Modern trends in mobile communication

Objectives
 Introduction
 Communication Devices
 Wireless System Evolution
 1G - 5G Wireless Systems
 Types of networks
 Wireless PAN
 Wireless LAN
 Wireless MAN
 Wireless WAN
 Communication in India
 Conclusion

Introduction
Telecommunications
- is the key enabler of economic and social development
of a nation
- increase the efficiency of commercial and
administrative activities
- improve the effectiveness of social and emergency
services
- distribute the social, cultural and economic benefits of
the process of development more equitably throughout
the country
- provides universal service for rural and remote
communities

Commonly used Devices

Tablet PC
Handheld device

Cell Phone

Kindle- e book reader Watch mobile Phone

Communication Devices
1)Fixed and Wired
(e.g.) desktop uses fixed networks

2)Mobile and Wired
(e.g.) Laptop connected using telephone and modem

3)Fixed and Wireless
(e.g.)a network in historical buildings

4)Mobile and Wireless
(e.g.) Cellular network

Wireless Characteristics

 Communication without wires
 Wires are replaced by electromagnetic waves
 electromagnetic waves carry a signal through
atmospheric space
 use radio frequency RF waves, which ranges from
3 kHz to 300 GHz
 or infrared IR, which ranges from 3 THz to 430 THz

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Showing Radio Frequency

What is mobility?
Two types of mobility: i)Device portability
ii)User Mobility

no mobility high mobility

mobile wireless user, mobile user, mobile user, passing
using same access connecting/ through multiple
point disconnecting from access point while
network maintaining ongoing
connections

Mobility Spectrum

Degrees of Mobility
 Walking Users
Low speed
Small roaming area
Usually uses high-bandwidth
 Vehicles
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

Wireless Devices

Wireless Icon

Data card Semi Parabolic Antenna

Wireless Router

Wireless Network Stakeholders

1. Regulatory Authorities
2. The operator or the Service Provider
3. The user or the subscriber
4. Equipment Vendors (network equipment and user
device)
5. Research Organizations

1G Wireless Systems-Characteristics

 Appeared in late 1970s and deployed in early 1980s
 All based on analog techniques
 All used FDMA
 Operates at 450-900 MHz frequency band
 System capacity is low
 Data rate is <10 kbps

1G Wireless Systems
 The geographical area divided into cells
 Each with own antenna
 Each with own range of frequencies
 Served by base station - Transmitter, receiver, control
unit to carry out actual radio communications with the
device
 Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid
crosstalk
 Mobile Switching Center Controls all calls attached to this
device, Maintains billing information &Switches calls
 PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

1G infrastructure

PSTN

Base station

Mobile Switching Centre

1G Wireless Systems-Some Standards

 AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
- by AT&T Bell Labs in 1970s deployed in 1983
-the number of users that can be supported was limited.
-used all over the world & popular in South America,
China and Australia.

 ETACS: European Total Access Communication Systems.
- channel bandwidth is scaled to 25 kHz instead of 30 kHz
as in AMPS.

2G Wireless Systems - Characteristics
 Deployed in mid 1990s
 Fully Digital network elements
 TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching
 Operates at 900-1800 MHz frequency band
 3-times increase in overall system capacity.
 supported voice-centric services and limited data-service,
like short messages(SMS), FAX, etc.
 <9.6 kbps data rates

2G Wireless Systems- Some Standards
 GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)
- TDMA system, serves as the pan-European cellular service, provides
a wide range of network service, including phone service, FAX, short
message service. Support 24.7 kbps data rate.

 USDC IS-136 (United States Digital Cellular)
-a TDMA system, similar to AMPS, it supports more users (6 times)
with improved performance. Provides access to VPN, supports short
messages. Support 48.6 kbps data rate.

 IS-95 (United States Digital Cellular Standard )
-a CDMA standard also designed to be compatible with AMPS
through using of CDMA/AMPS dual mode phones and base stations.
Capacity is 8~10 times that of AMPS. Support 14.4 kbps data rate.

2G (voice) network architecture
Base station system (BSS)
MSC
BTS BSC G Public
telephone
network
Gateway
MSC

Legend

Base transceiver station (BTS)

Base station controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile subscribers

2G Wireless Systems - Challenges
 2G is developed for voice communications
 We can send data over 2G channels by using
modem
 Increased data rates are required for internet
application

2.5 G Wireless Systems
 Compared to 2G systems 2.5G provide high speed data
communications and continuous connection to internet
 Fully Digital
 <115kbps data rates
 GSM to GPRS; Analog AMPS to CDPD
 Services:
1.WAP(Wireless Application Protocol) access
2.MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)
3.Internet communication service like web,email

2.5 G Wireless Systems-some standards
 CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data), a data service for 1st and 2nd
generation US cellular systems without additional bandwidth
requirement, packet channels are dynamically assigned to idle voice
channels. Support 48.6kbps data rate as in IS-136.
 GPRS(General Packet Radio Service), based on GSM by allowing
multiple slots of a GSM radio channel be dedicated to an individual
user, promises data rate from 56 kbps to 114kbps---continuous
connection to the Internet for mobile phone and computer users,
easy access to VPN (Virtual Private Network).
 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), providing 384kbps
rate by using improved modulation and relaxed error control. Also
referred to as EGPRS.
 CDMA one (IS-95B): Providing high speed data access on a common
CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels
for specific users or specific purposes. Support 115.2kbps.

2.5G (voice+data) network architecture
MSC
BSC G Public
telephone
network
Gateway
MSC

G Public
SGSN Internet

GGSN
The new cellular data network
The new cellular data network
voice network & data network
voice network & data network
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
operates in parallel
operates in parallel
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

3G Wireless Systems -Aim
 Simultanous voice and data transmission
 Faster Internet access -Interactive web sessions
 Video calling
 Multimedia Content - voice, data & video
 Universal global roaming
 384kbps while moving 2Mbps when stationary
 3G phones
Apple I phone 3G,
LG KF 750,
Nokia 5800 express music,
Blackberry bold 9000

Evolution to 3G Technologies
2G 2.5G 3G

IS-95B
cdma2000
CDMA

FDD
GSM W-CDMA

TDD
GPRS
EDGE & 136
HS outdoor

IS-136 136 HS
UWC-136
TDMA indoor

3G Wireless Systems Some Standards

 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) - 3GPP
-A wideband CDMA (5MHz) standard based on the network
fundamentals of GSM/EDGE, is designed to provide backward
compatibility with GSM, IS-136, GPRS and EDGE. Can support 2Mbps
data rate. New RF equipment needed.
 CDMA 2000 - 3GPP2 Use same bandwidth as IS-95 or 3 adjacent
1.25MHz channels (3-times bandwidth as that of IS-95) to provide
instantaneous packet data access at 144kbps or 2Mbps. No additional
RF equipment needed, changes are all made in software or baseband
hardware.
 TD-SCDMA (Time-division Synchronous CDMA) A standard proposed
by CATT (China Academy and Telecommunications Technology) and
Siemens Corporation. Relies on the existing GSM infrastructure and
allows 3G data access by adding high data rate equipment (smart
antennas) at each GSM station. Support up to 384kbps of packet data

4G Wireless systems
Next G or Beyond 3G
 Highly integrated
 High bandwidth / high-speed wireless
 Highly compatible with wired network infrastructures
 provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access
 Integration of multi-networks using IP technology
 applications include mobile web access, IP telephony,
gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing and 3D television.

4G Wireless systems-Some standards

 commercially deployed:
i) the Mobile WiMAX standard &
ii)Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard
 In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G
network (LTE) in September 2011 claiming 2–40 Mbps
speeds
 In India, Bharti Airtel has launched India's first 4G service
using TD-LTE technology in Kolkata on 10 April 2012.

4G Wireless Devices

4G smart phone

4G Modem
4G LTE Tablet

Types of Networks

PAN LAN MAN WAN
Personal Local Metropolitan Wide
Area Network Area Network Area Network Area Network

Bluetooth-802.15 802.11b 802.11b/a GSM/(E)GPRS
Infrared, RFID 802.11a 802.16 UMTS/3G
LMDS/MMDS 802.20
Low cost Medium cost Medium-High cost High cost
Short distances Medium distances Med-long Long distances
distances
< 1 Mbps 2 to 54+ Mbps 22+ Mbps 10 to 384 Kbps+
Computer-computer and to the Full mobility, ubiquitous cov.,
Cable Replacement,
Cordless telephony in
Internet, Low mobility, IT Intensive, Fixed, last-mile, High security, Easy to use
security issue, NRT services
Emerging market low mobility

Personal Area Network (PAN)
Bluetooth

lower layers are standardized in 802.15 &
network and application layers defined by Bluetooth SIG organization

Personal Area Networks(PAN)
 RFID
- Very short range (10 meters) sensor technology used
to supplement bar-code reader type applications
 Infrared
- Short range, usually line-of-sight, non-RF technology,
- used mostly for wireless remote control, or wire
replacement applications
 Zig bee
-Very low power (and low speed) short distance (10m)
transmission standard
-Operates in 868-918 KHz, and 2.4GHz bands using
802.15.4 PAN standards

Wireless LAN Standardization
Wi Fi
 IEEE 802.x Wireless LAN standards are known as WiFi
 Wireless Fidelity
 Short range wireless communications
 Highly utilized and very popular
 used in offices, airports, coffee shops, universities and
schools
 Two basic modes of operations:
i)Ad-hoc networking - computers send data to one
another
ii)Access point - sending data to the base station

Wireless MAN Standardization
 Wireless MAN is based on IEEE 802.16 standard.
 Wi MAX allows user to browse internet from
laptop computer without wall jack.
 Medium high cost
 Medium to long distance
 22 Mbps
 LMDS -- Local Multipoint Distribution Service
 MMDS – Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WIMAX

Indian Telephony
Indian Telephony
Telephone Subscribers (Total) 960.9 million (May 2012)
(2012)
Fixed lines (May 2012) 31.53 million
Mobile phones (2012) 929.37 million
Monthly telephone additions 8.35 million
(Net) (May 2012)
Teledensity (2012) 79.28 %
Rural Teledensity 33%
Projected teledensity by 2012 84 %

Courtesy: wikipedia.org

Internet Access in India
Internet access

Percent household access 10.2% of households (137
(total), 2012 million))

Percent broadband household 1.18% of households (14.31
access
million)

Broadband internet users 14.31 million (May 2012)

Internet Service 155
Providers (2012)

country code top-level domain .in


Communication in India

Revenue

Revenue (Total) USD 33,350 million


Modern trends in mobile communication

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