Dave McClure discusses startup marketing metrics and focuses on the AARRR framework: Acquisition, Activation, Retention, Referral, and Revenue. He emphasizes measuring key metrics like conversion rates at different stages to optimize the customer journey from first visit to monetization. McClure also provides examples of marketing channels and tools to track metrics like volume, cost and conversions.
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Marketing Metrics 4 Pirates (July 2010)
1. Startup Marketing Metrics (for Pirates) BlueGlass LA Los Angeles, July 2010 Dave McClure @DaveMcClure http://www.500hats.com http://500hats.typepad.com http://slideshare.net/dmc500hats HashTags: #blueglass #aarrr AARRR !
2. Discover Meaning What Do Users Care About Enough to F**k or Kill ? Kathy Sierra: “ Creating Passionate Users”
3. Read Geoffrey Miller Sex + Evolution + Consumer Mktg = Awesome Sauce
10. Discover Meaning What Do Users Care About Enough to F**k or Kill ? Kathy Sierra: “ Creating Passionate Users”
11. Optimize 4 Happiness (both User + Business) Define States of User + Business Value Prioritize (Estimate) Relative Value of Each State Move Users: Lower Value -> Higher Value Optimize for User Happiness / Business $$$ Achieve Low Cost + High Value @ Scale $$$
12. Discover Meaning Keywords, Images, Call-to-Action Top 10 - 100 words Your Brand / Products Customer Needs / Benefits Competitor’s Brand / Products Semantic Equivalents Misspellings Relevant images People Products Problems Solutions Call-to-Action Words Images Context Button/Link Emotion Result Positive? Negative? Neutral (= Death) A/B test & Iterate
19. Just Gimme the GOOD Metrics. Users, Pages, Clicks, Emails, $$$...? Q: Which of these is best? How do you know? 1,000,000 one-time, unregistered unique visitors 500,000 visitors who view 2+ pages / stay 10+ sec 200,000 visitors who clicked on a link or button 20,000 registered users w/ email address 2,000 passionate fans who refer 5+ users / mo. 1,000 monthly subscribers @ $5/mo the good stuff.
20. Startup Metrics for Pirates A cquisition: users come to site from various channels A ctivation: users enjoy 1 st visit: " happy ” experience R etention: users come back , visit site multiple times R eferral: users like product enough to refer others R evenue: users conduct some monetization behavior (note: If you’re in a hurry, Google “Startup Metrics” & watch 5m video) AARRR !
21. AARRR!: 5-Step Startup Metrics Model Website.com R evenue $$$ Biz Dev Ads, Lead Gen, Subscriptions, ECommerce A CQUISITION SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains R etention Emails & Alerts System Events & Time-based Features Blogs, RSS, News Feeds
22. Q: What’s My Business Model? Can be one of the following: 2. Get Users (= Acquisition, Referral) 1. Drive Usage (= Activation, Retention) 3. Make Money (= Revenue*) * ideally profitable revenue Note: eventually need to turn Users / Usage -> Money
23. Startup Challenges Startups have problems in 3 key areas: Management : Setting Priorities, Defining Key Metrics, Creating Dashboard, Reporting Progress Product : Building the “Right” Features, Getting Product Out Quickly, Testing for User Conversion / Adoption Marketing : Accessing “Web 2.0” Channels (Search, Social, Viral, New Media), Cost-Efficient Distribution
24. Role: Founder/CEO Q: Which Metrics? Why? A: Focus on Critical Few Actionable Metrics (if you don’t use the metric to make a decision, it’s not actionable) Hypothesize Customer Lifecycle Target ~3-5 Conversion Events (tip: Less = More) Test, Measure, Iterate to Improve
25. Customer Conversion Hypothesis (Users + Conversions + Priorities) Q1: What types of people use your website? Visitor = Average User / Buyer Contributor = Content Contributor / Seller Distributor = Passionate Fan (unpaid) / Affiliate (paid) Q2: What actions could they take to help you or them ?
26. TeachStreet Customer Hypothesis: Teachers & Students Teachers Students Activation Claim Profile Add Class Contact Teacher View 3 Pages Retention Visit 1x/mo for 3 mo’s Visit 1x/mo for 3 mo’s Referral Request Review Suggest Teacher
27. Role: Product / Engineering Q: What Features to Build? Why? When are you “Done”? A: Easy-to-Find , Fun / Useful , Unique Features that Increase Conversion (stop iterating when increase decelerates) Wireframes = Conversion Steps Measure, A/B Test, Iterate FAST (daily/weekly) Optimize for Conversion Improvement 80% on existing feature optimization 20% on new feature development
28. Example Conversion Dashboard (note: *not* actuals… your mileage may vary) Stage Conversion Status Conv. % Est. Value (*not* cost) Acquisition Visitors -> Site/Widget/Landing Page (2+ pages, 10+ sec, 1+ clicks = don’t abandon) 60% $.05 Activation “ Happy” 1 st Visit; Usage/Signup (clicks/time/pages, email/profile reg, feature usage) 15% $.25 Retention Users Come Back; Multiple Visits (1-3x visits/mo; email/feed open rate / CTR) 5% $1 Referral Users Refer Others (cust sat >=8; viral K factor > 1; ) 1% $5 Revenue Users Pay / Generate $$$ (first txn, break-even, target profitability) 2% $50
29. Role: Marketing / Sales Q: What channels? Which users? Why? A: High Volume (#), Low Cost ($), High Conv (%) Design & Test Multiple Marketing Channels + Campaigns Select & Focus on Best-Performing Channels & Themes Optimize for conversion to target CTAs, not just site/landing page Match/Drive channel cost to/below revenue potential Low-Hanging Fruit: Blogs SEO/SEM Landing Pages Automated Emails
30. Example Marketing Channels PR Contest Biz Dev Direct Marketing Radio / TV / Print Dedicated Sales Telemarketing Email SEO / SEM Blogs / Bloggers Viral / Referral Affiliate / CPA Widgets / Apps LOLCats ;)
32. M AARRR keting Plan Marketing Plan = Target Customer Acquisition Channels 3 Important Factors = Volume (#), Cost ($), Conversion (%) Measure conversion to target customer actions Test audience segments, campaign themes, Call-To-Action ( CTA s) [Gradually] Match Channel Costs => Revenue Potential Increase Vol. & Conversion, Decrease Cost, Optimize for Revenue Potential Avg Txn Value ( ATV ), Ann Rev Per User ( ARPU ), Cust Lifetime Value ( CLV ) Design channels that (eventually) cost <20-50% of target ATV, ARPU, CLV Consider Costs, Scarce Resource Tradeoffs Actual $ expenses Marketing time & resources Product/Engineering time & resources Cashflow timing of expense vs. revenue, profit
33. Website.com Marketing Channels: largest-volume (#) lowest-cost ($) best-performing (%) Acquisition SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains
34. Acquisition Where are users coming from? Acquisition Methods SEO / SEM Blogs Email Social Media & Social Networks Domains
35. Acquisition Keyword Vocabulary Top 10 - 100 words Your Brand / Products Customer Needs / Benefits Competitor’s Brand / Products Semantic Equivalents Misspellings Things to analyze Sources Volume Cost Conversion
36. Acquisition Where are users coming from? Key Metrics to Track Quantity (#) Cost ($) Conversions (%) Example
37. Acquisition Tools KISSmetrics / KISS insights http://KISSmetrics.com Google Analytics (web analytics) google.com/analytics Google Keyword Tool (keyword research tool) adwords.google.com/select/KeywordToolExternal SEO Book Tools (SEO related tools) tools.seobook.com Resources SEO Book Blog seobook.com/blog The Social Media Manual: Read Before You Play searchengineland.com/071120-144401.php Strategies to ruthlessly acquire users andrewchen.typepad.com/andrew_chens_blog/2007/04/10_obvious_stra.html
38. One Step at a Time. Make a Good Product : Activation & Retention Market the Product : Acquisition & Referral Make Money : Revenue & Profitability “ You probably can’t save your Ass and your Face at the same time… choose carefully .” – DMC
39. Links & Resources Additional References: Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion Robert Cialdini (book) The Mating Mind & Spent Geoffrey Miller (books) Putting the Fun in Functional Amy Jo Kim (etech 2006 preso) Futuristic Play Andrew Chen (blog) Don’t Make Me Think Steve Krug (book) Designing for the Social Web Joshua Porter (book, website) Startup Lessons Learned Eric Ries (blog) Customer Development Methodology Steve Blank (presentation, blog ) Startup-Marketing.com Sean Ellis (blog) KISSmetrics.com Hiten Shah / Neil Patel (website) How To Pitch a VC Dave McClure (slides, NSFW) Understanding Comics Scott McCloud (book)
47. Website.com Activation Criteria: 10-30+ seconds 2-3+ page views 3-5+ clicks 1 key feature usage do LOTS of landing page & A/B tests – make lots of dumb guesses & iterate FAST Activation SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains
48. Activation What do users do on their first visit? Example Activation Goals Click on something! Account sign up / Emails Referrals / Tell a friend Widgets / Embeds Low Bounce Rate Activation Tips Less is more Focus on user experience / usability Provide incentives & call to actions Test and iterate continuously
49. Activation What do users do on their first visit? Key Metrics to Track Pages per visit Time on site Conversions
50. Activation Tools Crazy Egg (Visual Click Mapping) http://crazyegg.com Google Website Optimizer (A/B & Multivariate Testing) http://google.com/websiteoptimizer Marketo.com (B2B Lead Generation Management) http://marketo.com Resources Experimentation and Testing: A Primer kaushik.net/avinash/2006/05/experimentation-and-testing-a-primer.html Landing Page Design Toolbox: 100 Tips & Tools http://tinyurl.com/326co6 Landing Page Tutorials & Case Studies http://www.copyblogger.com/landing-pages/ 101 Easy Easy to use Google Website Optimizer http://conversion-rate-experts.com/articles/101-google-website-optimizer-tips/
52. Website.com Automated emails: lifecycle emails @ +3, +7, +30d status / “best of” weekly/monthly “ something happened” emails BUT: make it easy to unsubscribe Tip on emails: > 80% or more on SUBJECT LINE < 20% or less on BODY TEXT Retention SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains Emails & Alerts System Events & Time-based Features Blogs, RSS, News Feeds
53. Cohort Analysis: Distrib of Visits over Time Rate of Decay Effective Customer Lifecycle Retention Methods Automated Emails * Track open rate / CTR / Quantity RSS / News Feeds * Track % viewed / CTR / Quantity Widgets / Embeds * Track impressions / CTR / Quantity Retention How do users come back? How often?
54. Example Retention Goals 1 - 3+ visits per month 20% open rate / 2% CTR High deliverability / Low spam rating Long customer life cycle / Low decay Identify fanatics and cheerleaders Retention Tips Email is simple and it works BUT make unsubscribe easy 80% subject line / 20% body text ACTUALLY 99% subject line / 1% body text Fanatics = virality + affiliate channel (bloggers?) Retention How do users come back? How often?
55. Retention How do users come back? How often? Key Metrics to Track Source Quantity Conversions Visitor Loyalty Session Length
58. Website.com Marketing Channels: largest-volume (#) lowest-cost ($) best-performing (%) Acquisition SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains
59. Acquisition Where are users coming from? Acquisition Methods SEO / SEM Blogs Email Social Media & Social Networks Domains
60. Acquisition Keyword Vocabulary Top 10 - 100 words Your Brand / Products Customer Needs / Benefits Competitor’s Brand / Products Semantic Equivalents Misspellings Things to analyze Sources Volume Cost Conversion
61. Acquisition Where are users coming from? Key Metrics to Track Quantity (#) Cost ($) Conversions (%) Example
62. Acquisition Tools KISSmetrics / KISS insights http://KISSmetrics.com Google Analytics (web analytics) google.com/analytics Google Keyword Tool (keyword research tool) adwords.google.com/select/KeywordToolExternal SEO Book Tools (SEO related tools) tools.seobook.com Resources SEO Book Blog seobook.com/blog The Social Media Manual: Read Before You Play searchengineland.com/071120-144401.php Strategies to ruthlessly acquire users andrewchen.typepad.com/andrew_chens_blog/2007/04/10_obvious_stra.html
64. Website.com Focus on driving referrals * after * users have a “ happy ” experience; avg score >= 8 out of 10 Referral Acquisition SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains Retention Emails & Alerts System Events & Time-based Features Blogs, RSS, News Feeds
65. Referral How do users refer others? Referral Methods Send to Friend: Email / IM Social Media Widgets / Embeds Affiliates
66. Referral Viral Growth Factor Viral Growth Factor = X * Y * Z X = % of users who invite other people Y = average # of people that they invited Z = % of users who accepted an invitation A viral growth factor > 1 means an exponential organic user acquisition.
67. Referral Tools Gigya (social media distribution & tracking tool) gigya.com ShareThis / AddThis (sharing buttons) sharethis.com / addthis.com GetMyContacts (PHP contacts importing & invitation software) getmycontacts.com Resources Seven Ways to GO VIRAL lsvp.wordpress.com/2007/03/02/seven-ways-to-go-viral/ What’s your viral loop? Understanding the engine of adoption andrewchen.typepad.com/andrew_chens_blog/2007/07/whats-your-vira.html Metrics: Where Users Come From slideshare.net/guest2968b8/rockyou-snap-summit-32508
69. Website.com Revenue This is the part *you* still have to figure out… (we don’t know jack about your business) R evenue $$$ Biz Dev Ads, Lead Gen, Subscriptions, ECommerce Acquisition SEO SEM Apps & Widgets Affiliates Email PR Biz Dev Campaigns, Contests Direct, Tel, TV Social Networks Blogs Domains Retention Emails & Alerts System Events & Time-based Features Blogs, RSS, News Feeds
70. Revenue How do you make money? Revenue Tips Don’t Rely on AdSense (only) Start Free => 2% “ Freemium ” Subscription / Recurring transactions Qualify your customers -> Lead generation (arbitrage) Sell something! (physical or virtual)
71. Revenue Resources & Tools Revenue Metrics (Andrew Chen) http://tinyurl.com/47r63a How to Create a Profitable “Freemium” Startup (Andrew Chen) http://tinyurl.com/8z9ygk 2008 Affiliate Marketing Review (Scott Jangro) http://tinyurl.com/86wak4
72. Types of Measurement Qualitative : Usability Testing / Session Monitoring Watch users, guess problems & solutions from small # of users Quantitative : Traffic Analysis / User Engagement Track users, usage, conv %'s for empirical sample # of users Comparative : A/B, Multivariate Testing Compare what users do in one scenario vs another Measure which copy/graphics/UI are most effective Competitive : Monitoring & Tracking Competitors Track competitor activity & compare against yours (if possible) Compare channels, keyword traffic, demographics, user sat, etc.
Editor's Notes
BUILT TO LEARN This is the core feedback loop that powers startups. Their goal is not to optimize the time it takes to do any one of these steps. There are many specific practices that can power lean startups, and we’ll cover a few in this presentation. But more important than any specific practice is this core idea: startups should be built to learn.
I know, too many bullets…
If you don’t remember anything else, perhaps this graphic & the next 2-3 might be useful.
Qualitative: SurveyMonkey (surveys), CrazyEgg (heatmap), TechSmith Morae / UserVue (ux recording), RobotReplay, TapeFailure. Quantitative: Google Analytics (free), MyBlogLog, ClickTracks, Index Tools, Visual Sciences / Webside Story, Omniture, WebTrends, etc. Comparative: Google Website Optimizer, SiteSpect, Optimost, Offermatica, Vertster, Kefta. Competitive: Quantcast, Compete.com, Alexa, Hitwise, Comscore, Nielsens. see more info at: http://webanalyticsassociation.com/ (WAA) http://kaushik.net/ (Avinash Kaushik) http://grokdotcom.com/ (Eisenbergs) http://www.emetrics.org/ (Jim Sterne)