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Irrigation system

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Anand Azad
Anand Azad

This document describes the design of a simple soil moisture detection system to automatically water plants. An op-amp based comparator circuit senses the moisture level in soil using a sensor. If the soil is dry, it triggers a relay to turn on a water pump. This system aims to provide efficient irrigation with low cost and maintenance. Field tests showed it reliably controls watering based on soil moisture levels.

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Irrigation system
Many of us go out of home for many days and in your absence there is nobody to look out for you plants. And sometimes your plant died because of insufficient water supply. So to solve this circuit which will take care of your plants by providing them water on time so that when you go out you feel problem we have described a simple soil moisture detector that your plant is safe. This circuit will sense the presence of moisture in soil and if moisture is not sufficient it will automatically switch on the pump connected with the relay to on the water supply in plants.
Appropriate soil water level is a necessary pre-requisite for optimum plant growth. Also, water being an essential element for life sustenance, there is the necessity to avoid its undue usage. Irrigation is a dominant consumer of water. This calls for the need to regulate water supply for irrigation purposes. Fields should neither be over-irrigated nor under-irrigated. Over time, systems have been implemented towards realizing this objective of which automated processes are the most popular as they allow information to be collected at high frequency with less labour requirements. Bulk of the existing systems employ micro-processor based systems. These systems offer several technological advantages but are unaffordable, bulky, difficult to maintain and less accepted by the technologically unskilled workers in the rural scenario. 2
Sl.No. Subsystem Components Specifications Quantity I Sensor Resistance block (gypsum) 1 II Comparator IC LM 358D 1 III S-R Latch IC 4011, 4049 1,1 IV Amplifier IC 741, potentiometer 1,1 V Relay Relay 12 volt DC 1 VI Indicators LEDs Red, Blue, White 1,1,1 VII Water pump HJ-1000 model, submersible pump 220 V/50 Hz, 20 W, 1000l/h 1 VIII Batteries 6F22 9 V 3
1.>NAND GATE The Logic NAND Gate is a combination of the digital logic AND gate with that of an inverter or NOT gate connected together in series. The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output that is normally at logic level “1” and only goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ALL of its inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic NAND Gate is the reverse or “Complementary” form of the AND gate .
2.>SENSOR The parameter which is of importance is moisture content in the soil. A reliable indication of soil moisture levels is provided by electrical resistance blocks. These are a cost-effective tool for effective management of irrigation. They evaluate soil moisture tension by measuring the electrical resistance between the two electrodes emerging out of the block. The blocks absorb and release moisture as the soil wets and dries respectively. This electrical resistance is recorded with the help of a portable meter that is attached to the wire leads coming out from the moisture sensors. B1 9v R 220k 27.0 DQ 1 CLK/CONV 2 RST 3 THIGH 7 TLOW 6 TCOM 5 S sensor
2.> COMPARATOR For the comparator circuit, we are using IC LM 358 which has two opamps. We have selected two thresholds: 9 V for logic high and 3 V for logic low. These two levels are set at the positive terminal of each opamp. The output of the potential divider is given to the negative terminals of the opamps. The two opamps are arranged such that when the output of the potential divider circuit falls below the preset value of lower opamp the lower opamp gives logic 0 and the upper opamp gives logic 1. When the output of potential divider circuit is in between range (9 V and 3V), then both opamps give logic 1 and when output of potential divider circuit is above the set value of upper opamp, then the upper opamp gives logic 0 and lower opamp gives logic 1. The output of the comparator circuit is fed into a SR Latch. Sl No. Range of voltage Soil condition Logic of Opamp Logic of Opamp 2 (lower) 1 (upper) 1 > 9V Excess wet 0 1 2 > 3V & < 9V Optimum 1 1 3 < 3V Dry 1 0
4.> AMPLIFIER Since the analog output voltage signal from the SR latch is not high enough to drive the relay, hence the need for amplification. The signal is amplified using a 741 opamp and then fed to the relay.
5.> RELAY A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. The output of flip flop is connected to a relay. The ‘NO’ contact of the relay is connected with the power supply to water pump. When this relay will be on, then the water pump will start and when it is off then the power supply to water pump will be cut off and hence it stops. 20 The working of the relay for various test cond
Irrigation system
Irrigation system
XTAL2 18 XTAL1 19 ALE 30 EA 31 PSEN 29 RST 9 P0.0/AD0 39 P0.1/AD1 38 P0.2/AD2 37 P0.3/AD3 36 P0.4/AD4 35 P0.5/AD5 34 P0.6/AD6 33 P0.7/AD7 32 P1.0 1 P1.1 2 P1.2 3 P1.3 4 P1.4 5 P1.5 6 P1.6 7 P1.7 8 P3.0/RXD 10 P3.1/TXD 11 P3.2/INT0 12 P3.3/INT1 13 P3.4/T0 14 P3.7/RD 17 P3.6/WR 16 P3.5/T1 15 P2.7/A15 28 P2.0/A8 21 P2.1/A9 22 P2.2/A10 23 P2.3/A11 24 P2.4/A12 25 P2.5/A13 26 P2.6/A14 27 U1 AT89C51 C1 22pf C2 22pF C3 10uF 11.0592MHZ CRYSTAL R4 10k R1 4.7k D1 1N4148 Q1 BC548 L1 12V V1 VSINE RL1 JWD-172-1 1 2 3 U2:A 4011 R2 33K
#include<reg52.h> //including sfr registers for ports of the controller #include<lcd.h> //LCD Module Connections sbit RS = P0^0; sbit EN = P0^1; sbit D0 = P2^0; sbit D1 = P2^1; sbit D2 = P2^2; sbit D3 = P2^3; sbit D4 = P2^4; sbit D5 = P2^5; sbit D6 = P2^6; sbit D7 = P2^7; //End LCD Module Connections
sbit SOIL_SENSOR = P0^7; sbit relay_pin = P1^0; sbit buzzer_pin = P1^1; void Delay(int a) { int j; int i; for(i=0;i<a;i++) { for(j=0;j<100;j++) { } } } void main() { int i; int flag=0; Lcd8_init();
while(1) { if(SOIL_SENSOR == 1) { flag=0; relay_pin = 1; //motor off Lcd8_Clear(); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(1,2); Lcd8_Write_String("water fill"); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(2,2); Lcd8_Write_String("pump stop"); }
else { relay_pin = 0; //motor on if(flag==0) { buzzer_pin= 1; //buzzer on flag=1; Delay(5000); buzzer_pin= 0;//buzzer off } Lcd8_Clear(); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(1,2); Lcd8_Write_String("land dry"); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(2,2); Lcd8_Write_String("pump start"); } } }
The objective of this project is to design a simple, easy to install methodology to monitor and indicate the level of soil moisture that is continuously controlled in order to achieve maximum plant growth and simultaneously optimize the available irrigation resources. A simple op-amp based comparator circuit is used coupled with relay units which control the water pumps. The use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing and maintenance costs. This makes the proposed system to be an economical, appropriate and a low maintenance solution for applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturists.
A methodological approach has been followed in designing the opamp based system for measurement and control of the plant growth parameter, i.e. soil moisture. The results obtained from the measurement have shown that the system performance is quite reliable and accurate. Field experience has shown that soil moisture sensors are very useful in diagnosing the changes needed and to fine-tune irrigation practices. Relatively minor regulations in irrigation practices can pay large dividends in terms of increased yields or water savings. The key to proper irrigation management using soil moisture sensors is regular monitoring of the sensors to track the soil moisture level and provide irrigation when the readings are in the determined range for the particular soil type.
this system eliminates the drawbacks of the existing set-ups mentioned in the previous section. cost analysis report has been prepared to compare the effective costs of the proposed model and microprocessor based system. it has proved to be an easy to maintain, flexible and low cost solution.
FUTURE SCOPE Soil moisture sensor can be designed according to the various types of soil. A database can be formed. It can be used to determine the types of acids, alkalis or salts present in the soil. Salinity of soil can also be calculated by correlating it with the output voltage. Wireless transmission of the output data directly to the user can be done using a wireless sensor network, Zigbe or Bluetooth.
This system can rapidly realize the automatic networking irrigation system, transmission and display. Through the Web technology, we can realize the function of remote monitoring of the agricultural field. It shows that the system can meet the requirements of the moisture level of the soil, according to that motor can be controlled. Thus, the user can anytime view their sensor data details and the motor functionality status. The user can access the sensor details and motor functionality status from the PC via LAN connection.

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Irrigation system

  • 2. Many of us go out of home for many days and in your absence there is nobody to look out for you plants. And sometimes your plant died because of insufficient water supply. So to solve this circuit which will take care of your plants by providing them water on time so that when you go out you feel problem we have described a simple soil moisture detector that your plant is safe. This circuit will sense the presence of moisture in soil and if moisture is not sufficient it will automatically switch on the pump connected with the relay to on the water supply in plants.
  • 3. Appropriate soil water level is a necessary pre-requisite for optimum plant growth. Also, water being an essential element for life sustenance, there is the necessity to avoid its undue usage. Irrigation is a dominant consumer of water. This calls for the need to regulate water supply for irrigation purposes. Fields should neither be over-irrigated nor under-irrigated. Over time, systems have been implemented towards realizing this objective of which automated processes are the most popular as they allow information to be collected at high frequency with less labour requirements. Bulk of the existing systems employ micro-processor based systems. These systems offer several technological advantages but are unaffordable, bulky, difficult to maintain and less accepted by the technologically unskilled workers in the rural scenario. 2
  • 4. Sl.No. Subsystem Components Specifications Quantity I Sensor Resistance block (gypsum) 1 II Comparator IC LM 358D 1 III S-R Latch IC 4011, 4049 1,1 IV Amplifier IC 741, potentiometer 1,1 V Relay Relay 12 volt DC 1 VI Indicators LEDs Red, Blue, White 1,1,1 VII Water pump HJ-1000 model, submersible pump 220 V/50 Hz, 20 W, 1000l/h 1 VIII Batteries 6F22 9 V 3
  • 5. 1.>NAND GATE The Logic NAND Gate is a combination of the digital logic AND gate with that of an inverter or NOT gate connected together in series. The NAND (Not – AND) gate has an output that is normally at logic level “1” and only goes “LOW” to logic level “0” when ALL of its inputs are at logic level “1”. The Logic NAND Gate is the reverse or “Complementary” form of the AND gate .
  • 6. 2.>SENSOR The parameter which is of importance is moisture content in the soil. A reliable indication of soil moisture levels is provided by electrical resistance blocks. These are a cost-effective tool for effective management of irrigation. They evaluate soil moisture tension by measuring the electrical resistance between the two electrodes emerging out of the block. The blocks absorb and release moisture as the soil wets and dries respectively. This electrical resistance is recorded with the help of a portable meter that is attached to the wire leads coming out from the moisture sensors. B1 9v R 220k 27.0 DQ 1 CLK/CONV 2 RST 3 THIGH 7 TLOW 6 TCOM 5 S sensor
  • 7. 2.> COMPARATOR For the comparator circuit, we are using IC LM 358 which has two opamps. We have selected two thresholds: 9 V for logic high and 3 V for logic low. These two levels are set at the positive terminal of each opamp. The output of the potential divider is given to the negative terminals of the opamps. The two opamps are arranged such that when the output of the potential divider circuit falls below the preset value of lower opamp the lower opamp gives logic 0 and the upper opamp gives logic 1. When the output of potential divider circuit is in between range (9 V and 3V), then both opamps give logic 1 and when output of potential divider circuit is above the set value of upper opamp, then the upper opamp gives logic 0 and lower opamp gives logic 1. The output of the comparator circuit is fed into a SR Latch. Sl No. Range of voltage Soil condition Logic of Opamp Logic of Opamp 2 (lower) 1 (upper) 1 > 9V Excess wet 0 1 2 > 3V & < 9V Optimum 1 1 3 < 3V Dry 1 0
  • 8. 4.> AMPLIFIER Since the analog output voltage signal from the SR latch is not high enough to drive the relay, hence the need for amplification. The signal is amplified using a 741 opamp and then fed to the relay.
  • 9. 5.> RELAY A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. The output of flip flop is connected to a relay. The ‘NO’ contact of the relay is connected with the power supply to water pump. When this relay will be on, then the water pump will start and when it is off then the power supply to water pump will be cut off and hence it stops. 20 The working of the relay for various test cond
  • 13. #include<reg52.h> //including sfr registers for ports of the controller #include<lcd.h> //LCD Module Connections sbit RS = P0^0; sbit EN = P0^1; sbit D0 = P2^0; sbit D1 = P2^1; sbit D2 = P2^2; sbit D3 = P2^3; sbit D4 = P2^4; sbit D5 = P2^5; sbit D6 = P2^6; sbit D7 = P2^7; //End LCD Module Connections
  • 14. sbit SOIL_SENSOR = P0^7; sbit relay_pin = P1^0; sbit buzzer_pin = P1^1; void Delay(int a) { int j; int i; for(i=0;i<a;i++) { for(j=0;j<100;j++) { } } } void main() { int i; int flag=0; Lcd8_init();
  • 15. while(1) { if(SOIL_SENSOR == 1) { flag=0; relay_pin = 1; //motor off Lcd8_Clear(); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(1,2); Lcd8_Write_String("water fill"); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(2,2); Lcd8_Write_String("pump stop"); }
  • 16. else { relay_pin = 0; //motor on if(flag==0) { buzzer_pin= 1; //buzzer on flag=1; Delay(5000); buzzer_pin= 0;//buzzer off } Lcd8_Clear(); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(1,2); Lcd8_Write_String("land dry"); Lcd8_Set_Cursor(2,2); Lcd8_Write_String("pump start"); } } }
  • 17. The objective of this project is to design a simple, easy to install methodology to monitor and indicate the level of soil moisture that is continuously controlled in order to achieve maximum plant growth and simultaneously optimize the available irrigation resources. A simple op-amp based comparator circuit is used coupled with relay units which control the water pumps. The use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing and maintenance costs. This makes the proposed system to be an economical, appropriate and a low maintenance solution for applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturists.
  • 18. A methodological approach has been followed in designing the opamp based system for measurement and control of the plant growth parameter, i.e. soil moisture. The results obtained from the measurement have shown that the system performance is quite reliable and accurate. Field experience has shown that soil moisture sensors are very useful in diagnosing the changes needed and to fine-tune irrigation practices. Relatively minor regulations in irrigation practices can pay large dividends in terms of increased yields or water savings. The key to proper irrigation management using soil moisture sensors is regular monitoring of the sensors to track the soil moisture level and provide irrigation when the readings are in the determined range for the particular soil type.
  • 19. this system eliminates the drawbacks of the existing set-ups mentioned in the previous section. cost analysis report has been prepared to compare the effective costs of the proposed model and microprocessor based system. it has proved to be an easy to maintain, flexible and low cost solution.
  • 20. FUTURE SCOPE Soil moisture sensor can be designed according to the various types of soil. A database can be formed. It can be used to determine the types of acids, alkalis or salts present in the soil. Salinity of soil can also be calculated by correlating it with the output voltage. Wireless transmission of the output data directly to the user can be done using a wireless sensor network, Zigbe or Bluetooth.
  • 21. This system can rapidly realize the automatic networking irrigation system, transmission and display. Through the Web technology, we can realize the function of remote monitoring of the agricultural field. It shows that the system can meet the requirements of the moisture level of the soil, according to that motor can be controlled. Thus, the user can anytime view their sensor data details and the motor functionality status. The user can access the sensor details and motor functionality status from the PC via LAN connection.