำหนดไว้ล่วงหน้า มีการวางแผนการสังเกตเป็นระบบ มีการบันทึกข้อมูลที่สังเกตได้ และให้ความสำคัญกับการควบคุมความถูกต้องรวมถึงความเชื่อถือของข้อมูล เป็นข้อมูลเชิงปฐมภูมิ มีสองรูปแบบ สังเกตการณ์แบบ (uncontrolled observation) ปราศจากการควบคุม กับ การสังเกตการโดยการควบคุม (controlled observation)
  2. บทบาทของนักวิจัย - ผู้สัมภาษณ์ - สังเกตการณ์แบบธรรมชาติ - เข้าร่วมสังเกตการณ์ - นักวิจัยเข้าร่วม - สังเกตการณ์ภายใน
  3. รูปแบบในแนวทางการสังเกต
  4. บทบาทของนักวิจัย 1. ร่วมสังเกตการณ์เต็มรูปแบบ 2. การมีส่วนร่วมบางส่วน 3. ผู้ชม; ผู้สังเกตการณ์เป็นคนนอก
  5. วิธีสังเกตการณ์แบบต่างๆ ทุกคนรู้ว่ามีการสังเกตการณ์ บางส่วนรู้ว่ามีการสังเกตการณ์ ผู้เข้าร่วมไม่รู้ว่ามีการสังเกตการณ์
  6. วิธีการที่บอกถึงวัตถุประสงค์ของการสังเกต อธิบายทั้งหมดของวัตถุประสงค์ที่แท้จริงให้กับทุกคน อธิบายบางส่วน เป็นลักษณะการประเมินที่แอบแฝงไว้ no explanation given to either staff or participants อธิบายจุดประสงค์ที่เป็นเท็จ ให้ทีมงานและผู้มีส่วนร่วม
  7. ระยะเวลาในการสังเกต ระยะเวลาสั้น มีการกำหนดระยะเวลาแล้วเสร็จชัดเจน ระยะเวลายาว มีการสังเกตการณ์หลายรายการ ใช้ระยะเวลานาน
  8. จุดสำคัญของการสังเกต 1. โฟกัสแคบ: องค์ประกอบหนึ่งหรือส่วนประกอบในการกำหนดตั้งข้อสังเกต 2. โฟกัสกว้าง: มุมมองแบบองค์รวมของการตั้งค่าทั้งหมดและทุกองค์ประกอบที่เป็นที่ต้องการ
  9. จุดแข็ง - ช่วยให้คุณดู สิ่งที่คนทำมากกว่าการพึ่งพาสิ่งที่พวกเขากล่าว คุณมีแนวโน้มที่จะค้นพบความต้องการของผู้กระทํา ในขณะที่คุณ ดูพวกเขาทำผลงานของพวกเขา และสามารถเห็นบริบทของพวกเขา - คุณอย่างแท้จริงสามารถเข้าใจวิธีการที่ผู้ใช้จะได้รับการทำงานของพวกเขาทำในบริบท ช่วยให้สำหรับการสังเกตรายละเอียดปลีกย่อยของการทำงาน จุดอ่อน - อาจจะเป็นความมุ่งมั่นของเวลาที่สำคัญโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งถ้าคุณสังเกตสำหรับการขยายระยะเวลา - ยากที่จะเป็น เพียงแค่สังเกตจริงๆโดยไม่ขัดจังหวะโดยเพียงแค่การมีหรือถามคำถามไปพร้อมกัน - ขึ้นอยู่กับการตีความของผู้สังเกตการณ์ ' - สามารถนำความท้าทาย ที่จะรู้ว่าสิ่งที่ให้ความสนใจกับถ้าเป็นจำนวนมากที่เกิดขึ้น
  10. ความหมายของการสัมภาษณ์ ลักษณะการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ
  11. รูปแบบของการสัมภาษณ์ 1. ทางการสนทนา คำถามที่โผล่ออกมาจากบริบททันที 2. กึ่งโครงสร้าง - หัวข้อที่เลือกล่วงหน้า - นักวิจัยกำหนดลำดับและถ้อยคำในระหว่างการสัมภาษณ์ 3. มาตรฐานที่เปิดกว้าง ถ้อยคำที่แน่นอนและลำดับของคำถามที่กำหนดไว้
  12. - Behaviors - what a person has done or is doing. ƒ - Opinions/values - what a person thinks about the topic. ƒ - Feelings - what a person feels rather than what a person thinks. ƒ Knowledge - to get facts about the topic. ƒ Sensory - what people have seen, touched, heard, tasted or smelled. ƒ Background/demographics - standard background questions, such as age, education, etc.
  13. 1 .Face-to-face interviews 2. Webcam interviews 3. Telephone interviews 4. Email interviews 5. Instant message/chat interviews
  14. 1 .Face-to-face interviews 2. Webcam interviews 3. Telephone interviews 4. Email interviews 5. Instant message/chat interviews