This document provides a blueprint for implementing interprofessional care in Ontario. It outlines the context, including demands on the healthcare system that necessitate new collaborative models of care. The blueprint was developed through extensive consultation with healthcare and education leaders. It presents 4 key recommendations to advance interprofessional care through actions like preparing current and future caregivers via interprofessional education, and supporting organizational structures, regulations, and policies that enable collaborative team-based care. The goal is to provide guidance to transform the healthcare system through system-wide adoption of interprofessional care.
This document summarizes a presentation on integrated care and support given by representatives from NHS England and ADASS. It discusses the context of integration between health and social care services, identifies three "wicked issues" challenges to integration, and outlines next steps. Graphs and figures are included showing relationships between long-term conditions, costs of care, and the potential impact and cost savings of integrated models of care. The presentation addresses definitions of integration, evidence challenges, barriers such as information governance, and emphasizes the importance of person-centered coordinated care and building the capacity of patients to engage in self-management.
Week5hcs440february22,2016 a jacobspresentation1AnaJacobs2
This document discusses health care economics and reform related to an aging population. It identifies key methods for addressing challenges, such as education, team-based care models like ACE units, and preventing fraud and abuse. ACE units that use a multidisciplinary team approach have been shown to reduce hospital readmissions and costs. The document also discusses long-term care options like skilled nursing facilities and assisted living. It emphasizes that funding healthcare requires opening opportunities through education rather than force.
Judith Smith and Chris Ham: Commissioning integrated care - what role for cli...The King's Fund
Dr Judith Smith, Head of Policy at the Nuffield Trust, and Professor Chris Ham, Chief Executive of The King’s Fund, share the findings of their recent research into how NHS commissioners have been commissioning better integrated services and care for people in local areas.
Snap%2 B Framework%2 Bfor%2 B General%2 B Practiceprimary
This document presents the Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical Activity (SNAP) Risk Factor Framework for General Practice. The framework was developed to provide integrated approaches for general practitioners to support behavioral risk factor management for smoking, nutrition, alcohol and physical activity.
It identifies these four risk factors as major contributors to disease burden and outlines seven outcomes areas for action: organizational structures, financing, workforce development, information systems, communication, partnerships and referral networks, and research. The framework is intended to streamline support for general practices and encourage collaboration across different organizations and levels of care.
Patient Centered Medical home talk at WVUPaul Grundy
To employers the cost of healthcare is now a business issue and this talk is about what one large buyer IBM did to drive transformation via broad coalition with other large employers to form the Patient Centered Medical Home movement and the covenant between buyer and provider away from the garbage we now buy episodic uncoordinated disintegrated care. In the change of convenient conversation we have worked with the Primary care providers to give us coordinated, integrated, accessible and compressive care with a set of principles know as the Patient centered medical home.
A Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) happens when primary care healers keeping that core healing relationship with their patients step up to become specialists in Family and Community Medicine. The move is to the discipline of leading a team that delivers population health management, patent centered prevention, care that is coordination, comprehensive accessible 24/7 and integrated across a deliver system. PCMH happens when the specialists in Family and Community Medicine wake up every morning and ask the question how will my team improve the health of my community today?
All over the world three huge factors are in play that is driving the concept of Patient Centered Medical Home. They are:
1) Cost and demography
2) Information technology and data (information that is actionable will equal a demand for accountability by the payer or buyer of the care)
3) Consumer demand to engage healthcare differently (at least as well as they can their bank- on line) have a question about lab results why not e-mail?
But at its core it is a move toward integration of a healing relationship in primary care and population management all at the point of care with the tools to do just that.
The article discusses the patient medical home model for creating an integrated healthcare system with improved coordination of care. A patient medical home is a longitudinal general practice supported by a team including physicians and other healthcare professionals. The model aims to enhance support for patients, particularly vulnerable groups, through strengthened connections between providers. Examples of similar models in Ontario and Alberta integrating primary care teams within communities are provided. The goals of BC's patient medical home initiative through the General Practice Services Committee include increasing access to quality primary care and contributing to a more effective and sustainable healthcare system.
Integrated care seeks to address fragmentation in health and social care systems that allows individuals to "fall through the gaps" in care. It is centered around the needs of patients, especially those with complex, long-term conditions like frail older people, people with chronic diseases, and people with mental health issues. Examples provided illustrate integrated care achieved through multi-disciplinary teams, pooled budgets, and coordination of services across primary, community and hospital settings to better meet patient needs.
Integrated care aims to provide proactive, coordinated care for patients through collaboration between health sectors. It involves collecting common patient data, stratifying patients by risk level, and creating joint care plans in cross-sector teams. The goals are to improve the patient experience through more coherent care, support self-management, and make the health system more sustainable by preventing unnecessary hospitalizations and costs. An integrated care project in Odense has established the necessary foundations and is currently testing collaboration models and common digital tools for elderly patients and those with mental health issues, with the first patients enrolled. The project will be fully operational on September 1, 2014 and evaluated by the end of 2015.
Delivered by Prof Frances Ruane, Chairperson of the Expert Group on Resource Allocation in the Health Sector, Executive Director of the ESRI at the IPHA Annual Meeting 2010.
Dr. Salma Burton's presentation outlines the six key building blocks of an effective health system: 1) service delivery, 2) health workforce, 3) health information systems, 4) medical products/vaccines/technologies, 5) health financing, and 6) governance. Each building block plays an important role in ensuring people have access to safe, effective, and quality health services. Strong leadership and coordination across these areas through a systems thinking approach can help improve overall population health outcomes.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the implementation of an integrated care policy called Partners in Recovery (PIR) for people with severe and complex mental illness in Western Sydney, Australia. PIR aims to improve coordination of clinical and other support services for these individuals. The study is prospectively evaluating PIR's impact on individual recovery outcomes, service delivery processes, and system integration over three years. Preliminary findings after the first year will describe any indications of improved system integration found so far and factors facilitating or impeding the integration process. The study setting presents challenges as the target population and their needs were previously unknown, requiring discovery during implementation. However, this practice-based enactment also allows for positive innovation and regional variation in services.
The document discusses integrated care and the transition from a non-system to a system of care. It emphasizes several key points:
1) Currently, care is fragmented, uncoordinated, and episodic with providers working in isolation and multiple points of entry. Integrated care involves coordination, collaboration, continuity of care and a long-term relationship with patients.
2) Barriers to integration include a lack of referral systems, communication between providers, and continuity of personal care. Integrated systems involve multidisciplinary teams working together towards shared goals of improving patient health.
3) The core components of successful integrated care strategies include defined patient populations, aligned financial incentives, use of data and guidelines, effective leadership,
The document is the first annual report from the Health Results Team, which was created by the Minister of Health and Long-Term Care to improve patient access to healthcare in Ontario. The report details progress made in the first year to transform the healthcare system through initiatives like establishing Local Health Integration Networks, reducing wait times, implementing Family Health Teams, and improving information management. The Health Results Team worked across the healthcare community and achieved many milestones to deliver on the vision of creating a more integrated, sustainable, and patient-centered healthcare system.
Chronic diseases account for $93 billion annually in Canada to manage. Despite this spending, 12% of Canadians report being unsatisfied with healthcare quality, posing a challenge for policymakers. The document proposes several projects to identify effective interventions for improving primary care practices and outcomes for patients with chronic conditions. It will analyze policies across Canadian provinces to better integrate health, social, and community services and identify best practices. It will also evaluate tools to screen for social determinants of health and characterize high healthcare users.
Consumer Workshop - Walter Kmet June 2015Walter Kmet
The document discusses a consumer and community engagement forum held by WentWest Primary Health Network. It provides an overview of key topics discussed at the forum:
1. Developing a "toolkit" to support effective consumer and community engagement strategies for primary care organizations.
2. The importance of partnerships between organizations to achieve integrated care, meet community needs, and improve health outcomes.
3. A 10-step process for developing a consumer and community engagement strategy that includes scoping, understanding local needs, identifying partners, developing engagement mechanisms, and monitoring effectiveness.
This document provides a framework for improving collaboration between primary care and mental health services globally. It takes a three-step approach:
1. Identifying mental health services that can be delivered in primary care settings by primary care providers, with or without support from mental health professionals.
2. Outlining ways that effective collaboration can enhance primary mental health care, such as integrating mental health services within primary care settings or coordinating care when services are separate.
3. Examining system changes needed to support new roles and activities, and how collaboration can help address challenges facing all mental health systems.
Population Health Management PresentationCANorfolk
The document discusses population health management (PHM) and its role in supporting integrated care systems (ICS) in the UK. Key points:
- ICSs will be established everywhere by 2021 to integrate primary/specialist care, physical/mental health, and health/social care.
- PHM solutions will help ICSs understand health needs and match NHS services accordingly through data analysis.
- PHM aims to improve population health through proactive, data-driven care that prevents illness and reduces health inequalities.
Engines of Success for U.S. Health Reform?
Eric B. Larson, MD, MPHVice President for Research, Group Health Executive Director, Group Health Research Institute
Implementation of TeamSTEPPS in the Operating Room a Quality ImprTeresa Vincent
This document describes a quality improvement project that aimed to implement TeamSTEPPS communication strategies in an operating room at Norton Women's Kosair Children's Hospital. The goal was to decrease adverse patient harm related events by improving team communication and creating high-reliability teams. Over seven months, TeamSTEPPS techniques like briefs, huddles, debriefs, SBAR, call-out and check-back were introduced. Meeting attendance and video viewing varied. While the number of surgeries increased, the project goals of increasing report and debrief completion rates by 10% and decreasing adverse events by 10% were not met, as reporting declined rather than improved.
Let's Talk Research 2015 - Michael Harrison Blount - An Action Research appro...NHSNWRD
An Action Research approach to facilitating the integration of best practice in the Assessment and Management of Diabetes Related Lower Limb Problems in India.
Michael Harrison-Blount MSc. BSc (Hons). MChS. MFPM RCPS (Glasg). CSci
Lecturer in Podiatry
School of Health SciencesUniversity of Salford
t: +44 0161 2953516
email; m.j.harrison-blount@salford.ac.uk | www.salford.ac.uk
This document summarizes a project to develop smart eco-districts in Washington DC using Internet of Things sensors. The project would scale an existing smart city project on Pennsylvania Avenue to connect four eco-districts with an open data system. In phase one, the plan is to add environmental sensor arrays to the Pennsylvania Avenue project and develop a sensor array prototype. In phase two, the goal is to complete pilot smart eco-district projects in each district, deploy an open data hub, and establish a sensor developer program for students.
Future of Healthcare - Crown Point - Interprofessional Teamsusffw
This document provides an introduction to interprofessional education and practice. It describes recommendations from organizations like the IOM to improve collaboration between healthcare professionals through interprofessional education and teams. The goals of interprofessional collaboration include providing better, higher quality care at a lower cost. It also identifies the need to prepare students with the skills to work effectively on interprofessional teams after graduation.
Report out: SMART Emergency Medical TeamsUS-Ignite
SMART Emergency Medical Teams will help inter-disciplinary
teams improve quality of transition-of-care, promote
situational awareness, and the efficacy of simulation
debriefing.
Accountable and Collaborative Care: Lessons Learned from Across the Globe.
Alan spoke about how important it is to have Collaborative Care; especially in chronic conditions, such as diabetes and COPD. Collaborative Care is facilitated by multi-specialty facilities which makes it more convenient for the patients to get tests results; for example, to make less visits to the doctors office. This can give patient care continuity, since everyone is working for the same cause: You, the patient.
Also bundled payments give physicians the incentive to be more efficient with how they treat their patients.
Founders Advisory is a management consulting firm that provides custom advisory services and insights to financial institutions. This document provides an overview of Founders Advisory's Ideas and Insights knowledge services, which include the Founders Quarterly publication and custom Founders Reports. It previews an upcoming Founders Report on the U.S. retail intermediary asset management market and introduces the concept of the "postmodern global asset and wealth management era". It also outlines the five components of the global asset and wealth management value chain: manufacturing, research, assembly, platform, and distribution.
Licensed Establishments In Human Tissue Sector March 2010Sylvana Brannon
A list by the Human Tissue Authority listing all the licensed and certified cord blood banks, whose stored samples are accepted for transplants in the UK.
The document provides guidance for managing diabetes during the Hajj pilgrimage. It notes that over 20-30% of Hajj pilgrims have diabetes. While Hajj poses challenges for diabetic patients due to changes in environment, diet, and increased physical activity, it states that with proper planning, education, medication management, and care during potential illnesses, people with diabetes can perform Hajj safely. It emphasizes the importance of consulting doctors prior to travel regarding insulin/medication adjustments, hypoglycemia treatment, and sick day management to safely navigate the physical demands and potential health issues associated with the Hajj pilgrimage.
Utah Diabetes Telehealth Program --
Wednesday, August 19, 2009
12:00 p.m. - 1:00 p.m. (MDT)
To participate visit http://health.utah.gov/diabetes/telehealth/telehealth.html
Carol Rasmussen, MSN, NP-C, CDE is a nurse practitioner with many years of experience treating patients with diabetes. Currently Ms. Rasmussen practices at the Exodus Healthcare Network in Magna, Utah and also serves on the AADE Editorial Advisory Board for The Diabetes Educator publication. Moreover, Ms. Rasmussen received the Legislative Leadership Award from the American Association of Diabetes Educators at their 2009 Conference in Atlanta.
Her presentation will cover the challenges of increasing access to diabetes education and strategies for overcoming such obstacles, as well as various tools/resources/programs from AADE.
This document discusses conflict prevention and management in nursing. It defines conflict and describes how it can negatively impact client care if not managed effectively. Key factors that can escalate conflict between nurses and clients are discussed, including client characteristics and behaviors as well as nurse behaviors. Strategies are provided for nurses to prevent conflict escalation with clients through client-centered care and communication. Prevention and management of conflict between nurses and with colleagues is also addressed.
This document discusses doctors and nurses, what they do, and where they work. It explains that doctors care for people's health by examining patients, diagnosing illnesses, and prescribing treatment, often using tools in their medical bag like a stethoscope, tongue spatula, and thermometer. Nurses also care for people's health by assisting doctors and providing medical care. Both doctors and nurses may work in hospitals, doctors' offices, or visit patients at home.
Geriatric Inter-Professional Team Dynamics. Geriatric leadership.Michelle Peck
Michelle Peck | Legal Nurse | Nurse Practitioner | Health Care | Geriatric | Consultant | Speaker | Educator | Researcher
During your journey through this slide deck of Inter-professional Team Dynamics (with a focus on the geriatric inter-professional team), you will experience: Inter-Professional teams, collaboration, and the benefits to the health care system; Team Dynamics according to psychologist Bruce Tuckman; Five Dysfunctions of a Team according to Patrick Lencioni; and the challenges facing inter-professional teams.
As a health care consumer it is important to recognize and be aware of the benefit of inter-professional teams, and the geriatric inter-professional team to the health care system.
Most importantly, team dysfunction can compromise outcomes, especially when leadership lets the team down.
Building great teams takes good leadership. The leader is most important for building trust, which sets the foundation for the team. For a high performing team to operate members must share successes, failures, strengths and weaknesses in a trustworthy environment. When teams build trust and engage in constructive conflict then there is the potential for building commitment and accountability. Then the team can focus on meeting and exceeding the goals and mission. Lencioni, P. (2002).
Learn it-Live it-Love it-Your path for a more informed life!
Michelle Peck | Legal Nurse | Nurse Practitioner | Health Care | Geriatric | Consultant | Speaker | Educator | Researcher
This document discusses interprofessional practice and collaboration in healthcare. It defines interprofessional practice as multiple healthcare workers from different backgrounds working together to provide comprehensive patient care. Interprofessional collaboration is described as developing effective working relationships between professionals and with patients to enable optimal health outcomes. The document outlines some core competencies for interprofessional practice, including roles and responsibilities, values and ethics, communication, and teamwork. It provides evidence that team-based care can improve outcomes like continuity of care and patient satisfaction.
The document defines progressive patient care as a system that places patients in units based on their needs along a continuum of critical care. Progressive care units treat patients who are moderately stable with less complexity and require intermittent nursing vigilance. The benefits of progressive patient care include specialized care for appropriate patients, assurance of high quality nursing care for physicians, efficient use of nurses' skills based on patient needs, and efficient use of hospital resources. Progressive patient care involves three stages - intensive care, intermediate care, and minimal care - with characteristics appropriate to decreasing levels of patient acuity and need.
The presentation described the Inter-Professional Simulation Exercise held on the La Plata campus of the College of Southern Maryland on December 5, 2015. This exercise was mandatory for 4th semester nursing students and 1st semester paramedic students who were active participants in an exercise that evaluated the students’ skills in patient care, critical and creative thinking, prioritization and delegation, and their inter-professional communication skills. The Health Technologies building on campus served as the “Emergency Department” while EMS staged their pre-hospital activities near an adjacent building. First semester nursing students were moulaged as cardiac, trauma, psychiatric, medical, pediatric, respiratory and overdose “patients” and were either walk-in or EMS-transported. Patients were triaged and placed in ED rooms, assessed by nursing students (6-8) and seen by the ED physician, patients transported for diagnostic studies, lab work drawn, medications administered and patients either discharged or admitted. Patients that arrived by EMS were treated prior to arrival and report given to the nurses upon arrival in the ED. The exercise was preceded by a pre-brief and tour. At the conclusion, the group of nursing students debriefed with the EMS students and shared views and perspectives and offered suggestions for subsequent simulations.
El documento propone la creación de un Sistema Nacional de Bachillerato en México que integre los diferentes subsistemas de educación media superior a través de un marco curricular común basado en competencias. Este marco curricular común se centraría en tres ejes: competencias disciplinares, competencias genéricas y competencias profesionales. El sistema nacional apoyaría la articulación de los programas existentes y fomentaría la flexibilidad curricular, la equidad y la movilidad entre escuelas manteniendo la diversidad.
Prudent healthcare and patient activation (1)Andrew Rix
The document discusses patient activation, which refers to empowering patients to take greater control of their health. It finds that activated patients who are informed and able to make healthy choices tend to have better health outcomes and lower healthcare costs. Interventions like education programs and community support can increase patient activation levels. The Patient Activation Measure is presented as a tool to measure a patient's knowledge, skills, and confidence in managing their health across different conditions. The document argues that whole-system approaches are needed to successfully promote patient activation, and that further studies could explore applying activation principles to planned care services in Wales.
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for community organizations in engaging with the changing healthcare environment for aging populations. It outlines how community organizations are well-positioned to innovate through person-focused care, mitigate financial risk for healthcare entities, help transition patients through different care settings, and support end-of-life needs. However, key challenges include engaging healthcare partners who have different cultures, financially aligning, sharing data, and translating awareness of opportunities into concrete actions through organizational reinvention. The document provides strategies for community organizations to build partnerships and their business case for engagement.
Journal #4Journals The Journals should be a synopsis of ALL yo.docxchristiandean12115
Journal #4:
Journals: The Journals should be a synopsis of ALL your required readings and PowerPoints. These papers are 4-6 pages long and include a title and reference page. Tell me what you learned. Failure to cover any aspect of the information will result is loss of points. Spelling and grammar issues will result in loss of points.
· All papers must use appropriate sentence structure, grammar, organization, punctuation and spelling.
· All papers must demonstrate evidence of logical development of thought, clarity, and organization.
· To be accepted for grading, all written papers will be typed and consistent with APA
Textbook(s):
Required:
Mason, D. J., Gardner, D. B., Outlaw, F. H., & O’Grady, E. T. (2016).Policy & politics in
nursing and health care (7th ed.) St. Louis: Elsevier.
(ISBN: 978-0-323-24144-1).
Greer, G. & Fitzpatrick, J. J. (2013). Nursing leadership: From the outside in. New York, NY:
Springer.
(ISBN: 978-0-8261-0866-1).
Policy and Politics in the Government
Mason Textbook:
Chapters: 40-55
Policy and Politics in the Workplace and Workforce
Mason Textbook:
Chapters:56-71
Glazer Chapters13, 18, 19
Policy and Politics in Associations and Special Interest Groups
Mason Textbook:
Chapters: 72-80
Policy and Politics in the Community
Mason Textbook:
Chapters: 81-92
Glazer Remaining Chapters
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IOM committee releases 10 recommendations for the future of nursing
Written by Kelly Gooch | December 04, 2015
The Institute of Medicine this week released an evaluation on its 2010 landmark "The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health" report.
The report made a series of recommendations pertaining to the roles for nurses in the 2010 healthcare landscape.
Shortly after release of the report, AARP and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation launched the Future of Nurs.
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use.docxAASTHA76
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use Only - see specific sponsoringTitle:Union County of Georgia cancer prevention programagency for the proper forms)Date:12-May-17RFA no.PI:Project Period:2017/2018Budget Period:2017-2018Year 1Field researchResearch assitants( Salaries & benefits)250,000Transport120,000Research tools( questionaires and interviews)50,000420,000Screening actvitiesLocal hospital staff service fees80,000Electricity consumed by equipment20,000Maintenace expenses40,000140,000MarketingNutrionists service fees150,000Local gym service15,000Formation of chamber fo commerce180,000Education workshops ( schools and community centers)50,000395,000
pasterme:
rate as of 7/1/05
subject to change
confirm with the SPH
Business Office
pasterme:
part-time student rate as of 7/1/04 subject to change confirm with the SPH Business Office
pasterme:
rate subject to change Please review all budgets with the SPH
Business Office.
Running head: COMMUNITY COALITION 1
COMMUNITY COALITION 3
Community Coalition
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
January 8, 2018
Community Coalition
1. Choose 5 partnerships to engage and explain why you would invite each of these people//organizations to be a part of the coalition.
The creation of community health promotion and education programs takes into consideration several agencies or parties who help in the achievement of the desired health goals. Each of the partners will address its roles using different approaches depending on their area of expertise. This is an important factor to consider as different institutions address health promotion using different approaches and perspectives. The overall outcome from the contribution of every partner should be able to restore and promote the physical, emotional, spiritual, psychological, and social wellness of the community in relation to the health issue being suffered (Minelli, & Breckon, 2009). Chronic diseases are currently the leading causes of death in the community due to their complexity and the severe effects on human health. The community health promotion and education program will be provided by the ‘Health Concerns Coalition’ which will be made up of the following partners; community religious groups, Cancer Supportive Care Foundation, an association of cancer-survivor patients, nutritional organizations, and the local authority.
1. Cancer Supportive Care Foundation – This is an important part of the coalition as it will offer technical expertise in education and diagnosis of chronic diseases. The foundation team will include medical experts who will diagnose the community members of any chronic illnesses. Examinations for diseases such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes and blood pressure will be conducted by this partner as they will provide modern machines needed for the diagnosis of chronic illnesses.
2. Community religious groups – Community religious groups ca ...
Primary Health Care Strategy:
Key Directions for the Information Environment. Case study report and composite success model.
Steve Creed & Philip Gander
The document discusses several topics:
1. A new set of criteria has been developed by NCQA and PCPCC to recognize physician practices as patient-centered medical homes based on 7 principles.
2. Matria has partnered with Microsoft to support HealthVault, a new health platform that allows users to store and access personal health information online.
3. A case study describes how Matria client BD integrated disability management with disease management, increasing participation in health programs from 23% to 48%.
Concept of primary health care in canada chc dr shabon 2009Dr Roohullah Shabon
The document discusses the CHC Model of Care, which is defined by 8 attributes: comprehensive, accessible, client and community centered, interprofessional, integrated, community-governed, inclusive of social determinants of health, and grounded in community development. It provides definitions and elaborations on each attribute. For the comprehensive attribute, it explains that CHCs provide comprehensive coordinated primary health care including primary care, illness prevention, health promotion, personal development groups, and community interventions to address a broad range of client needs beyond just direct medical services.
Partnering with Patients, Families and Communities for Health: A Global Imper...EngagingPatients
Engagement is an essential tool to improving global health. This report introduces a new framework for engagement to help countries assess current programs and think strategically about future engagement opportunities. It spotlights barriers to engagement and offers concrete examples of effective engagement from around the globe.
The document summarizes key topics covered in a Professional Capstone and Practicum course, as reflected in a student's journal. The journal addresses new practice approaches learned, including evidence-based practice and intraprofessional collaboration. It also discusses healthcare delivery systems, ethics, population health, the role of technology, health policy, leadership models, and health disparities. The student reflects on strengthening their cultural competence and how the course helped them meet competencies.
This document discusses the efforts of Partners HealthCare, a large integrated health care system, to develop a common patient safety strategy across their network.
Key elements of their approach include appointing a central Patient Safety Officer to coordinate efforts. This officer formed an Advisory Group of local experts and a Patient Safety Leaders Group of representatives from each institution. The Leaders Group meets monthly to coordinate projects and share results.
Early milestones include implementing executive leadership rounds to discuss safety, developing accountability principles, creating a common incident reporting system, and agreeing to implement computerized physician order entry across all hospitals. This work has increased awareness of patient safety issues within the network.
Consumer and Community Enagement Forum - WentWestWalter Kmet
This document discusses a consumer and community engagement forum hosted by WentWest Primary Health Network. It provides an overview of the forum's goals of achieving better integrated care, empowering local communities, and obtaining feedback to improve healthcare. WentWest developed an engagement toolkit in partnership with Health Consumers NSW to provide guidance on developing effective engagement strategies. The toolkit outlines key steps and considerations for engagement and emphasizes tailoring strategies to local community needs.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands access to health insurance coverage and aims to reduce costs and improve quality of care. Key elements include establishing health insurance exchanges to help consumers find and buy plans, providing subsidies to help lower costs, and requiring insurers to cover pre-existing conditions. However, high medical costs and shortages of primary care providers remain challenges. The ACA invests in expanding community health centers to help address provider shortages.
Southcoast Health partnered with consulting firm Cammack Health in 2010 to reduce costs of its employee health plan and improve member health. Through strategies like population health management, domestic steerage, and personal health management programs, Southcoast achieved the Triple Aim of improved health outcomes, better patient experience, and lower costs. After 4 years, Southcoast saved over $17.2 million compared to national trends, employee contributions remained stable, and members showed positive health changes like reduced ER visits, hospital admissions, and improved management of chronic conditions.
The document summarizes key discussions from a national symposium on patient engagement hosted by the Health Council of Canada. The summary discusses how engaging patients in their own care leads to better outcomes and satisfaction but that the healthcare system is not set up to support this. It highlights several presentations that discussed how a culture shift is needed to truly engage patients as partners, including changing payment models, valuing patient experiences, and ensuring patients feel empowered and prepared to be involved. Physicians may be hesitant to share control but engagement requires a shift from providers doing things "for" or "to" patients to doing things "with" patients.
Running head SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER1SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPE.docxtodd521
Running head: SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER
1
SKILLS ASSESSMENT PAPER
4
Skills Assessment Paper
Summary of Skills
For the development of an organization to be successful and effectively achieve set goals and objectives, strong management and organization skills will be required (Bateman & Snell, 2007). Our Team A brings a broad spectrum of skills and talents coming from life, educational and work-related experiences. Each member of the team possesses unique skill sets that will bring fresh ideas, techniques and creative solutions to challenges in the development of our consulting firm.
A thorough evaluation of our team member’s skills, suggests that our key strengths lie within teamwork and dedication, creating presentations, critical thinking, problem-solving techniques, communication, research, and observations. With these skills, this team will be able to successfully achieve most tasks necessary in the development of a consulting firm. This team will need to use these skills to collaborate efforts in a cooperative manner to create, plan, develop and accomplish the goals of the consulting firm. This evaluation also portrays a strong dedication to learning and improving which is beneficial in the development of new skills that may be needed.
Most members of our team currently have educational and professional experience that proves an intense desire to improve and advocate change and educate communities to collaborate an effort enhancing the lives of individuals. This desire will effectively promote positive changes both within communities as well as at a societal level. The team’s overall commitment is to meet basic human needs through education, focusing on identification of challenges and prevention, as well as assist in overcoming personal and organizational obstacles that individuals may face. Our team is committed to improving the overall quality of life through advocacy and action.
The first type of consulting firm that we could possibly work with would be a human services/independent living consulting program. This program would collaborate with a client’s care givers, doctors and independent care organizations to assist in facilitating a client’s independence and improve or maintain health. This consulting firm would collaborate efforts to create an independent, long-term care plan that will enhance the develop of daily living skills, educate on services and programs available, exercise the right to make healthy living choices, and encourage pro-active involvement of all care-giving professionals in the pursuit of personal growth, presence, and participation in the long term care process. This program will improve and emphasis respect and dignity through the promotion of independence.
PLEASE ADD THE OTHER TWO TYPES HERE!
The types of problems these consulting firms might solve.
Inflexible regulatory and legal issues create competitive obstacles human services providers face when offering health services to communities.
Ader et al (2015) The Medical Home and Integrated Behavioral Health Advancing...Ben Miller
This document discusses recommendations for advancing the integration of behavioral health and primary care. It recommends:
1. Building demonstration projects to test integrated care approaches and evaluate them using standardized measures.
2. Developing training programs for integrated care teams, which typically include the patient, primary care provider, behavioral health specialist, and care manager.
3. Implementing population-based strategies to improve behavioral health and strengthen relationships between practices and community resources.
Health Care Reform (The Affordable Care Act) .docxisaachwrensch
Health Care Reform (The Affordable Care Act)
“
ANA believes that health care is a basic human right (ANA, 1989, ANA, 1998, ANA 2005). Thus, ANA reaffirms its support for a restructured health care system that assures universal access to a standard package of essential health care services for all citizens and residents.”
“ANA believes that the development and implementation of health policies that reflect the six Institute of Medicine (IOM) aims (Safe/Effective/Patient-centered/Timely/Efficient/Equitable) and are based on outcomes research will ultimately save money.”
“The system must be reshaped and redirected away from the overuse of expensive, technology-driven, acute, hospital-based services in the model we now have, to one in which a balance is struck between high-tech treatment and community-based and preventive services, with emphasis on the latter. The solution is to invert the pyramid and focus more on primary care, thus ultimately requiring less costly secondary and tertiary care.”
Activity:
Please read the attached Health Policy Brief on Basic Health Program and “Nursing’s Role in healthcare reform” from American Nurse Today.
Please go to
www.rnaction.org
, go to the Take Action tab above to access the following information regarding health care reform and the new Affordable Care Act. Scroll down the page to the heading Resources and Supreme Court Challenge to learn more about the health care reform and how it affects you as a nurse and as an individual with a family. Check out all the different information.
HealthCare.gov
Keeping health care reform healthy, patients informed
New Animation Explains Changes Coming for Americans Under Obamacare
(7/13)
Health Care Transformation: The Affordable Care Act and How it Affects Nurses
(3/12)
Health Care Reform Legislation Timeline
ANA Policy and Provisions of Health Reform Law
National Conference of State Legislatures Health Reform Site
Kaiser Family Foundation Health Reform Page
The Supreme Court Decision Matters for Registered Nurses, their Families, and their Patients
ANA Analysis: Supreme Court Arguments on the ACA
ANA to Supreme Court: ‘Individual Mandate’ Needed to Make Health Reform Work
Then proceed to the Kaiser Foundation to watch the following:
http://kff.org
““Health Care Reform Hits Main Street on the Kaiser Foundation website or Youtube. (2010)
“New Animation Explains Changes Coming to Americans under Obamacare” (2013) Youtube or Kaiser Foundation
“
Health insurance Explained: YouToons Have it Covered”
(
2014) Youtube or Kaiser Foundation
If you would like more information regarding the ACA, the Kaiser Foundation is a great source and cover many issues.
http://kff.org
Link:
http://kff.org/health-reform/press-release/new-animation-explains-changes-coming-for-americans-under-obamacar.
The document presents an engagement cycle as a conceptual framework for patient and public engagement (PPE) in healthcare commissioning. The cycle outlines key PPE activities that should occur at each stage of the commissioning process, including engaging communities to identify health needs, engaging the public in priority-setting and strategic decisions, engaging patients in service design and improvement, patient-centered procurement and contracting, and patient-centered monitoring and performance management. It provides the rationale and benefits for each activity, and suggestions for how they can be implemented to meaningfully involve patients and the public throughout commissioning.
The one-year report from Intel Corporation and Presbyterian Healthcare Services on their Connected Care program found that enrolled Intel employees and dependents were receiving more evidence-based care, improving control of their diabetes, and more actively managing their health. However, the aggressive cost targets for the first year were not met due to increased engagement, proactive primary care, and more pregnancies than predicted. Overall healthcare costs per member per month exceeded projections. Major successes included high patient satisfaction ratings, improved access to services, and statistically significant improvements in diabetes control. Lessons learned will be applied in subsequent years to further engage patients, offer alternative care venues, and ensure appropriate utilization and cost reduction.
2. For information about the Interprofessional Care Project, please contact:
E-mail: ipcproject@healthforceontario.ca
Website: www.healthforceontario.ca/IPCProject
3. July 2007
Dr. Joshua Tepper
Assistant Deputy Minister
Health Human Resources Strategy Division
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities
Hepburn Block
8th Floor, 80 Grosvenor Street
Toronto ON M7A 1R3
Dear Dr. Tepper,
We are pleased to submit the results of our work, Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action in
Ontario (Blueprint). Working on this project to help advance interprofessional care in Ontario has
been a rewarding experience.
This document contains the results of months of collaborative, thoughtful discussion and input from
some of the province’s leading experts and decision-makers in the fields of health care and education,
each of whom recognizes the value of interprofessional care to the transformation agenda, our health
work force and enhanced quality of care for Ontarians.
The recommendations contained in this Blueprint focus on the need for partnership, integration,
shared responsibility, communication, foundation-building and supporting change. We are confident
that Ontarians will benefit from such a systemic approach to interprofessional care.
Thank you for the opportunity to develop this Blueprint.
Sincerely,
Tom Closson Ivy Oandasan, MD
Co-Chair Co-Chair
4. Co-Chairs
Tom Closson
Ivy Oandasan
Members
Louise Nasmith, Lead, Education Working Group
Jan Robinson, Lead, Regulation Working Group
Judith Shamian, Lead, Organizational Structure Working Group
Cathy Fooks
Michael Gordon
Marg Harrington
Carol Herbert
Rosemary Knechtel
Mary Catherine Lindberg
Deanna Williams
Marsha Barnes
Frances Lamb
Martin Hicks
Janet Mason
Marilyn Wang
ProjectTeam
Carmela Bosco, Lead
Jennifer Xavier, Project Coordinator
Roberta “Bobbie” Carefoote, Facilitator
Amorell Saunders N’Daw,Writer
Steven Hoffman, Research Assistant
Daniel Rosenfield, Research Assistant
Interprofessional Care
Steering Committee
5. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 5
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements Page 6
Executive Summary Page 7
Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action in Ontario
Chapter 1: Interprofessional Care—the Context Page 11
Chapter 2: Blueprint Development Process Page 18
Chapter 3: Blueprint for Action Page 21
Chapter 4: Implementation Plan Page 32
Chapter 5: Closing Thoughts Page 37
Appendices Page 39
Glossary of Terms Page 44
References Page 45
6. The Interprofessional Care Steering Committee (Steering Committee) would like to acknowledge the expertise
and assistance of the members of the Education, Organizational Structure and Regulation working groups
(see Appendix A for a listing) and thank them for their participation and contribution to the development of
Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action in Ontario (Blueprint). Their leadership and support have been
invaluable and greatly appreciated. The development of this Blueprint was truly a collaborative, team-based
effort.
Ontario health care and education leaders have also played a key role in the development of this Blueprint.
They include representatives of regulatory bodies, health care professional organizations, academic
institutions, hospitals, insurers, community and support agencies, researchers, patient/consumer groups
and government. This Blueprint reflects their contributions to and support for the implementation of
interprofessional care in Ontario.
Finally, the Steering Committee also wishes to acknowledge the following organizations for volunteering the
use of their facilities for meetings and consultations during the development of this Blueprint:
Cancer Care Ontario
College of Physiotherapists of Ontario
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
Ontario Medical Association
University Health Network
University of Toronto
While the input of many people has helped shape this Blueprint, it reflects only the views of the Steering
Committee.
Acknowledgements
7. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 7
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Executive Summary
Interprofessional Care — The Context
Demands on the health care system are increasing. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, respiratory disease and mental illness are on the rise, and patients and their families
want to be actively engaged in managing their health conditions, expecting the right care at the
right time. Health care organizations are feeling pressured to provide more timely services, while at
the same time working with finite human and financial resources. For these reasons, new ways of
approaching care are needed, and different solutions will be required to meet future demand.
A collaborative, team-based approach to care can be an enabler for improving patient care and
meeting the demands that the system is facing. This process, called interprofessional care, is the
provision of comprehensive health services to patients by multiple health caregivers who work
collaboratively to deliver quality care within and across settings. Interprofessional care can be
systemically implemented to assist in health care system renewal and improved sustainability.
Many work environments suffer from a lack of support for collaborative, team-based care, but
improved collaboration and teamwork through interprofessional care will assist caregivers to work
more effectively by helping to manage increasing workloads, reduce wait times and reduce patients’
likelihood of suffering adverse reactions as a result of the care they receive.1
Interprofessional care is by no means a new idea. Some organizations have already developed approaches
Interprofessional care is the provision of comprehensive health services to
patients by multiple health caregivers who work collaboratively to deliver
quality care within and across settings.
At a Glance
The Ontario health care system will function more effectively if it embraces the practice of
interprofessional care.
This Blueprint was developed following a year-long process of obtaining input from decision-
makers and leaders in the health care and education sectors, as well as consumers.
Achieving effective implementation of interprofessional care requires a comprehensive action
plan that identifies the roles each partner or participant should undertake.
This Blueprint provides direction on key foundational activities that should be carried out in
the short, medium and long term.
8. Page 8 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
that make it easier for health caregivers to collaborate using teamwork principles. For example, teams
organized around palliative care, geriatrics, critical care and mental health care are demonstrating that
it is possible to organize structures and processes so that health caregivers can work more effectively
together. The concept of a collaborative, team-based approach to care has been endorsed by governments
throughout Canada and around the world, and recent initiatives in Ontario in the form of Family Health
Teams, wait-times management and Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs) are intended to centre
on a model of interprofessional care.
There is mounting evidence that an interprofessional care environment may offer multiple benefits,
including the following1,2
:
Increased access to health care.•
Improved outcomes for people with chronic diseases.•
Less tension and conflict among caregivers.•
Better use of clinical resources.•
Easier recruitment of caregivers.•
Lower rates of staff turnover.•
Caregivers must be competent to practice interprofessional care. It is acknowledged that interprofessional
education and interprofessional care must be advanced simultaneously in order for success to be achieved.3
Blueprint Development Process
Following an invitational summit in June 2006 that saw strong support for the adoption of
interprofessional care, it was recommended that a blueprint be developed to assist in moving
this strategy forward. The Interprofessional Care Project was struck in the Fall of 2006, and the
Interprofessional Care Steering Committee (Steering Committee) was formed. It is comprised of
experts in the fields of policy, education, regulation and organizational structure who were either
decision-makers, implementers or influencers in interprofessional education and interprofessional
care. The Steering Committee accepted the work of creating a blueprint that would provide guidance
to government, educators, health care workers, organizational leaders, regulators and patients about
how to make the adoption of interprofessional care a reality.
The Steering Committee created three working groups: Organizational Structure, Education and
Regulation. Each group was populated with experts from a wide variety of organizations, including
hospitals, community agencies, colleges and universities, regulatory bodies, professional associations,
insurance agencies and unions.
After a year-long process of reviewing the relevant research and holding consultations and meet-
ings, the Steering Committee has developed four key recommendations and associated activities that
provide an effective framework for implementing interprofessional care.
9. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 9
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Blueprint for Action
Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action in Ontario (Blueprint) identifies approaches that will help
to integrate interprofessional care into existing systems, legislation and infrastructures. The
following directions identified during the consultation process should be addressed:
Building the foundation:• The building process begins with the education system, which needs
to prepare current and future caregivers to work within interprofessional care models. New
health care providers entering the system should be trained to provide care in a collaborative
environment, and students should be encouraged to join their local interprofessional health
science students’ association. Educators at universities and colleges need to incorporate
interprofessional education into existing curriculum or develop new curriculum. Professional
development programs on interprofessional care should be offered to ensure maintenance of
competency once health care providers are in practice.
Sharing the responsibility:• Professions need to review their standards of practice with a view
to integrating interprofessional collaborative, team-based care approaches. Professions should
practice within their full scope of practice, consistent with safe care. Unions and management
should be open to including interprofessional care concepts in collective agreements.
Implementing systemic enablers:• Legislation and liability coverage for all health care
providers must be reviewed, paying specific attention to the meaning of professional
responsibility and accountability within team-based structures.
Leading sustainable cultural change:• All leaders must look for ways to integrate
interprofessional care into existing strategies. Funding systems should be structured to provide
incentives for the adoption of interprofessional care.
This Blueprint positions the adoption of interprofessional care as a change-management process and
calls on everyone in the health care and education systems to adopt a common vision to improve
communication and collaboration, ultimately leading to a more effective, integrated health care
system in which:
Patients and their families are part of the caregiving team.•
Patients are confident in the caregiving team’s ability to take care of their health care needs.•
Health caregivers collaborate and communicate effectively.•
Health care settings embrace interprofessional care.•
Infrastructure, funding models and policies exist to support interprofessional care.•
Below is a snapshot of the Steering Committee’s recommendations.
10. Page 10 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
EXECUTIVESUMMARY
Blueprint Recommendations at a Glance
Direction Strategy Recommended actions
A. Building the
foundation
Create a firm foundation
upon which key inter-
professional care activities
can be implemented and
sustained.
Define core competencies for interprofessional care.1.
Clarify roles and responsibilities in an interprofessional2.
care environment.
Develop interprofessional education curriculum models.3.
Agree on terms and conditions for adequate mandatory4.
liability insurance.
Ensure that patients, their families, volunteer caregivers5.
and acute and community support services have the
tools and resources they need to participate actively in
care decisions.
B. Sharing the
responsibility
Share the responsibility for
ensuring that interprofes-
sional care strategies are
effectively implemented
among interested parties.
Establish a provincial Interprofessional Care1.
Implementation Committee.
Develop a multi-level accountability framework.2.
Create a central provincial resource for knowledge3.
transfer.
C. Implementing
systemic enablers
Provide systems, processes
and tools that will allow
interprofessional care to
be taught, practiced and
organized in a systemic
way.
Conduct a legislative review to identify opportunities1.
for supporting interprofessional care.
Implement interprofessional care accreditation2.
standards.
Build interprofessional care into service-based and3.
collective agreements.
Incorporate interprofessional care into e-health4.
strategies.
Provide incentives for practicing interprofessional care.5.
D. Leading
sustainable
cultural change
Lead sustainable cultural
change that recognizes
the collaborative nature of
interprofessional care and
embraces it at all levels
of the health care and
education systems.
Implement a public engagement strategy.1.
Support interprofessional care champions.2.
Provide support for interprofessional care and3.
interprofessional education.
Evaluate system performance and outcomes.4.
Implementation Plan
Achieving effective implementation of interprofessional care requires a comprehensive action plan
that identifies the roles each partner or participant should undertake. The plan developed in this
Blueprint is a starting point and will need to be updated and refined as the key parties take owner-
ship of their responsibilities in its implementation.
Closing Thoughts
Collaboration, partnership, communication and teamwork have been the hallmarks of the creation
of the Blueprint. We trust that these core values will guide the successful implementation of
interprofessional care in Ontario.
11. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 11
Demands on the health care system are increasing.
Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, respiratory disease and mental illness are on
the rise (there are approximately 16 million Canadians
living with chronic illnesses4
), and population trends
show a rapidly growing elderly population, longer
life expectancy and increased prevalence of chronic
diseases and disabilities among aging baby boomers.5
Along with these demands, patients and their fami-
lies want to be more actively engaged in managing
their health conditions, expecting the right care at
the right time. Health care organizations are feeling
pressured to provide more timely services, while
at the same time working with finite human and
financial resources.
For these reasons, new ways of approaching care
are needed, and different solutions will be required
to meet the future demand.
A collaborative, team-based approach to care can
be an enabler for improving patient care and meet-
ing the demands that the system is facing. This
process, called interprofessional care, is the provi-
sion of comprehensive health services to patients by
multiple health caregivers who work collaboratively
to deliver quality care within and across settings.
Interprofessional care can be systemically imple-
mented to assist in health care system renewal and
improved sustainability.
Many work environments suffer from a lack
of support for collaborative, team-based care.
Improved collaboration and teamwork through
interprofessional care will assist caregivers to work
more effectively by helping to manage increasing
workloads, reduce wait times and reduce patients’
likelihood of suffering adverse reactions as a result
of the care they receive.1
Chapter 1:
Interprofessional Care — the Context
At a Glance
Demands on the health care system are increasing; interprofessional care will be an important
mechanism for assisting with system renewal and sustainability.
Interprofessional care is the provision of comprehensive health services to patients by multiple health
caregivers who work collaboratively to deliver quality care within and across settings.
Research documenting the benefits of interprofessional care is building.
The challenges of implementing interprofessional care must be understood and managed to achieve
success.
The Case for Interprofessional Care
12. Page 12 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
The health care system is gradually being
transformed to ensure that the patient is at the
centre, delivery is timely, care is safe, continuity is
maintained and access is guaranteed. For example,
the creation of Family Health Teams is making it
easier for patients to gain access to primary care
services. Team-based models to reduce wait times
for surgeries is another innovative approach to
care. Organizations and care delivery agencies
and settings are being held accountable for service
delivery and performance and are working with
Local Health Integration Networks (LHINs) to
integrate and manage care within communities.
Figure 1.1 shows how interprofessional care can
be incorporated into current health care system
renewal initiatives to help enhance patient care.
In Ontario, numerous initiatives grounded in the
concept of interprofessional care have already been
undertaken. Primary care reform had its genesis
in the need to create team-based approaches to
enhance the patient care experience, and a series of
guides supporting interprofessional collaborative
team practice have been developed for Family
Health Teams. These guides include descriptions
of how the different roles and responsibilities of
health professionals can be integrated to enhance
assessment, treatment, management, education,
referrals and resources for patients.6
In addition, a
key focus of the LHINs is to enhance the seamless
care delivery processes for patients as they move
between sectors (e.g., patients moving from a
hospital to a rehabilitation centre and then home).
Figure 1.1 Enablers for Ontario Health Care and Education Systems
Note: CCAC denotes Community Care Access Centre; FHT, Family Health Team; IPC, Interprofessional Care; LHIN, Local Health
Integration Network.
13. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 13
Interprofessional Care Defined
In this Blueprint, the Interprofessional Care Steering
Committee (Steering Committee) is using the
following definition for the term interprofessional
care: “Interprofessional care is the provision of
comprehensive health services to patients by
multiple health caregivers who work collaboratively
to deliver quality care within and across settings.”
(Note: See the glossary for this definition and
others.) Figure 1.2, illustrates the interconnected
nature of this approach.
The term health caregivers was also chosen
intentionally for use in this document because it
acknowledges the different types of individuals
who provide care for patients and their families.
It recognizes that all those who provide care,
including regulated and unregulated health
caregivers, as well as the patient, family, friends
and community volunteers, are active members
of the health care team. In order to be inclusive
and successful, all types of health caregivers must
participate in implementing the recommendations
presented here in this Blueprint.
Figure 1.2 Interprofessional Care Defined
14. Page 14 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Our health care system often separates caregivers
rather than uniting them; each group of caregivers
is trained in its own discipline, many belong to a
different professional association and many report
to a separate regulatory body. However, some
organizations have created approaches to make
it easier for health caregivers to collaborate using
teamwork principles. This can occur both within
a care delivery setting and across settings (i.e.,
hospitals, home care, etc.). For example, teams
organized around palliative care, geriatrics, critical
care and mental health care are demonstrating that
it is possible to organize structures and processes
so that health caregivers can work more effectively
together. Better outcomes can be achieved by
optimizing the expertise of all caregivers involved
in the care process, including the patient and his or
her family, leading to seamless care for the patient,
as shown in Figure 1.3.
Note: Broken lines depict non-existent or inconsistent level of communication between settings and among health caregivers
and patients. Solid lines depict the open and transparent communication and interaction that occurs as a result of
interprofessional care practices and processes.
Figure 1.3 Spectrum of Patient Care
15. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 15
The manner in which health caregivers deliver care
should be based on the principles of collaborative
practice. Communication, trust, confidence in oneself,
confidence in other health care partners, autonomy,
mutual respect and a feeling of shared responsibility
are essential elements in collaboration.7
Function-
ing in a team is a key part of collaboration and helps
guide the decision-making process. Rather than
having many individuals working in silos to make
decisions for the patient, a team of people works
collaboratively with the patient and family to provide
care. The process occurs across the continuum of a
patient’s care, with health caregivers who agree to
communicate and collaborate, regardless of setting.
Interprofessional care is by no means a new idea. The
concept of collaborative, team-based approaches to
care has been endorsed by governments throughout
Canada and around the world; the federal, provin-
cial and territorial governments, through the 2003
and 2004 Health Accords,8,9
have identified inter-
professional care as a priority for health care system
renewal; and many Canadian jurisdictions have
incorporated interprofessional care into their health
human resources planning. It is recognized that
caregivers must be competent to practice interprofes-
sional care, “…if health care providers are expected
to work together and share expertise in a team
environment, it makes sense that their education and
training should prepare them for this type of work-
ing arrangement...”39
Interprofessional education
and interprofessional care must be advanced simul-
taneously in order for success to be achieved.3
Federally commissioned reports have provided a
better understanding of the complex nature of inter-
professional care and the need for broad participa-
tion among the multiple stakeholders within and
across the health care and education systems.1,10,11
Moreover, there is mounting evidence that an
interprofessional care environment may offer
multiple benefits, including the following1,2
:
Increased access to health care.•
Improved outcomes for people with chronic•
diseases.
Less tension and conflict among caregivers.•
Better use of clinical resources.•
Easier recruitment of caregivers.•
Lower rates of staff turnover.•
Evidence of the Benefits of
Interprofessional Care
Health care systems research indicates that
interprofessional care can provide numerous
benefits, including improved patient care and
safety, enhanced provider satisfaction and better
organizational efficiency. Interprofessional care
can also contribute to system innovation and
sustainability. Examples of research into the benefits
of interprofessional care include the following:
Improved communication reduces medical•
errors,1
in one study lowering emergency
department clinical error rates from 30.9 to 4.4%.12
Lack of coordination results in redundancy in•
medical testing, leading to additional costs.12
A study of closed claims in a hospital showed•
that improved teamwork could have prevented or
mitigated the events leading to malpractice claims
in 43% of the events under study.13
A non-controlled study of the impact of a•
medical emergency team in a 300-bed hospital
found that the incidence of unexpected cardiac
arrest declined by 50%.14
16. Page 16 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Evidence continues to build around the benefits of
interprofessional care. In Ontario, the number of
interprofessional care projects being initiated by
health care and education organizations continues
to grow (examples are highlighted in Appendix
B), and each project offers an opportunity to learn
more about the potential benefits of interprofes-
sional care.
Addressing Challenges to
Interprofessional Care
Implementation
Partnership, communication and collaboration are
the key principles of a highly effective interprofes-
sional care environment. There are many variables
and challenges at play in the current health care
system that will have implications for the success-
ful implementation of interprofessional care. To
achieve this goal, it will be important to manage
these challenges, including the following:
Dealing with change:• Creating an
interprofessional care environment within
and across care delivery settings will require
changes in the way care is currently delivered.
Health caregivers will need to adopt common
patient care goals and help break down the
silos and power structures that hamper
interprofessional care.15
Legislation/regulations:• Existing legislation
and regulations are perceived to be barriers
to health professions fully functioning to
their scope of practice, thus resulting in
underutilization of health human resources.
One challenge is identifying ways to utilize
the enablers within legislation to support
interprofessional care. An example is the
Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991 (RHPA)
which is not an exclusive scope of practice
model but a regulatory model that allows for
overlapping scopes of practice and delegation
which provides an ideal base for encouraging
the professions. However, other pieces of
legislation governing specific types of care that
reference health care professions may specify
a narrower range of activities that might be
possible under the framework of RHPA and
reduce interprofessional care opportunities.
Funding:• Obtaining funding to support
interprofessional care models is challenging
because of other competing demands
for financial resources. Internationally,
reimbursement models are being introduced
to enable integrated health teams to practice
effectively.15
Ontario has funded several
initiatives, providing financial incentives that
support interprofessional care.
Education and training:• Educating health
caregivers based on interprofessional care
curriculum has been a challenge. It has been
difficult to incorporate such curriculum into
university and college programs so that
health caregivers can receive the education
and training they need to practice in an
interprofessional care setting. Further,
faculty are needed to teach interprofessional
education and care, not only for new graduates
but also for those at the post-graduate level.
Accreditation processes do not always include
standards for interprofessional practice as a
requirement. Most professional development
programs are not currently focused on training
practitioners and caregivers to work together to
enhance patient care.
17. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 17
Liability:• Liability insurance coverage
has been perceived as a major challenge to
interprofessional care implementation, but
many teams have been able to work in an
interprofessional care environment without
incident.16
The challenges that the health care system faces in
delivering quality, patient-centred care through an
interprofessional care approach can be overcome.
We need to work together to address these
challenges and create solutions for the successful
implementation of interprofessional care.
18. Page 18 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
This Blueprint was created to support
HealthForceOntario. HealthForceOntario is a col-
laborative, multi-year strategy designed to enhance
patient care by strengthening the province’s health
workforce. Its mandate is to develop strategies to
address the province’s health human resources
needs, work with the education system to develop
people with the right knowledge and skills and
advance the practice of interprofessional care.
Following an invitational summit in June 2006
that saw strong support for the adoption of
interprofessional care, it was recommended that
a blueprint be developed to assist in moving this
strategy forward.15
The Interprofessional Care
Project was initiated in the Fall of 2006, and the
Interprofessional Care Steering Committee
(Steering Committee) was formed. It consisted
of experts in the fields of policy, education,
regulation and organizational structure who
are either decision-makers, implementers or
influencers in interprofessional education and
practice. The Steering Committee accepted the
responsibility of creating a blueprint that would
provide guidance to government, educators, health
care workers, organizational leaders, regulators
and patients about how to make the adoption of
interprofessional care a reality.
As part of its mandate, the Steering Committee was
to develop recommendations that would have a
high likelihood of being implemented and put into
practice. The recommendations were to be:
Feasible•
Built from current programs•
Cost-effective•
Broadly applicable•
Readily adaptable across a range of health and•
education sectors
Chapter 2:
Blueprint Development Process
At a Glance
This Blueprint has been developed to produce a concrete action plan, building on the dialogue that
occurred at an invitational summit in June 2006.
A Steering Committee was formed following the summit, which used working groups to develop
recommendations and actions that could provide a framework for implementing interprofessional
care in Ontario.
The Steering Committee consisted
of experts in the fields of policy,
education, regulation and
organizational structure who are
either decision-makers, implementers
or influencers in interprofessional
education and practice.
19. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 19
Priority was placed on strategies supported by
published research or interprofessional care
projects showing benefits to patients, caregivers,
organizations and the overall health care system.
The Steering Committee was also to ensure that
its recommendations would be aligned with
other priorities, such as wait times, chronic
disease management and initiatives under the
HealthForceOntario Strategy. Figure 2.1 shows the
steps involved in creating the Blueprint.
Seeking Expert Input
In order to obtain input from decision-makers
and leaders in interprofessional care, the
Steering Committee created three working
groups: Organizational Structure, Education
and Regulation. Each group was populated with
experts from a wide variety of organizations,
including hospitals, community agencies, colleges
and universities, regulatory bodies, professional
associations, insurance agencies and unions
(Appendix A provides a list of working group
members).
The Steering Committee directed the three working
groups to identify the key action-oriented activities
and priorities that would facilitate interprofessional
care through all levels of the health care and
education systems.
Figure 2.1 Blueprint Development Process
20. Page 20 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Interprofessional Care Framework
Each working group developed its own report
and identified the specific activities and strategic
directions that would be necessary to promote
interprofessional care. From these reports, four
common themes emerged:
A. Building the foundation
B. Sharing the responsibility
C. Implementing systemic enablers
D. Leading sustainable change
These themes and corresponding actions were
presented at a stakeholder consultation session,
an opportunity for 150 leaders across the health
care and education sectors to provide input and
feedback on the proposed strategy for advancing
interprofessional care. Stakeholders supported
the themes outlined above and recommended
that an infrastructure be put into place to stage
the implementation of interprofessional care in a
flexible manner, with grassroots involvement.
As a result of this collaborative and consultative
process, the Steering Committee developed four
overarching recommendations, with actions flowing
from each one (see Chapter 3). These actions, if given
appropriate attention, can provide an effective
framework for implementing interprofessional care.
21. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 21
This Blueprint for action identifies approaches that
will help to integrate interprofessional care into
existing systems, legislation and infrastructures.
All participants in the health care and education
sectors must do their part to ensure the successful
implementation of these directions and actions. The
following directions identified during the consulta-
tion process (see Chapter 2) should be addressed:
Building the foundation:• The building process
begins with the education system, which needs
to prepare current and future caregivers to
work within interprofessional care models. New
health care providers entering the system should
be trained to provide care in a collaborative
environment, and students should be
encouraged to join their local interprofessional
health science students’ association. Educators
at universities and colleges need to be supported
to incorporate interprofessional education
into existing curriculum or develop new
curriculum. Professional development programs
on interprofessional care should be offered to
ensure maintenance of this competency once
health care providers are in practice.
Sharing the responsibility:• Professions
need to review their standards of practice
with a view to integrating interprofessional
collaborative, team-based approaches.
Professions should practice within their full
scope of practice, consistent with safe care.
Unions and management should be open to
including interprofessional care concepts in
collective agreements.
Implementing systemic enablers:• Legislation
and liability coverage for all health care
providers must be reviewed, paying specific
attention to the meaning of professional
responsibility and accountability within team-
based structures.
Chapter 3:
Blueprint for Action
At a Glance
All stakeholders must work in partnership to implement an effective interprofessional care strategy.
This Blueprint addresses the four directions needed for interprofessional care to be practiced:
A. Building the foundation
B. Sharing the responsibility
C. Implementing systemic enablers
D. Leading sustainable cultural change
All participants in the health care
and education sectors must do their part
to ensure a successful implementation.
22. Page 22 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Leading sustainable cultural change:• Leaders
across the health care and education systems
from front-line clinicians, organizational
decision-makers, educators, patients
and families, policy-makers and senior
government must look for ways to integrate
interprofessional care into existing strategies.
Funding systems should be structured
to provide incentives for the adoption of
interprofessional care.
In order for interprofessional care to be effectively
implemented, these four directions must be
coordinated and integrated; work on the directions
should be interconnected for maximum effect
(see Figure 3.1).
A summary of the Steering Committee
recommendations can be found in Figure 3.1.
The recommendations are targeted at both the
health care and education sectors, as they must both
play important leadership roles in implementing
the recommendations.
Figure 3.1 Interprofessional Care Implementation Framework
23. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 23
Table 3.1 Blueprint Recommendations at a Glance
Direction Strategy Recommended actions
A. Building the
foundation
Create a firm foundation upon which
key interprofessional care activities
can be implemented and sustained.
Define core competencies for interprofessional care.1.
Clarify roles and responsibilities in an2.
interprofessional care environment.
Develop interprofessional education curriculum3.
models.
Agree on terms and conditions for adequate4.
mandatory liability insurance.
Ensure that patients, their families, volunteer care-5.
givers and acute and community support services
have the tools and resources they need to participate
actively in care decisions.
B. Sharing the
responsibility
Share the responsibility for ensuring
that interprofessional care strategies
are effectively implemented among
interested parties.
Establish a provincial Interprofessional Care Imple-1.
mentation Committee.
Develop a multi-level accountability framework.2.
Create a central provincial resource for knowledge3.
transfer.
C. Implementing
systemic enablers
Provide systems, processes and tools
that will allow interprofessional care
to be taught, practiced and organ-
ized in a systemic way.
Conduct a legislative review to identify opportunities1.
for supporting interprofessional care.
Implement interprofessional care accreditation2.
standards.
Build interprofessional care into service-based and3.
collective agreements.
Incorporate interprofessional care into e-health4.
strategies.
Provide incentives for practicing interprofessional5.
care.
D. Leading
sustainable cultural
change
Lead sustainable cultural change that
recognizes the collaborative nature of
interprofessional care and embraces
it at all levels of the health care and
education systems.
Implement a public engagement strategy.1.
Support interprofessional care champions.2.
Provide support for interprofessional care and3.
interprofessional education.
Evaluate system performance and outcomes.4.
24. Page 24 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Key elements required to build the foundation
include the following:
Agreement on the knowledge, skills,•
competencies and attitudes required to practice
interprofessional care.
Clarity on opportunities for health•
caregivers to optimize their roles within an
interprofessional care setting.
A clear understanding of the relationship•
between these optimal roles and accountability
among health caregivers.
Recommendations
1. Define core competencies for interprofessional care
It is recommended that educators and regula-
tors work together to define and agree on core
interprofessional care competencies. Through
the development of a common competency
framework, it will be clear what is required for
all caregivers to practice in this type of health
care environment.
2. Clarify roles and responsibilities in an
interprofessional care environment
Processes should be developed and
implemented to help caregivers, professional
associations and organizations understand
their scope of practice, competencies, roles,
responsibilities and accountabilities in order
to have a fully functioning interprofessional
care environment that supports open and clear
communication. Effective communication
within and across settings will enhance
understanding among caregivers, creating
opportunities to clearly describe the scope
of each caregiver’s role and accompanying
responsibilities.
There is also a need to identify opportunities
to optimize current roles and scope with
respect to interprofessional care (for example,
by promoting existing and new authorizing
mechanisms through delegation). This
may include creating broad provincial
delegation processes to ensure consistency in
its application across settings and facilitate
interprofessional care. The Federation of Health
Regulatory Colleges of Ontario has developed
an interprofessional guide on delegation and a
toolkit that should assist health professionals
in practicing interprofessional care.17
Clarifying
and optimizing roles will help address health
human resources challenges and introduce
interprofessional care changes at the practice
level.
Strategy: Create a firm foundation upon which key interprofessional care
activities can be implemented and sustained.
A. Building the Foundation
25. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 25
3. Develop interprofessional education
curriculum models
Health caregivers will be working in increasing-
ly interprofessional environments in the future.
For this reason, it is important to equip them
with the theory, techniques and practical clini-
cal experience they will need to be successful.
Interprofessional education should be incorpo-
rated into curriculum throughout the full range
of education, from undergraduate through to
postgraduate and continuing education.
Deans and principals of colleges and universi-
ties must provide a mandate for developing
curriculum for entry-level health caregivers
that incorporates the competencies required for
interprofessional care. This can be accomplished
by adapting curriculum already developed at
some Ontario colleges and universities and from
those from the United Kingdom,18
the United
States11
and other parts of Canada.11
It will be necessary to connect education and
practice through appropriate clinical placements
in order to develop an effective interprofessional
care model for new health caregivers.
4. Agree on terms and conditions for adequate
mandatory liability insurance
In Canada, liability structures have traditionally
been individually based. Adequate mandatory
liability protection coverage is required for all
caregivers if the practice of interprofessional
care delivery is to be advanced.16
A key concern
among professions is the issue of who would
ultimately be responsible and held accountable
if an adverse event were to occur as the result
of interprofessional care. For this reason, man-
datory adequate liability insurance should be
introduced for all caregivers participating in
interprofessional care.16
Interprofessional care
needs to be addressed from the perspective of
providing clarification on roles and responsibili-
ties with respect to legal liability.
5. Ensure that patients, their families, volunteer
caregivers and acute and community support
services have the tools and resources they need
to participate actively in care decisions.
Action should be taken to ensure that patients
and their families are also seen as partners in
interprofessional care, along with unregulated
and regulated health care professionals. Families
play an integral role in supporting patients
who require care, but they are not consistently
included in the decision-making process. As
patients navigate through the health care system
from setting to setting, it becomes more difficult
for them and their families to participate in care
decisions.
Approximately three million Canadians act as
family and volunteer caregivers.19
It is estimated
that these caregivers provide 80% of the required
care in the home, yet their role in the delivery
of primary care is barely acknowledged by the
health care system. Such lack of acknowledge-
ment of the invaluable contribution of these care-
givers often increases the stress they experience
in these roles.19
They must be considered part of
the health care team. This is of particular issue as
health care policies shift care from institutional to
community-based settings. Given the experience
of family and volunteer caregivers, they should
be involved not only in patient care decision-
making but also in developing health care and
education policies and programs.
Clear communication, partnership and leader-
ship of all partners are necessary in order to
achieve interprofessional care.
26. Page 26 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
All health caregivers, educators, decision-
makers and policy-makers have a shared,
collective responsibility for the implementation
of interprofessional care. For this reason, sharing
the responsibility has been identified as a key
principle for interprofessional care implementation.
Implementation of interprofessional care should
not fall to any one group; we are all responsible for
making interprofessional care a success in Ontario.
Recommendations
1. Establish a provincial Interprofessional Care
Implementation Committee
An Interprofessional Care Implementation
Committee (Implementation Committee) should
be established for ongoing interprofessional care
coordination, dialogue and decision-making;
playing a key role in building the foundation
for interprofessional care; and overseeing the
implementation of activities.
It is proposed that the Implementation
Committee have a three-year mandate to
oversee system-wide implementation of
this Blueprint. Supported by the provincial
government, the Implementation Committee
should consist of members involved in
current programs and initiatives aimed at
incorporating interprofessional education and
interprofessional care practices at the grassroots
level. It is recommended that activities of the
Implementation Committee commence in the
Fall of 2007. Appendix C provides further
information on the proposed mandate and
scope of the Implementation Committee.
2. Develop a multi-level accountability
framework
Effective implementation of interprofessional
care will require accountability mechanisms
at appropriate levels in the health care and
education systems — from patient care to
health care organizations, to Local Health
Integration Networks (LHINs), to the provincial
government. LHINs will play an increasingly
active role in determining care-delivery needs
and integrating care among multiple caregivers
by means of their accountability agreements.
Shared accountability mechanisms may include
interprofessional care expectations for all deliv-
ery organizations, such as the following:
Organizational agreements to introduce•
interprofessional care structures and
processes.
A portion of government and LHIN funds•
tied to progress in interprofessional care.
Strategy: Share the responsibility for ensuring that interprofessional care
strategies are effectively implemented among interested parties.
B. Sharing the Responsibility
27. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 27
Multi-level indicators measuring•
performance in settings that have adopted
interprofessional care.
3. Create a central provincial resource for
knowledge transfer
A knowledge-transfer process is recommended
for sharing best practices, training
interprofessional care implementers and
providing support to those in the field. This will
include the creation of an Ontario-specific body
of knowledge of relevance to all participants in
interprofessional care implementation.
Some provincial demonstration projects are
already underway that provide opportunities
for knowledge transfer with respect to
interprofessional education and interprofessional
care delivery, including the Interprofessional
Mentorship, Preceptorship, and the Leadership
Coaching Initiative; the Interprofessional Health
Education Innovation Fund; and the recently
completed Primary Health Care Transition Fund.
Strategy: Provide systems, processes and tools that will allow interprofessional
care to be taught, practiced and organized in a systemic way.
C. Implementing Systemic
Enablers
There are many systemic enablers that will have
a significant impact on the health care system’s
ability to implement interprofessional care; indeed,
numerous systems, processes and tools are already
in place that could be built upon.
Recommendations
1. Conduct a legislative review to identify
opportunities for supporting interprofessional
care
A review by government and regulators of the
legislative framework should identify areas that
may not require legislative changes, as well as
legislation that may need amendment to ensure
incorporation of interprofessional care.20
Such
a review should begin with health profession
legislation in Ontario, the Regulated Health
Professions Act 1991, in order to examine the
impact it may have on the implementation of
interprofessional care. The review should focus
on how the Act can enable flexibility and system
changes through interprofessional care. A subse-
28. Page 28 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
quent review should examine what changes to
more general legislation would have the great-
est impact in facilitating interprofessional care.
2. Implement interprofessional care accreditation
standards
Accreditation has been shown to be an effective
lever for change in achieving better care envi-
ronments for providers and patients21
and better
education environments for students. There are
current accreditation processes in place within
health care organizations, regulatory bodies and
academic institutions that can facilitate
interprofessional care and interprofessional
education.22
It will be essential to amend organizational
accreditation systems to include inter-
professional care, as well as to promote the
inclusion of interprofessional care principles in
accreditation models:
Provider organizations must adapt to the•
new interprofessional care accreditation
standards developed by the Canadian
Council on Health Services Accreditation.23
Educational institutions must ensure that•
standards of education for professionals
include interprofessional care curriculum
and programs through accrediting
education bodies, such as the Association
of Accrediting Agencies of Canada. In
May 2007, Health Canada commissioned
the Association of Faculties of Medicine
of Canada to help develop a national
educational accreditation approach targeting
medicine, nursing, pharmacy, social work,
physiotherapy and occupational therapy.
Regulators must develop, establish•
and maintain standards and quality
improvement programs that will enable
professions to practice interprofessional
care. Initiatives are underway in developing
accreditation criteria on how to practice
interprofessional care within institutions.24
3. Build interprofessional care into service-based
and collective agreements
Service-based agreements, funding models
and memoranda of understanding are impor-
tant vehicles for enhancing interprofessional
care. Collective agreements should also reflect
interprofessional care principles. Appropriate
funding models will be needed to fully integrate
interprofessional care concepts into patient care.
This includes sustainable funding models for
health caregivers to work in interprofessional
teams and for educators to teach interprofes-
sional care. Efforts should be made to determine
what resources and support systems will be
needed to enable caregivers to practice interpro-
fessional care.
4. Incorporate interprofessional care into
e-health strategies
E-health strategies have the potential to facili-
tate efficient and effective patient care delivery.
Stakeholders have noted that e-health initia-
tives, such as the electronic health record, have
the potential to be an enabler of interprofes-
sional care.25
Collaboration is needed with
e-health leaders to establish standards for data
and information-sharing that allow care teams
within and across sectors to have ready access
to patient information when making care deci-
29. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 29
sions. The government has made a commitment
to e-health as a way to enhance care delivery.26
The success of e-health depends on skilled care-
givers who can deploy the technology to pro-
vide optimal care. Interprofessional care prac-
tices will rely on e-health and, as such, should
be acknowledged in the e-health agenda.
5. Provide incentives for practicing
interprofessional care
Appropriate interprofessional care incentives
must be provided so that health caregivers can
achieve an effective interprofessional care envi-
ronment. Incentives can be a lever for encour-
aging interprofessional care; for example, they
could be linked to “preferred provider” desig-
nation for community agencies.27
In hospitals,
resources such as interprofessional care courses
could be provided to staff as an incentive for
professional and career development.28
Health
care and education decision-makers and leaders
need to consider a variety of alternative incen-
tive mechanisms, approaches and models that
will encourage health caregivers to practice
interprofessional care.
Strategy: Lead a sustainable cultural change that recognizes the collaborative
nature of interprofessional care and embraces it at all levels of the health care
and education systems.
D. Leading Sustainable
Cultural Change
The implementation of interprofessional care
represents a significant cultural change. It must
be aligned with other relevant government initia-
tives in a systematic, explicit manner, and in order
for meaningful change to occur, it also needs to be
sustained over time. A comprehensive, sustainable
cultural change strategy should target all levels of
the health care and education systems.29
Recommendations
1. Implement a public engagement strategy
Implementing a public awareness campaign
about interprofessional care will help to create
a deeper understanding of its benefits on the
part of key target audiences. The public’s
understanding of and support for the change
brought about as a result of interprofessional care
30. Page 30 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
are necessary components of implementation;
without it, the success of implementation may
be limited. Toolkits that support organizations,
providers, regulators, educators, patients and
families may be helpful in providing “how
to” information for interprofessional care
implementation.1
2. Support interprofessional care champions
Support will be needed to help leaders who
are committed and dedicated to ensuring
positive outcomes by promoting and
advocating interprofessional care, whether
in an educational or practice setting. It will
be important to provide resources and tools
for identifying, engaging and nurturing
interprofessional care champions who will
facilitate communication and leadership
development across the continuum of health
care and education settings.
3. Provide support for interprofessional care and
interprofessional education
Interprofessional care must be incorporated into
continuing education programs and activities,
including the following:
Instituting coaching teams/mentorship•
programs.
Providing support for entry-to-practice•
learners so that they can embrace
interprofessional care at the outset.
Ensuring clinical placements are•
appropriately aligned to support entry-to
practice learners.
Context or setting is critical in understanding
how to teach or practice interprofessional care
in the community, acute care or long-term
care setting.2
Given the diversity of health care
settings, cultural change will be needed to
influence the structures and processes for health
care teams and how they interact with teams in
other health care settings. Continuing education
programs in interprofessional care will need to
be flexible and adaptable to ensure that what is
taught is relevant to the context or setting within
which interprofessional care will be practiced.
4. Evaluate system performance and outcomes
Evaluation and public reporting processes must
be part of the implementation process in order
to identify which activities are working well
and help determine which need further atten-
tion. An evaluation framework may include the
following:
Funding targeted at interprofessional care•
projects to highlight positive or negative
results and determine why projects have or
have not been successful.
Performance-monitoring and public-•
reporting mechanisms.
Means of providing evidence on the•
outcomes and benefits of interprofessional
care.
Means of sharing collective performance•
measures among peers.
Descriptions of interprofessional care in•
different practice settings (e.g., home care,
acute care, long-term care, primary care,
etc.) and its impact on a range of patient
populations.
31. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 31
Summary
This Blueprint positions the adoption of
interprofessional care as a change-management
process and calls on everyone in the health care
and education systems to adopt a common vision
to improve communication and collaboration,
ultimately leading to a more effective health care
system in which:
Patients and their families are part of the•
caregiving team.
Patients are confident in the caregiving team’s•
ability to take care of their health care needs.
Health caregivers communicate effectively and•
collaborate.
Health care settings embrace interprofessional•
care.
Infrastructure, funding models and policies exist•
to support interprofessional care.
Collectively, all those involved in health care and
health care education have a role to play in ensuring
the successful implementation of interprofessional
care. If one group fails to carry out its role, the
implementation plan will be compromised. It is for
this reason that the four directions must be viewed
together and be addressed and enacted collectively.
32. Page 32 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Achieving effective implementation of
interprofessional care requires a plan that identifies
the roles each partner or participant should
undertake. The plan developed in this Blueprint is
a starting point and will need to be updated and
refined as the key parties assume responsibility for
its implementation.
Tables 4.1 to 4.4 outline a phased approach
to engaging, developing, implementing and
evaluating the proposed interprofessional care
implementation activities over the short, medium
and long term. Some of these activities have
already been initiated and are at various stages of
implementation.
Chapter 4:
Implementation Plan
At a Glance
Achieving effective implementation of interprofessional care requires a comprehensive action plan.
33. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 33
Create a firm foundation upon which key interprofessional care
activities can be implemented and sustained
Proposed
Actions
Short term/
Immediate
Medium term Long term Participants
Define core IPC
competencies
Agree on core IPC
competencies.
Develop mechanisms
for implementation.
Determine whether
refinement is
necessary.
Educators, regulators,
professional
associations.
Clarify roles and
responsibilities in an
IPC environment
Confirm mechanisms
that promote IPC roles
and responsibilities (e.g.,
delegation).
Develop resources for
IPC practices within
current environments.
Conduct survey to
monitor progress.
Regulators, professional
associations, delivery
organizations.
Develop
interprofessional
education programs
Develop
interprofessional
education curriculum for
entry-level students and
health caregivers.
Develop and implement
an interprofessional
education faculty
development program.
Implement
interprofessional
education curriculum.
Monitor progress
on curriculum
implementation.
Educators, regulators,
professional
associations, academic
placement sites.
Agree on terms
and conditions
for adequate
mandatory liability
insurance
Explore options to
address patient and
profession-specific
needs.
Define liability
protection options.
Obtain consensus
on what is adequate
mandatory protection.
Monitor progress on
implementation.
Insurance and
malpractice community,
regulators, professional
associations,
government, delivery
organizations.
Ensure that
patients, their
families, volunteer
caregivers and acute
and community
support services
have the tools and
resources they
need to participate
actively in care
decisions
Create awareness of
key partners (including
patients and families).
Initiate engagement
strategy across the
health care and
education systems.
Monitor/report on
progress of strategy.
IPC Implementation
Committee,
government (all
partners), consumers.
*IPC denotes interprofessional care.
Table 4.1 Building the Foundation
34. Page 34 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Share the responsibility for ensuring that interprofessional care strategies
are effectively implemented among interested parties
Proposed
Actions
Short term/
Immediate
Medium term Long term Participants
Establish a
provincial IPC
Implementation
Committee
Create a committee
to support IPC
implementation.
Oversee multi-sector
implementation.
Monitor and report on
progress.
Develop long-term
strategic plan for IPC
sustainability.
IPC Implementation
Committee,
government.
Develop a multi-
level accountability
framework
Develop and consult
on accountability
framework for IPC in
alignment with system
accountability.
Implement
accountability
framework.
Monitor progress. IPC Implementation
Committee,
professional
associations, regulators,
delivery organizations,
LHINs, government.
Create a central
provincial resource
for knowledge
transfer
Establish partnerships
and provide funding
to establish central
resource for
knowledge-transfer
activities.
Identify role models
and best practices for
IPC.
Implement
comprehensive
data collection and
information sharing on
IPC models.
Develop and
disseminate regular
reports on best
practices.
Accreditors, IPC
Implementation
Committee,
government,
researchers.
IPC denotes interprofessional care; LHIN, Local Health Integration Network.
Table 4.2 Sharing the Responsibility
35. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 35
Provide systems, processes and tools that will allow interprofessional care
to be taught, practiced and organized in a systemic way
Proposed
Actions
Short term/
Immediate
Medium term Long term Participants
Conduct a
legislative review
to identify
opportunities for
supporting IPC
Examine the Regulated Health
Professions Act and the health
profession acts to identify areas
of impact and opportunity for
interprofessional care, including
any crossover legislation (e.g.,
Healing Arts Radiation Protection
Act, Laboratory and Specimen
Collection Centre Licensing Act).
Recommend legislative changes.
Conduct qualitative review
of all relevant health legisla-
tion and identify recommen-
dations for facilitating IPC
(e.g., Community Care Access
Corporations Act, Long-Term
Care Act, Health Insurance Act
and Public Hospitals Act.)
Recommend legislative
changes.
Implement legisla-
tive changes, if
required.
Government, regu-
lators, professional
associations.
Implement IPC
accreditation
standards
Determine appropriate accredi-
tation standards for profes-
sions, education and organiza-
tions.
Conduct an inventory of
current standards and their rel-
evance to IPC implementation.
Refine accreditation systems. Evaluate progress
of standards to
determine whether
further refinement
is necessary.
Accreditors, regu-
lators, educators,
professional asso-
ciations, organiza-
tions.
Build IPC into
service-based
and collective
agreements
Review current service agree-
ments and identify IPC op-
portunities in consultation with
providers/unions.
Determine approaches to
the provision of sustainable
payment systems for health
caregivers and educators to
perform IPC.
Develop agreements that
support IPC.
Develop funding models that
foster IPC.
Monitor progress
and determine
whether further
modifications are
necessary.
Government, deliv-
ery organizations,
professional as-
sociations, unions,
LHINs, educators.
Incorporate IPC
into e-health
strategies
Consult with e-health agencies
to ensure that systems foster
IPC principles and processes.
Develop agreements
incorporating IPC into
e-health activities.
Monitor progress. IPC Implementa-
tion Commit-
tee, government,
LHINs.
Provide incentives
for practicing IPC
Establish funding models that
provide incentives for IPC
implementation.
Oversee implementation of
IPC funding models.
Conduct survey on
effectiveness.
Government,
LHINs, delivery
organizations,
professional as-
sociations.
IPC denotes interprofessional care; LHIN, Local Health Integration Network.
Table 4.3 Implementing Systemic Enablers
36. Page 36 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Lead a sustainable cultural change that recognizes the collaborative
nature of interprofessional care and embraces it at all levels
of the health care and education systems
Proposed
Actions
Short term/
Immediate
Medium term Long term Participants
Implement a
public engagement
strategy
Develop an awareness
campaign that targets
patients, their families and
health caregivers about the
role and benefits of IPC.
Develop “how to”
communication resources
to learn, teach and practice
IPC.
Provide an interim
report on IPC
implementation
awareness progress.
Evaluate progress to
determine level of
understanding and
support.
IPC Implementation
Committee,
professional
associations,
government,
consumers,
LHINs, delivery
organizations.
Support IPC
champions
Identify, develop and
promote a roster of IPC
champions.
Provide support
to champions in
promoting IPC.
Conduct a survey
with champions
and explore future
opportunities.
Government,delivery
organizations,
educators.
Provide
support for
interprofessional
education
Develop an inventory of
current programs.
Develop professional
development programs.
Provide support for
coaching and mentorship
programs.
Develop and
implement an
evaluation mechanism
to ensure quality
delivery and
compliance.
Facilitate broad
use of aggregate
regulatory
information and data
to enhance IPC.
Educators,
professional
associations,
regulators,
government.
Evaluate system
performance and
outcomes
Conduct an inventory of
current Ontario projects
related to IPC.
Develop performance
reporting mechanisms.
Develop an evaluation
mechanism.
Engage multi-sectoral
participation in
evaluating the success
and effectiveness of
IPC implementation.
Develop measurement
tools to evaluate
caregiver, organization
and system outcomes.
Determine future
activities necessary
for IPC sustainability.
IPC Implementation
Committee, delivery
organizations,
educators,
government,
researchers, IPC
experts, professional
associations,
regulators, LHINs.
IPC denotes interprofessional care; LHIN, Local Health Integration Network.
Table 4.4 Leading Sustainable Cultural Change
37. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 37
This Blueprint is intended to be action-oriented. It
offers a comprehensive set of actions and identifies
the likely participants for each one. It also suggests
which actions should receive priority attention in
the short, medium and long term.
As the health care system transforms and new
initiatives are introduced, every effort must
be made to ensure that interprofessional care
practices are adjusted and aligned with these
new initiatives. Further evidence regarding the
effectiveness of interprofessional care will be
gathered as implementation takes effect across the
health care and education sectors. The following
outcomes (Table 5.1) are anticipated at the practice,
organization and system levels as a result of
implementing interprofessional care.
Chapter 5:
ClosingThoughts
At a Glance
Collaboration, communication and partnership must guide the successful implementation of
interprofessional care in Ontario.
Table 5.1 Anticipated Outcomes
Building the
foundation
Sharing the
responsibility
Implementing
systemic enablers
Leading sustainable
cultural change
Flexibility for professions to
practice interprofessional
care, regardless of health care
setting.
Enhanced patient access to
care delivery.
Increased provider
competencies in
interprofessional care.
Improved recruitment and
retention.
Flexible workforce with the
skills to respond to health
needs.
Infrastructure that supports
knowledge translation within
health care and education
sectors.
Developed, tested and
implemented modules for
use by students, preceptors
and practitioners to advance
interprofessional care and
education
A provincial interprofessional
care framework that guides
implementation of best
practices.
Greater efficiency of health
human resources.
Increased provider
satisfaction.
Improved integration of
health services.
Improved health care system
effectiveness.
Increased commitment to
interprofessional care at
organizational and system
levels.
Increased student, educator
and provider satisfaction.
Increased patient/family
satisfaction.
Improved clinical outcomes.
Strengthened link between
education and practice to
facilitate interprofessional
care.
Increased sustainability of the
health care system.
38. Page 38 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Interprofessional care is by no means a new idea.
Palliative care, geriatric care, critical care and
mental health care teams are examples of teams
that are currently practising interprofessional care.
This Blueprint provides the opportunity to expand
on these examples and create new interprofessional
care environments across settings, resulting in
excellence in interprofessional care.
This Blueprint has outlined recommendations and
actions that can foster the type of health care envi-
ronment we all desire — one in which:
Patients are at the centre of the health care•
system and are confident in the system’s ability
to help them address their needs.
Health caregivers in teams communicate•
effectively and collaborate on the best course of
action in diagnosing and treating patients.
Health care settings embrace interprofessional•
care and offer incentives for successful
adoption and practice.
The system aligns to ensure that the right•
infrastructure, funding models and policies
exist to support interprofessional care in health
and education.
Collaboration, communication and partnership
have been the hallmarks of the creation of this Blue-
print. We trust that these core values will also guide
the successful implementation of interprofessional
care in Ontario.
39. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 39
The following is a list of working groups and their members who provided support to the Interprofessional Care
Steering Committee. The terms of reference for these working groups were to develop the specific priorities and
action plans that would advance interprofessional care from the perspectives of education, organizational struc-
ture and regulation within health care, education and practice settings.
Education Working Group
Louise Nasmith, Professor and Chair, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
(Principal of the College of Health Disciplines at the University of British Columbia as of June 1, 2007), Lead
Alexandra Harris, President-Elect, Queen’s Health Sciences Students’ Association•
Kenneth Harris, MD, Chair, Post-Graduate Education, Council of Ontario Faculties of Medicine,•
University of Western Ontario
Milka Ignjatovic, President, Interprofessional Healthcare Students Association•
Linda Jones, Clinical Instructor, School of Nursing, University of Ottawa•
Renee Kenny, Dean, School of Community and Health Studies, Centennial College•
Bev Lafoley, Manager, Health Sciences Clinical Education, Northern Ontario School of Medicine•
Kathleen MacMillan, Dean, School of Health Sciences, Humber Institute of Technology and•
Advanced Learning
Siobhan Nelson, Dean and Professor, Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto•
Margo Paterson, Associate Professor and Chair, School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University•
Mary Preece, Provost and Vice-President, Academic, at the Michener Institute•
Scott Reeves, Associate Professor, Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Toronto;•
Director of Research, Centre for the Faculty Development, St. Michael’s Hospital; Scientist, Wilson Centre,
University Health Network
Peter Walker, Former Dean, Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa•
Frances Lamb, Manager, Policy and Programs, Universities Branch, Ministry of Training, Colleges•
and Universities
Appendix A:
Expert Working Group Participants
40. Page 40 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Organizational Structure Working Group
Judith Shamian, President and CEO, Victoria Order of Nurses, Lead
Helen Angus, Vice-President, Planning and Strategic Implementation, Cancer Care Ontario•
Paula Burns, College of Respiratory Therapists•
Marilyn Emery, Former CEO, Central East Local Health Integrated Network (CEO, Women’s College Hospital,•
as of July 16, 2007)
Linda Haslam-Stroud, President, Ontario Nurses’ Association•
Ruby Jacobs, Director, Health Sciences, Six Nations of the Grand River•
Vickie Kaminski, President and CEO, Sudbury Regional Hospital•
Louise Lemieux-Charles, PhD, Chair, Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation,•
University of Toronto
Camille Orridge, Executive Director, Toronto Community Care Access Centre•
David Price, MD, Chair, and Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University•
William Shragge, MD, Chief of Staff, Niagara Health System•
Mary Beth Valentine, Assistant Deputy Minister, Health, Social, Education and Children’s Policy,•
Cabinet Office
Regulation Working Group
Jan Robinson, Registrar, College of Physiotherapists of Ontario, Lead
Zubin Austin, Associate Professor, Education Research in the Health Professions, Faculty of Pharmacy,•
University of Toronto
Anne Coghlan, Executive Director, College of Nurses•
Susan Donaldson, Former CEO, Ontario Association of Community Care Access Centres•
Rocco Gerace, MD, Registrar, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario•
Willi Kirenko, Past-President, Nurse Practitioners’ Association of Ontario•
Barb LeBlanc, Executive Director, Health Policy, Ontario Medical Association•
Deb Saltmarche, Former Vice-President, Policy and Professional Practice, Ontario Pharmacists’ Association•
Jackie Schleifer-Taylor, Director, Health Disciplines Practice and Education, St. Michael’s Hospital•
James Sproule, MD, Director, Physician Consulting, Canadian Medical Protective Association•
Barbara Sullivan, Chair, Health Professions Regulatory Advisory Council•
Frank Schmidt, Manager (A), Programs Policy Unit, Health Professions Regulatory Policy and Programs,•
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
41. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 41
There are many examples of interprofessional care–related initiatives that demonstrate enhanced patient care,
improved efficiencies and cost savings. Some of them are outlined below.
Appendix B:
Best Practices in Interprofessional Care
— Selected Case Studies
IPC benefits to... Case study: IPC in action
Patients12,13,30
Shorter wait times for care.•
Greater access to a broad range of comprehensive•
health care services for care.
Increased satisfaction with care provided.•
Better health outcomes.•
A more active role in health care.•
The Stanford’s Chronic Disease Self-Management Program
is a community-based self-management program that
assists patients with chronic illnesses. It provides patients
with the skills to coordinate and manage their care along
with caregivers. After 1 year of the program, most patients
experienced significant improvements in a variety of health
outcomes and had fewer emergency department visits.31
This program has been adapted by some community service
agencies in Ontario.
Health care providers1,32
Greater job satisfaction.•
Less stress and burnout.•
The opportunity to work within the full scope of prac-•
tice and contribute to enhanced patient outcomes.
An improved professional environment that supports•
clinical practice, provides access to peers for support
and advice, and ensures greater predictability within the
interprofessional workplace environment.
The establishment of Family Health Teams and the recently
announced anesthesia teams and intensive care strategy
are based on interprofessional care models that focus on
providing support for providers to work in a collaborative
environment.
Preliminary findings have revealed that successful integration
depended on the working relationships among all health
caregivers with respect to their understanding of scope of
practice.
Health care organizations33
Greater efficiency and capacity — ability to provide•
care for more people, enhancing patient satisfaction.
Decreased staff turnover with enhanced staff morale.•
Improved recruitment and retention.•
Increased patient safety and fewer treatment errors.•
Enhanced opportunities to develop ongoing quality•
improvement and accountability measures in health care
delivery.
Checklist development and implementation in operating
rooms improved preparation of teams for surgery and
reduction in potential errors.34
Checklists help team members identify critical information,
equipment needs and tasks.
Aviation crew team training in emergency room teams in
nine hospitals found significant reduction in clinical error
rates.12
42. Page 42 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
IPC benefits to... Case study: IPC in action
Education system
Health care providers adequately prepared to work in a•
wide variety of settings.
An increased number of providers prepared to work in•
interprofessional care.
Education linked with practice.•
Partnerships forged between colleges, universities, hos-•
pitals and community practice settings.
The Council of Ontario Universities has led a pilot project
on behalf of the Council of University Programs in Nursing
and the College of Applied Arts and Technology Heads of
Nursing to test the use of HSPnet (Health Sciences Place-
ment Network), a web-based application that facilitates the
coordination of placements for practice education (clinical
placements).
In this pilot, three regions of Ontario used HSPnet to coor-
dinate clinical placements for registered nurse and regis-
tered practical nurse students. In one pilot site, placements
for personal support workers and paramedics were also
included.The pilot was very successful.This system has the
capacity for and could potentially facilitate interprofessional
care placements across multiple health sciences programs.
Health care system14,35,36
Support for coordinated health care delivery among•
multiple settings.
Increased access to the system and reduced patient wait•
times.
Enhanced opportunities to develop ongoing quality•
improvement and accountability measures in health care
delivery.
Increased potential to link and coordinate all aspects of•
health care and education.
HealthForceOntario was established to promote a system-
wide approach to care. Strategies are in place to recruit
more health care workers who are skilled in interprofes-
sional care, and funding has been provided to support inter-
professional care projects. HealthForceOntario is bringing
health care and education sector leaders together to work
on implementing interprofessional care in a consistent,
centralized way.
In June 2006, Ontario provided funding of up to $20 million
toward supporting education and health care professionals
on innovative approaches to patient care delivery aimed at
effective use of Ontario’s health workforce.
43. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 43
The Interprofessional Care Implementation Com-
mittee (Implementation Committee) will work with
government, Local Health Integration Networks
(LHINs), health care delivery organizations, health
professional groups, regulators, educators, and
patients and their families to guide the process of
interprofessional care implementation.
Mandate
To oversee the systemic implementation of•
Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
in Ontario Blueprint) in partnership with
health care and education leaders and decision-
makers, as well as patients, families and
communities.
To serve as a key forum for effective•
interprofessional care implementation,
partnership, communication and leadership in
health care and education.
Suggested Scope
Develop a detailed plan for Blueprint•
implementation.
Facilitate the coordination and integration of•
Blueprint activities.
Provide advice and guide efforts on the•
implementation of interprofessional care in
health and education sectors.
Establish linkages and partnerships with•
government bodies, LHINs and stakeholders for
information-sharing, and identify opportunities
for advancing interprofessional care.
Within the research community, explore•
strategies to effectively develop and support
interprofessional care evaluation and
knowledge transfer.
Proposed Membership
The Implementation Committee should incorporate
input from the following:
Education sector (i.e., colleges and universities•
with health science programs, Council of
Universities)
Ontario Joint Policy and Planning Committee•
Joint Provincial Nursing Committee•
Health Care Providers Alliance•
Federation of Health Regulatory Colleges of•
Ontario
Ontario Health Quality Council•
Family Health Teams•
e-Health Council•
Local Health Integration Networks•
Experts in interprofessional care/•
interprofessional education
Provider organizations•
Physician Services Committee•
Patients and families•
Coalition of Ontario Regulated Health•
Professions’ Associations
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care•
Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities•
The Implementation Committee should have only
eight to ten members and use task forces and forums
to ensure that all participants are actively involved.
Appendix C:
Interprofessional Care Implementation Committee
— Mandate and Suggested Scope
44. Page 44 Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action
Glossary ofTerms
Accreditation is a process that aims to achieve optimum
patient care by maintaining high educational and practice
standards in a program for a given profession or academic/
health care institution in the provision of education and
health care delivery. Accreditation can validate a program
or institution’s quality and improvement procedures and
is usually conducted by an outside arms-length agency or
relevant legislative and professional authorities. Accredita-
tion status is granted when a program or institution has met
or exceeded pre-determined standards.
Clinical placement is a planned period of learning, nor-
mally outside the academic institution at which the health
care student is enrolled, where the learning outcomes are an
intended part of the program of study. This will enable the
student to learn and develop the skills and required compe-
tencies to practice health care delivery.
Clinical education means any on-location teaching environ-
ment, ranging from one-to-one training between a licensed
or registered health care provider and a student to training
in a health clinic or hospital with or without a residency
program.
Collaborative patient-centred practice “promotes the active
participation of each health care discipline in patient care.
It enhances patient and family centred goals and values,
provides mechanisms for continuous communication among
caregivers, optimizes staff participation in clinical decision-
making within and across disciplines and fosters respect for
disciplinary contributions made by all professionals.”9
Collaborative practice is defined as “an interprofessional
process for communication and decision-making that en-
ables the knowledge and skills of care providers to synergis-
tically influence the client/patient care provided.”37
Collab-
orative practice is linked to the concept of teamwork.
Competency is used to define discipline and specialty
standards and expectations and to align practitioners, learn-
ers, teachers and patients with evidence-based standards
of health care performance.38
Competency includes the un-
derstanding and application of clinical knowledge, clinical
skills, interprofessional care skills, problem solving, clinical
judgement and technical skills.
Delivery organization encompasses hospitals, home care
and other health care delivery agencies.
Entry-to-practice is the educational qualification identified
in legislation for health professions as the requirement for
an individual to be considered for registration or licensure
to practice. Students or trainees in any health care discipline
require clinical supervision in the delivery of health care.
Health caregivers are regulated and unregulated health care
providers, personal support workers, caregivers, volunteers
and families who provide health care services at the organi-
zational, practice and community levels.
HealthForceOntario is a provincial strategy that was
launched in May 2006 to help address the shortage of health
care professionals in key areas, create competitive job oppor-
tunities and better equip the province to compete for health
care professionals. A key initiative of the strategy is to support
health care providers in working collaboratively in their
workplace, thereby strengthening the health workforce.
Interprofessional care is the provision of comprehensive
health service to patients by multiple health caregivers who
work collaboratively to deliver quality care within and
across settings.
Interprofessional education is the process by which two
or more health professions learn with, from and about each
other across the spectrum of their life-long professional
educational journey to improve collaboration, practice and
quality of patient-centred care.3
Team is a collection of individuals who work interdepen-
dently, share responsibility for outcomes, and see themselves
and are seen by others as an intact social entity embedded in
one or more larger social systems (for example, business unit
or corporation) and who manage their relationship across
organizational boundaries.32
Teamwork describes an interdependent relationship that
exists between members of a team. It is an application of col-
laboration. “Collaboration” deals with the type of relation-
ships and interactions that take place between coworkers.
Effective health care teamwork applies to caregivers who
practice collaboration within their work settings.35
45. Interprofessional Care: A Blueprint for Action Page 45
1. Canadian Health Services Research Foundation. Teamwork in Healthcare: Promoting Effective Teamwork in Healthcare in
Canada. Ottawa, ON: CHSRF; 2006. Available at: www.chsrf.ca/research_themes/pdf/teamwork-synthesis-report_e.pdf.
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2. Lemieux-Charles L, McGuire WL. What do we know about health care team effectiveness? Med Care Res Rev 2006;63(3):263–
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3. D’Amour D, Oandasan I. Interprofessionality as the field of interprofessional practice and interprofessional education: An
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4. Understanding Health Care Cost Drivers and Escalators. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada; 2004.
5. Pyper W. Aging, health and work. Perspectives on Labour and Income 2006;7(2):5–15. Available at: www.statcan.ca/english/
freepub/75-001-XIE/1020675-001-XIE.html. Accessed July 3, 2007.
6. Information for Family Health Teams. Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care website. Available at: www.health.gov.
on.ca/transformation/fht/fht_guides.html. Accessed July 3, 2007.
7. Way D, Jones L, Baskerville NB. Improving the Effectiveness of Primary Health Care Delivery through Nurse Practitioner/Family
Physician Structured collaborative Practice: Final Report. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa; 2006.
8. Federal transfers in support of the 2000/2003/2004 First Ministers’ accords. Department of Finance Canada website.
Available at: www.fin.gc.ca/FEDPROV/fmAcce.html. Accessed July 11, 2007.
9. 2003 First Ministers’ Accord on Health Care Renewal. Health Canada website. Available at: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/
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12. Morey JC, Simon R, Jay GD, et al. Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through
formal teamwork training: evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Serv Res 2002;37(6):1553–1581.
13. Barrett J, Gifford C, Morey J, et al. Enhancing patient safety through teamwork training. J Healthc Risk Manag 2001;21(4):
57–65.
14. Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, et al. Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality
from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ 2002;324(7334):387–390.
15. Proceedings Report for the Summit on Advancing Interprofessional Education and Practice. June 2006. Toronto, ON:
HealthForceOntario; 2006. Available at: www.healthforceontario.ca/WhatIsHFO/IPCProject/ProjectResources.aspx.
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E-mail: ipcproject@healthforceontario.ca
Website: www.healthforceontario.ca/IPCProject