Lecture 3: Human-Computer Interaction: HCI Design (2014)
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The document summarizes Lecture 3 of the Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014 given by Lora Aroyo. It discusses interaction design concepts like design principles, affordances, constraints, mappings, feedback and visibility. It also outlines four psychological principles of user interaction and how they can be applied in design. Specific concepts like consistency, affordances, mappings, feedback and cultural associations are explained in detail along with examples. Design guidelines, standards and principles for optimizing the user experience are also presented.
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Lecture 3: Human-Computer Interaction: HCI Design (2014)
- 1. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Lora Aroyo Web & Media Group HCI Design Chapters 5, 9-11, 13-14
- 2. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Interaction Design Concepts • Design principles • Affordance, Constraints, and Mapping • Feedback • Visibility • Conceptual models • Other factors: – transfer effects – cultural associations – individual differences Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 2
- 3. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Four psychological Principles 1. Users See What They Expect to See 2. Users Have Difficulty Focusing on More than One Activity at a Time 3. It Is Easier to Perceive a Structured Layout 4. It Is Easier to Recognize Something than to Recall It Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 3
- 4. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Principle 1 User’s confusions with the UI: consistency exploiting prior knowledgesee what they want to see Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 4 people don’t read
- 5. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Principle 2 Users Have Difficulty Focusing on More Than One Activity at a Time – The Cocktail Party Effect • Principle of Perceptual Organization – Group alike things together • Principle of Importance – Prominent display for important items Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 5
- 6. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Principle 3 It Is Easier to Perceive a Structured Layout • Law of proximity • Law of similarity • Law of closure • Law of continuity • Law of symmetry Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 6
- 7. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Principle 4 It Is Easier to Recognize Something Than to Recall It • Principle of recognition • Knowledge in the head & Knowledge in the world Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 7
- 8. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Principles from Experience: Affordance The Principle of Affordance: – It Should Be Obvious How a Control Is Used Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 8
- 9. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Affordances • The perceived and actual fundamental properties of the object that determine how it could possibly be used (Gibson 1977) • Some affordances are obvious, some learned • Have suggestions or clues about to how to use these properties • Can be dependent on the – Experience – Knowledge – Culture of the actor • Can make an action easy or difficult Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 9
- 10. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Affordances of a Teapot? Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 10
- 11. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Based on slide by Saul Greenberg In graphical, screen-based interfaces: – designer has control over perceived affordances • display screen • pointing device • selection buttons • keyboard – afford touching – pointing – looking – clicking on every pixel of the display Affordances in Screen-based UI Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 11
- 12. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Constraints • Restricting interaction to reduce errors Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 12
- 13. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Mappings • Relationships between controls and their results • For devices, appliances – natural mappings use constraints and correspondences in the physical world • Controls on a stove • Controls on a car – Radio volume » Knob goes left to right to control volume » Should also go in and out for front to rear speakers • For computer UI design – mapping between controls and their actions on the computer • Controls on a digital watch • Controls on a word processor program Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 13
- 14. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Slide adapted from Saul Greenberg Mapping Controls to Physical Outcomes back right front left back left front right 24 possibilities, requires: -visible labels -memory arbitrary full mapping back front front back 2 possibilities per side =4 total possibilities paired
- 15. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Based on slide by Saul Greenberg Transfer Effects People transfer their expectations from familiar objects to similar new ones – positive transfer: previous experience applies to new situation – negative transfer: previous experience conflicts with new situation
- 16. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Visibility • Making it obvious which actions are available Consistency • Similar functions are performed in the same way • Identical terminology for identical operations Feedback • Send information about what is happening back to the user Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 16
- 17. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Feedback The Principle of Feedback: – It Should Be Obvious When a Control Has Been Used Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 17
- 18. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Feedback and Explanations Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 18
- 19. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 From Bad to Better Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 19
- 20. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Feedback Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 20
- 21. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 The Principle of Visibility: – It Should Be Obvious What a Control Is Used For Visibility (perceived affordance) Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 21
- 22. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Consistency Uniformity in appearance, placement, and behavior Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 22
- 23. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Structure & Consistency Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 23
- 24. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3
- 25. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Cultural Associations • Groups of people learn idioms – red = danger, green = go • But these differ in different places – Light switches • America: down is off • Britain: down is on – Faucets • America: counter-clockwise is on • Britain: counter-clockwise is off Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 25
- 26. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Metaphors Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 26
- 27. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Metaphors Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 27 Facebook Timeline Bookmark
- 28. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 What’s Wrong? Mapping – we’d expect to go off, low, high Feedback – when lamp is on, hard to tell from switch position whether it’s in low or high mode Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 28
- 29. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 What’s Wrong? Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 29
- 30. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 What’s Wrong? CONSISTENCY: Different procedure for setting different intervals of time. FEEDBACK: When timer is at a time under 15 minutes, hard to tell if it’s actually on or not (silent failure). Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 30
- 31. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Star Trek TOS: Command Controls Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 31
- 32. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Design Knowledge • Design Principles – First Principles of Interactive Design – http://www.asktog.com/basics/firstPrinciples.html • Design Rules – 8 Golden Rules – http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/skaalid/theory/ interface.htm
- 33. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 DESIGN GUIDELINES & RATIONALE Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 33
- 34. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Standards • ISO 9241: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) – defines usability as effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction with which users accomplish tasks • ISO 14915: Software ergonomics for multimedia user interfaces – guidelines for design of multimedia interfaces • ISO 13407: Human-centered design processes for interactive systems – management guidance through the development life-cycle • ISO/CD 20282: Ease of operation of everyday products – four-part standard to ensure products can be used as consumers expect them to Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 34
- 35. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Guidelines (1/2) • For optimizing the user experience – abstract guidelines (principles) applicable during early life cycle activities – detailed guidelines (style guides) applicable during later life cycle activities • http://www.usability.gov/pdfs/guidelines.html Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 35
- 36. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Guidelines (2/2) • Accessibility • Page Layout – Navigation, Scrolling and Paging, Headings, Titles, and Labels • Content Organization – Text Appearance – Lists – Links – Screen–Based Controls (Widgets) – Graphics, Images, and Multimedia • Search Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 36
- 37. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 37
- 38. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Keep it Simple Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 38
- 39. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 39
- 40. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 All-in-One Doesn’t Work Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 40
- 41. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Buy a drink with your cell phone
- 42. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 A Way to Achieve It Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 42
- 43. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 43
- 44. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Organization of the UI in a meaningful way Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 44
- 45. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Tolerance Prevent user from making mistakes – Prevention – Recoverability • Forward error recovery - system accepts the error and helps the user to accomplish their goal • Backward error recovery – undo the effects of the previous interaction Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 45
- 46. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 46
- 47. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Location on the screen Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 47 Mind the typical Ads location Use typical locations
- 48. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 W3C Accessibility Guidelines W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/ 1. Provide alternatives to auditory and visual content 2. Don’t rely on color alone 3. Use markup and style sheets properly 4. Clarify natural language usage • abbreviation and foreign text 5. Create tables that transform gracefully 6. New technology pages transform gracefully • accessible when newer technologies are not supported Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 48
- 49. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 W3C Accessibility Guidelines 7. Ensure user control of time-sensitive content – pausing/stoping of animation, scrolling, etc. 8. Ensure direct accessibility of embedded UI 9. Design for device independence – various input devices 10. Use interim solutions (for older browsers to function) 11. Use W3C technologies and guidelines 12. Provide context and orientation information 13. Provide clear navigation mechanisms 14. Ensure that documents are clear and simple Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 49
- 50. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Style Guides • A typical guide includes: – description of required interaction styles & user interface controls – guidance on when and how to use the various styles or controls – illustrations of styles and controls – screen templates Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 50
- 51. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Example Style Guides • Apple Interface Guidelines – http://developer.apple.com/DOCUMENTATION/UserExperience/ Conceptual/AppleHIGuidelines/ • Microsoft Windows XP UI Guidelines – http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/Resources/windowsxp/default.mspx • IBM’s Common User Access – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_User_Access • Motif Style Guide – http://www.opengroup.org/motif/motif.data.sheet.htm • Sun Microsystems’ Java Look and Feel – http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ed2/book/HIGTitle.html Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 51
- 52. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 09/06/14Lora Aroyo, Intelligent Information Systems, VU University Amsterdam
- 53. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Design Rationale • Design rationale is information that explains why a system is the way it is • Benefits of design rationale – communication throughout life cycle – reuse of design knowledge across products – enforces design discipline – presents arguments for design trade-offs – organizes potentially large design space – capturing contextual information • Process-oriented – preserves order of deliberation and decision making • Structure-oriented – emphasizes post hoc structuring of considered design alternatives Lora Aroyo, Web & Media Group 53
- 54. Human-Computer Interaction Course 2014: Lecture 3 Read more …