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Introduction to Deep Learning and TensorFlow

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Oswald Campesato
Oswald Campesato

A fast-paced introduction to Deep Learning (DL) concepts, starting with a simple yet complete neural network (no frameworks), followed by aspects of deep neural networks, such as back propagation, activation functions, CNNs, and the AUT theorem. Next, a quick introduction to TensorFlow and TensorBoard, along with some code samples with TensorFlow. For best results, familiarity with basic vectors and matrices, inner (aka "dot") products of vectors, the notion of a derivative, and rudimentary Python is recommended.

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Intro to Deep Learning and TensorFlow Data Riders Meetup 09/12/2018 Lean Plum San Francisco Oswald Campesato ocampesato@yahoo.com
Highlights/Overview  intro to AI/ML/DL/NNs  Hidden layers  Initialization values  Neurons per layer  Activation function  cost function  gradient descent  learning rate  Dropout rate  what are CNNs  TensorFlow/tensorflow.js
The Data/AI Landscape
Use Cases for Deep Learning computer vision speech recognition image processing bioinformatics social network filtering drug design Recommendation systems Bioinformatics Mobile Advertising Many others
NN 3 Hidden Layers: Classifier
NN: 2 Hidden Layers (Regression)
Classification and Deep Learning
Euler’s Function (e: 2.71828. . .)
The sigmoid Activation Function
The tanh Activation Function
The ReLU Activation Function
The softmax Activation Function
Activation Functions in Python import numpy as np ... # Python sigmoid example: z = 1/(1 + np.exp(-np.dot(W, x))) ... # Python tanh example: z = np.tanh(np.dot(W,x)); # Python ReLU example: z = np.maximum(0, np.dot(W, x))
What’s the “Best” Activation Function? Initially: sigmoid was popular Then: tanh became popular Now: RELU is preferred (better results) Softmax: for FC (fully connected) layers NB: sigmoid and tanh are used in LSTMs
Linear Regression One of the simplest models in ML Fits a line (y = m*x + b) to data in 2D Finds best line by minimizing MSE: m = slope of the best-fitting line b = y-intercept of the best-fitting line
Linear Regression in 2D: example
Linear Regression in 2D: example
Sample Cost Function #1 (MSE)
Linear Regression: example #1 One feature (independent variable): X = number of square feet Predicted value (dependent variable): Y = cost of a house A very “coarse grained” model We can devise a much better model
Linear Regression: example #2 Multiple features: X1 = # of square feet X2 = # of bedrooms X3 = # of bathrooms (dependency?) X4 = age of house X5 = cost of nearby houses X6 = corner lot (or not): Boolean a much better model (6 features)
Linear Multivariate Analysis General form of multivariate equation: Y = w1*x1 + w2*x2 + . . . + wn*xn + b w1, w2, . . . , wn are numeric values x1, x2, . . . , xn are variables (features) Properties of variables: Can be independent (Naïve Bayes) weak/strong dependencies can exist
Sample Cost Function #1 (MSE)
Sample Cost Function #2
Sample Cost Function #3
Types of Optimizers SGD rmsprop Adagrad Adam Others http://cs229.stanford.edu/notes/cs229-notes1.pdf
Deep Neural Network: summary  input layer, multiple hidden layers, and output layer  nonlinear processing via activation functions  perform transformation and feature extraction  gradient descent algorithm with back propagation  each layer receives the output from previous layer  results are comparable/superior to human experts
CNNs versus RNNs CNNs (Convolutional NNs): Good for image processing 2000: CNNs processed 10-20% of all checks => Approximately 60% of all NNs RNNs (Recurrent NNs): Good for NLP and audio Used in hybrid networks
CNNs: Convolution, ReLU, and Max Pooling
CNNs: Convolution Calculations https://docs.gimp.org/en/plug-in-convmatrix.html
CNNs: Convolution Matrices (examples) Sharpen: Blur:
CNNs: Convolution Matrices (examples) Edge detect: Emboss:
CNNs: Max Pooling Example
GANs: Generative Adversarial Networks
GANs: Generative Adversarial Networks Make imperceptible changes to images Can consistently defeat all NNs Can have extremely high error rate Some images create optical illusions https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-pros-and-cons- of-using-generative-adversarial-networks-a-type-of- neural-network
GANs: Generative Adversarial Networks Create your own GANs: https://www.oreilly.com/learning/generative-adversarial-networks-for- beginners https://github.com/jonbruner/generative-adversarial-networks GANs from MNIST: http://edwardlib.org/tutorials/gan GANs and Capsule networks?
CNN in Python/Keras (fragment)  from keras.models import Sequential  from keras.layers.core import Dense, Dropout, Activation  from keras.layers.convolutional import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D  from keras.optimizers import Adadelta  input_shape = (3, 32, 32)  nb_classes = 10  model = Sequential()  model.add(Conv2D(32,(3, 3),padding='same’, input_shape=input_shape))  model.add(Activation('relu'))  model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3)))  model.add(Activation('relu'))  model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))  model.add(Dropout(0.25))
What is TensorFlow? An open source framework for ML and DL A “computation” graph Created by Google (released 11/2015) Evolved from Google Brain Linux and Mac OS X support (VM for Windows) TF home page: https://www.tensorflow.org/
What is TensorFlow? Support for Python, Java, C++ Desktop, server, mobile device (TensorFlow Lite) CPU/GPU/TPU support Visualization via TensorBoard Can be embedded in Python scripts Installation: pip install tensorflow TensorFlow cluster: https://www.tensorflow.org/deploy/distributed
TensorFlow Use Cases (Generic) Image recognition Computer vision Voice/sound recognition Time series analysis Language detection Language translation Text-based processing Handwriting Recognition
Aspects of TensorFlow Graph: graph of operations (DAG) Sessions: contains Graph(s) lazy execution (default) operations in parallel (default) Nodes: operators/variables/constants Edges: tensors => graphs are split into subgraphs and executed in parallel (or multiple CPUs)
TensorFlow Graph Execution Execute statements in a tf.Session() object Invoke the “run” method of that object “eager” execution is available (>= v1.4) included in the mainline (v1.7) Installation: pip install tensorflow
What is a Tensor? TF tensors are n-dimensional arrays TF tensors are very similar to numpy ndarrays scalar number: a zeroth-order tensor vector: a first-order tensor matrix: a second-order tensor 3-dimensional array: a 3rd order tensor https://dzone.com/articles/tensorflow-simplified- examples
TensorFlow “primitive types” tf.constant: + initialized immediately + immutable tf.placeholder (a function): + initial value is not required + can have variable shape + assigned value via feed_dict at run time + receive data from “external” sources
TensorFlow “primitive types” tf.Variable (a class): + initial value is required + updated during training + maintain state across calls to “run()” + in-memory buffer (saved/restored from disk) + can be shared in a distributed environment + they hold learned parameters of a model
TensorFlow: constants (immutable)  import tensorflow as tf  aconst = tf.constant(3.0)  print(aconst) # output: Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)  sess = tf.Session()  print(sess.run(aconst)) # output: 3.0  sess.close()  # => there's a better way
TensorFlow: constants import tensorflow as tf aconst = tf.constant(3.0) print(aconst) Automatically close “sess” with tf.Session() as sess:  print(sess.run(aconst))
TensorFlow Arithmetic import tensorflow as tf a = tf.add(4, 2) b = tf.subtract(8, 6) c = tf.multiply(a, 3) d = tf.div(a, 6) with tf.Session() as sess: print(sess.run(a)) # 6 print(sess.run(b)) # 2 print(sess.run(c)) # 18 print(sess.run(d)) # 1
TF placeholders and feed_dict import tensorflow as tf a = tf.placeholder("float") b = tf.placeholder("float") c = tf.multiply(a,b) # initialize a and b: feed_dict = {a:2, b:3} # multiply a and b: with tf.Session() as sess: print(sess.run(c, feed_dict))
TensorFlow: Simple Equation import tensorflow as tf # W and x are 1d arrays W = tf.constant([10,20], name='W') X = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, name='x') b = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, name='b') Wx = tf.multiply(W, x, name='Wx') y = tf.add(Wx, b, name='y') OR y2 = tf.add(tf.multiply(W,x),b)
TensorFlow fetch/feed_dict with tf.Session() as sess: print("Result 1: Wx = ", sess.run(Wx, feed_dict={x:[5,10]})) print("Result 2: y = ", sess.run(y,feed_dict={x:[5,10],b:[15,25]}))  Result 1: Wx = [50 200]  Result 2: y = [65 225]
Saving Graphs for TensorBoard import tensorflow as tf x = tf.constant(5,name="x") y = tf.constant(8,name="y") z = tf.Variable(2*x+3*y, name="z") init = tf.global_variables_initializer() with tf.Session() as session: writer = tf.summary.FileWriter("./tf_logs",session.graph) session.run(init) print 'z = ',session.run(z) # => z = 34 # launch: tensorboard –logdir=./tf_logs
TensorFlow Eager Execution An imperative interface to TF Fast debugging & immediate run-time errors Eager execution is “mainline” in v1.7 of TF => requires Python 3.x (not Python 2.x)
TensorFlow Eager Execution integration with Python tools Supports dynamic models + Python control flow support for custom and higher-order gradients Supports most TensorFlow operations => Default mode in TensorFlow 2.0 (2019) https://research.googleblog.com/2017/10/eager- execution-imperative-define-by.html
TensorFlow Eager Execution import tensorflow as tf import tensorflow.contrib.eager as tfe tfe.enable_eager_execution() x = [[2.]] m = tf.matmul(x, x) print(m) # tf.Tensor([[4.]], shape=(1, 1), dtype=float32)
What is tensorflow.js?  an ecosystem of JS tools for machine learning  TensorFlow.js also includes a Layers API  a library for building machine learning models  tools to port TF SavedModels & Keras HDF5 models  => https://js.tensorflow.org/
What is tensorflow.js?  tensorflow.js evolved from deeplearn.js  deeplearn.js is now called TensorFlow.js Core  TensorFlow.js Core: a flexible low-level API  TensorFlow.js Layers: a high-level API similar to Keras  TensorFlow.js Converter: tools to import a TF SavedModel to TensorFlow.js
async keyword keyword placed before JS functions For functions that return a Promise Trivial example: async function f() { return 1; }
await keyword Works only inside async JS functions Trivial example: let value = await mypromise;
async/await example async function f() { let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => resolve("done!"), 1000) }); // wait till the promise resolves let result = await promise alert(result) } f()
Tensorflow.js Samples 1) tfjs-example.html (linear regression) 2) js.tensorflow.org (home page) 3) https://github.com/tensorflow/tfjs-examples-master a)cd mnist-core b) yarn c) yarn watch
Deep Learning and Art/”Stuff” “Convolutional Blending” images: => 19-layer Convolutional Neural Network www.deepart.io https://www.fastcodesign.com/90124942/this-google- engineer-taught-an-algorithm-to-make-train-footage- and-its-hypnotic
Some of my Books 1) HTML5 Canvas and CSS3 Graphics (2013) 2) jQuery, CSS3, and HTML5 for Mobile (2013) 3) HTML5 Pocket Primer (2013) 4) jQuery Pocket Primer (2013) 5) HTML5 Mobile Pocket Primer (2014) 6) D3 Pocket Primer (2015) 7) Python Pocket Primer (2015) 8) SVG Pocket Primer (2016) 9) CSS3 Pocket Primer (2016) 10) Android Pocket Primer (2017) 11) Angular Pocket Primer (2017) 12) Data Cleaning Pocket Primer (2018) 13) RegEx Pocket Primer (2018)
What I do (Training) => Instructor at UCSC: Deep Learning with TensorFlow (10/2018 & 02/2019) Machine Learning Introduction (01/18/2019) => Mobile and TensorFlow Lite (WIP) => R and Deep Learning (WIP) => Android for Beginners (multi-day workshops)

More Related Content

Introduction to Deep Learning and TensorFlow

  • 1. Intro to Deep Learning and TensorFlow Data Riders Meetup 09/12/2018 Lean Plum San Francisco Oswald Campesato ocampesato@yahoo.com
  • 2. Highlights/Overview  intro to AI/ML/DL/NNs  Hidden layers  Initialization values  Neurons per layer  Activation function  cost function  gradient descent  learning rate  Dropout rate  what are CNNs  TensorFlow/tensorflow.js
  • 4. Use Cases for Deep Learning computer vision speech recognition image processing bioinformatics social network filtering drug design Recommendation systems Bioinformatics Mobile Advertising Many others
  • 5. NN 3 Hidden Layers: Classifier
  • 6. NN: 2 Hidden Layers (Regression)
  • 8. Euler’s Function (e: 2.71828. . .)
  • 13. Activation Functions in Python import numpy as np ... # Python sigmoid example: z = 1/(1 + np.exp(-np.dot(W, x))) ... # Python tanh example: z = np.tanh(np.dot(W,x)); # Python ReLU example: z = np.maximum(0, np.dot(W, x))
  • 14. What’s the “Best” Activation Function? Initially: sigmoid was popular Then: tanh became popular Now: RELU is preferred (better results) Softmax: for FC (fully connected) layers NB: sigmoid and tanh are used in LSTMs
  • 15. Linear Regression One of the simplest models in ML Fits a line (y = m*x + b) to data in 2D Finds best line by minimizing MSE: m = slope of the best-fitting line b = y-intercept of the best-fitting line
  • 16. Linear Regression in 2D: example
  • 17. Linear Regression in 2D: example
  • 19. Linear Regression: example #1 One feature (independent variable): X = number of square feet Predicted value (dependent variable): Y = cost of a house A very “coarse grained” model We can devise a much better model
  • 20. Linear Regression: example #2 Multiple features: X1 = # of square feet X2 = # of bedrooms X3 = # of bathrooms (dependency?) X4 = age of house X5 = cost of nearby houses X6 = corner lot (or not): Boolean a much better model (6 features)
  • 21. Linear Multivariate Analysis General form of multivariate equation: Y = w1*x1 + w2*x2 + . . . + wn*xn + b w1, w2, . . . , wn are numeric values x1, x2, . . . , xn are variables (features) Properties of variables: Can be independent (Naïve Bayes) weak/strong dependencies can exist
  • 26. Deep Neural Network: summary  input layer, multiple hidden layers, and output layer  nonlinear processing via activation functions  perform transformation and feature extraction  gradient descent algorithm with back propagation  each layer receives the output from previous layer  results are comparable/superior to human experts
  • 27. CNNs versus RNNs CNNs (Convolutional NNs): Good for image processing 2000: CNNs processed 10-20% of all checks => Approximately 60% of all NNs RNNs (Recurrent NNs): Good for NLP and audio Used in hybrid networks
  • 28. CNNs: Convolution, ReLU, and Max Pooling
  • 30. CNNs: Convolution Matrices (examples) Sharpen: Blur:
  • 31. CNNs: Convolution Matrices (examples) Edge detect: Emboss:
  • 32. CNNs: Max Pooling Example
  • 34. GANs: Generative Adversarial Networks Make imperceptible changes to images Can consistently defeat all NNs Can have extremely high error rate Some images create optical illusions https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-pros-and-cons- of-using-generative-adversarial-networks-a-type-of- neural-network
  • 35. GANs: Generative Adversarial Networks Create your own GANs: https://www.oreilly.com/learning/generative-adversarial-networks-for- beginners https://github.com/jonbruner/generative-adversarial-networks GANs from MNIST: http://edwardlib.org/tutorials/gan GANs and Capsule networks?
  • 36. CNN in Python/Keras (fragment)  from keras.models import Sequential  from keras.layers.core import Dense, Dropout, Activation  from keras.layers.convolutional import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D  from keras.optimizers import Adadelta  input_shape = (3, 32, 32)  nb_classes = 10  model = Sequential()  model.add(Conv2D(32,(3, 3),padding='same’, input_shape=input_shape))  model.add(Activation('relu'))  model.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3)))  model.add(Activation('relu'))  model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))  model.add(Dropout(0.25))
  • 37. What is TensorFlow? An open source framework for ML and DL A “computation” graph Created by Google (released 11/2015) Evolved from Google Brain Linux and Mac OS X support (VM for Windows) TF home page: https://www.tensorflow.org/
  • 38. What is TensorFlow? Support for Python, Java, C++ Desktop, server, mobile device (TensorFlow Lite) CPU/GPU/TPU support Visualization via TensorBoard Can be embedded in Python scripts Installation: pip install tensorflow TensorFlow cluster: https://www.tensorflow.org/deploy/distributed
  • 39. TensorFlow Use Cases (Generic) Image recognition Computer vision Voice/sound recognition Time series analysis Language detection Language translation Text-based processing Handwriting Recognition
  • 40. Aspects of TensorFlow Graph: graph of operations (DAG) Sessions: contains Graph(s) lazy execution (default) operations in parallel (default) Nodes: operators/variables/constants Edges: tensors => graphs are split into subgraphs and executed in parallel (or multiple CPUs)
  • 41. TensorFlow Graph Execution Execute statements in a tf.Session() object Invoke the “run” method of that object “eager” execution is available (>= v1.4) included in the mainline (v1.7) Installation: pip install tensorflow
  • 42. What is a Tensor? TF tensors are n-dimensional arrays TF tensors are very similar to numpy ndarrays scalar number: a zeroth-order tensor vector: a first-order tensor matrix: a second-order tensor 3-dimensional array: a 3rd order tensor https://dzone.com/articles/tensorflow-simplified- examples
  • 43. TensorFlow “primitive types” tf.constant: + initialized immediately + immutable tf.placeholder (a function): + initial value is not required + can have variable shape + assigned value via feed_dict at run time + receive data from “external” sources
  • 44. TensorFlow “primitive types” tf.Variable (a class): + initial value is required + updated during training + maintain state across calls to “run()” + in-memory buffer (saved/restored from disk) + can be shared in a distributed environment + they hold learned parameters of a model
  • 45. TensorFlow: constants (immutable)  import tensorflow as tf  aconst = tf.constant(3.0)  print(aconst) # output: Tensor("Const:0", shape=(), dtype=float32)  sess = tf.Session()  print(sess.run(aconst)) # output: 3.0  sess.close()  # => there's a better way
  • 46. TensorFlow: constants import tensorflow as tf aconst = tf.constant(3.0) print(aconst) Automatically close “sess” with tf.Session() as sess:  print(sess.run(aconst))
  • 47. TensorFlow Arithmetic import tensorflow as tf a = tf.add(4, 2) b = tf.subtract(8, 6) c = tf.multiply(a, 3) d = tf.div(a, 6) with tf.Session() as sess: print(sess.run(a)) # 6 print(sess.run(b)) # 2 print(sess.run(c)) # 18 print(sess.run(d)) # 1
  • 48. TF placeholders and feed_dict import tensorflow as tf a = tf.placeholder("float") b = tf.placeholder("float") c = tf.multiply(a,b) # initialize a and b: feed_dict = {a:2, b:3} # multiply a and b: with tf.Session() as sess: print(sess.run(c, feed_dict))
  • 49. TensorFlow: Simple Equation import tensorflow as tf # W and x are 1d arrays W = tf.constant([10,20], name='W') X = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, name='x') b = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, name='b') Wx = tf.multiply(W, x, name='Wx') y = tf.add(Wx, b, name='y') OR y2 = tf.add(tf.multiply(W,x),b)
  • 50. TensorFlow fetch/feed_dict with tf.Session() as sess: print("Result 1: Wx = ", sess.run(Wx, feed_dict={x:[5,10]})) print("Result 2: y = ", sess.run(y,feed_dict={x:[5,10],b:[15,25]}))  Result 1: Wx = [50 200]  Result 2: y = [65 225]
  • 51. Saving Graphs for TensorBoard import tensorflow as tf x = tf.constant(5,name="x") y = tf.constant(8,name="y") z = tf.Variable(2*x+3*y, name="z") init = tf.global_variables_initializer() with tf.Session() as session: writer = tf.summary.FileWriter("./tf_logs",session.graph) session.run(init) print 'z = ',session.run(z) # => z = 34 # launch: tensorboard –logdir=./tf_logs
  • 52. TensorFlow Eager Execution An imperative interface to TF Fast debugging & immediate run-time errors Eager execution is “mainline” in v1.7 of TF => requires Python 3.x (not Python 2.x)
  • 53. TensorFlow Eager Execution integration with Python tools Supports dynamic models + Python control flow support for custom and higher-order gradients Supports most TensorFlow operations => Default mode in TensorFlow 2.0 (2019) https://research.googleblog.com/2017/10/eager- execution-imperative-define-by.html
  • 54. TensorFlow Eager Execution import tensorflow as tf import tensorflow.contrib.eager as tfe tfe.enable_eager_execution() x = [[2.]] m = tf.matmul(x, x) print(m) # tf.Tensor([[4.]], shape=(1, 1), dtype=float32)
  • 55. What is tensorflow.js?  an ecosystem of JS tools for machine learning  TensorFlow.js also includes a Layers API  a library for building machine learning models  tools to port TF SavedModels & Keras HDF5 models  => https://js.tensorflow.org/
  • 56. What is tensorflow.js?  tensorflow.js evolved from deeplearn.js  deeplearn.js is now called TensorFlow.js Core  TensorFlow.js Core: a flexible low-level API  TensorFlow.js Layers: a high-level API similar to Keras  TensorFlow.js Converter: tools to import a TF SavedModel to TensorFlow.js
  • 57. async keyword keyword placed before JS functions For functions that return a Promise Trivial example: async function f() { return 1; }
  • 58. await keyword Works only inside async JS functions Trivial example: let value = await mypromise;
  • 59. async/await example async function f() { let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => resolve("done!"), 1000) }); // wait till the promise resolves let result = await promise alert(result) } f()
  • 60. Tensorflow.js Samples 1) tfjs-example.html (linear regression) 2) js.tensorflow.org (home page) 3) https://github.com/tensorflow/tfjs-examples-master a)cd mnist-core b) yarn c) yarn watch
  • 61. Deep Learning and Art/”Stuff” “Convolutional Blending” images: => 19-layer Convolutional Neural Network www.deepart.io https://www.fastcodesign.com/90124942/this-google- engineer-taught-an-algorithm-to-make-train-footage- and-its-hypnotic
  • 62. Some of my Books 1) HTML5 Canvas and CSS3 Graphics (2013) 2) jQuery, CSS3, and HTML5 for Mobile (2013) 3) HTML5 Pocket Primer (2013) 4) jQuery Pocket Primer (2013) 5) HTML5 Mobile Pocket Primer (2014) 6) D3 Pocket Primer (2015) 7) Python Pocket Primer (2015) 8) SVG Pocket Primer (2016) 9) CSS3 Pocket Primer (2016) 10) Android Pocket Primer (2017) 11) Angular Pocket Primer (2017) 12) Data Cleaning Pocket Primer (2018) 13) RegEx Pocket Primer (2018)
  • 63. What I do (Training) => Instructor at UCSC: Deep Learning with TensorFlow (10/2018 & 02/2019) Machine Learning Introduction (01/18/2019) => Mobile and TensorFlow Lite (WIP) => R and Deep Learning (WIP) => Android for Beginners (multi-day workshops)