Introduction to css by programmerblog.net

Introduction to CSS By Programme Blog
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CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
By Programmer Blog http://programmerblog.net/
 What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files.
 HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
 HTML was intended to define the content of a document, like:
 <h1>This is a heading</h1>
 <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 When tags like <font>, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification.
 Development of large web sites, where fonts and color information were added to every
single page, became a long and expensive process.
 To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.
 CSS Syntax
 A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

 CSS declarations always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded by
curly brackets:
 p { color:red; text-align:center; }
 p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

 The id and class Selectors
 The id Selector
 The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.
 The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
 The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
 #para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}
 Note: Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.
 The class Selector
 The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id selector,
the class selector is most often used on several elements.
 This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class.
 The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
 In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
 Example
 .center { text-align:center; }

 You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a
class.
 In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:
 p.center { text-align:center; }
 Note: Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

 Where CSS Fits In Page
 Three Ways to Insert CSS
 There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style
 External Style Sheet
 An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an
external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing
one file. Each page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link>
tag goes inside the head section:
 <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

 An external style sheet can be written in any text editor.
 The file should not contain any html tags.
 Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style
sheet file is shown below:
 hr { color:sienna; }
p { margin-left:20px; }
body { background-image:url("images/back40.gif"); }
 Internal Style Sheet
 An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You
define internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like
this:
 <head>
<style type="text/css">
hr { color:sienna; }
p { margin-left:20px; }
body { background-image:url("images/back40.gif"); }
</style>
</head>
 Inline Styles
 An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content
with presentation. Use this method sparingly!

 To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style
attribute can contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the
color and the left margin of a paragraph:
 <p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>
 Multiple Style Sheets
 If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values
will be inherited from the more specific style sheet.
 For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
 h3
{ color:red; text-align:left; font-size:8pt; }
And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
 h3
{ text-align:right; font-size:20pt; }
 If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for
h3 will be:
 color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;

 Cascading order
 What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML
element?
 Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new
"virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number four has the highest
priority:
 Browser default
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet (in the head section)
 Inline style (inside an HTML element)
 So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which
means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external
style sheet, or in a browser (a default value).

 CSS Styling
 CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an element.
 CSS properties used for background effects:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position
 name - a color name, like "red"
 RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"
 h1 { background-color:#6495ed; }
p { background-color:#e0ffff; }
div { background-color:#b0c4de; }
 body { background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg'); }
 background-repeat:no-repeat; OR repeat-x OR repeat-y
 Short - Hand for Background
 body { background:#ffffff url('img_tree.png') no-repeat right top; }

 Text Color
 body { color:blue; }
 Text Alignment
 h1 { text-align:center ;}
 Text Decoration
 The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design
purposes.
 a { text-decoration:none; }
 Text Transformation
 Text Indentation
 The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
 p { text-indent:50px; }
 CSS- FONT

 CSS Font Families
 In CSS, there are two types of font family names:
 generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
 font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
 p{ font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif; }
 p.normal { font-style:normal; }
 h1 { font-size:40px; }
 Styling Links
 Links can be styled with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
 The four links states are:
 a:link - a normal, unvisited link
 a:visited - a link the user has visited
 a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
 a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
 a:link { color:#FF0000; } /* unvisited link */
a:visited { color:#00FF00; } /* visited link */
a:hover { color:#FF00FF; } /* mouse over link */
a:active { color:#0000FF; } /* selected link */
 a:visited { text-decoration:none; }

 CSS Tables
 Table Borders

To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.
 table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black; }
 Table will have double borders. This is because both the table, th, and td elements have
separate borders.
 Collapse Borders
 The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single
border or separated: table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
}
table,th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}
 Table Width and Height
 Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
 table { width:100%; }
th { height:50px; }

 Table Text Alignment
 The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
 td { text-align:right; }
 Table Color & Table Padding
 td
{ padding:15px; }
 table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}

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